64排128层螺旋CT在冠状动脉与支架术后狭窄诊断中的应用价值

目的通过与同期选择性冠状动脉造影对照,评价64排128层螺旋CT冠脉成像对冠状动脉疾病的诊断价值与冠状动脉支架术后的疗效判断。方法选自临床怀疑或诊断冠心病的非选择性连续患者81例行64排128层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像及选择性冠状动脉造影检查。其中临床怀疑冠心病63例,冠状动脉内置入支架18例;以冠状动脉造影结果为标准,评价64排128层螺旋CT对冠心病的诊断价值。评价结果以敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和诊断准确度来描述。结果临床怀疑冠心病63例受检者,基于冠状动脉血管节段数评价,64排128层螺旋CT诊断冠状动脉病变的敏感度为90%,特异度为97%,阳性预测值为87%,阴性预测值为98%,准确度为96%。以选择性冠状动脉造影结果为标准,64排128层螺旋CT对中度及以上(≥50%)冠状动脉狭窄诊断的敏感度为90.5%,特异度为96.6%,阳性预测值为85.9%,阴性预测值为97.8%,准确度为95.4%。对重度(≥75%)冠状动脉狭窄诊断的敏感度为93.5%,特异度为98.9%,阳性预测值为87.9%,阴性预测值为99.4%,准确度为98.4%。在18例支架置入术患者中,共置入28枚支架,能满足影像学评价为25枚,占89%。64排128层螺旋CT诊断支架再狭窄的敏感度为100%,特异度为90%,阳性预测值为71%,阴性预测值为100%,准确度为92%。结论 64排128层螺旋CT对冠状动脉狭窄有较高的诊断价值,并对冠状动脉支架的形态及有无再狭窄能作出良好评价,可作为冠心病筛查及支架置入术后随访的手段。     

多层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像对冠状动脉病变的诊断价值

目的探讨多层螺旋CT(MSCT)冠状动脉成像诊断冠状动脉病变的价值。方法选择2007年3月～2009年2月我科住院疑似和确诊的冠心病70例,首先行MSCT检查,1个月内行冠状动脉造影(CAG)检查,对MSCT与CAG结果结果进行比较。结果 9例CAG正常,双支病变26例,单支病变18例,三支病变17例。MSCT示40例存在钙沉积。3例MSCT示冠状动脉旁路移植桥血管闭塞,与CAG结果符合;1例MSCT示支架内闭塞,CAG示血管内膜增生。以CAG结果为金标准,MSCT检测冠状动脉明显狭窄灵敏度84.67%,特异度94.57%,阳性预测值78.38%,阴性预测值96.37%,诊断符合率92.70%,MSCT和CAG诊断冠状动脉节段明显狭窄差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 MSCT冠状动脉成像可作为冠状动脉病变的初步诊断手段。     

多层螺旋CT对冠状动脉支架通畅性的评价

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像评价冠状动脉支架通畅性的临床效果.方法 对26例冠状动脉支架植入术后患者的40枚支架行多层螺旋CT性心电门控增强扫描,所有患者均在CTA之后3个月内再次行CAG检查.评价支架的轴位,多平面重组（MPR） 图像及通过支架内腔中心的曲面重组（CPR） 图像,计算支架内管腔面积与支架标定的管腔面积的比值以评价支架内腔狭窄程度.CTA结果与CAG判定的结果相比较.结果 全部40枚支架腔内狭窄程度的评估,支架腔＞50%狭窄的敏感性和特异性分别为71.4%和100%,诊断支架腔＜50%狭窄的敏感性和特异性分别为77.8%和93.9%,诊断支架腔内无狭窄的敏感性和特异性分别为87.5%和100%.在一定条件下,16层与64层螺旋CT诊断冠状动脉支架管腔狭窄程度的结果间差异没有显著性（P＞0.05）.结论 以传统冠状动脉造影（CAG）为金标准,MSCT判断冠状动脉支架再狭窄病变中对于阴性病例及＞50%的严重病例具有较高的特异性.     

128层螺旋CT在冠心病诊断中的应用研究

目的研究128层螺旋CT冠脉成像对冠心病的冠状动脉狭窄,特别是细小分支狭窄的临床诊断价值和准确度。方法以传统X线冠状动脉造影(CAG)为金标准,与同期2～7d内行64排128层螺旋CT的图像进行对比研究。结果本研究中CT图像能够满足冠状动脉管腔评价的节段占96.50%,CT图像满足诊断要求的节段中,常规冠状动脉造影共发现中度和中度以上狭窄120节段,其中重度狭窄34节段。本组病例中以CAG作为金指标,显示重度狭窄的敏感度和特异度分别为99.8%和96.6%,阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为99.8%和96.5%。结论对于达到扫描评价条件的冠脉图像,128层螺旋CT可作为冠心病临床诊断及介入治疗的一种无创筛选方法;能较可靠地排除临床表现不明确的冠心病患者,尤其是评价左主干、左前降支和回旋支的近端准确度非常高。     

64 MSCT对冠状动脉支架通畅性评价的准确性与支架材料的关系

目的：探讨64 MSCT对冠状动脉支架通畅性评价的准确性以及与支架材料的关系。方法：采用64排螺旋CT对42例冠状动脉支架植入术后的患者（共89个支架，其中不锈钢支架32个，镍钛合金支架57个）进行MSCT冠状动脉成像，观察支架的通畅性以及与支架材料的关系。并与传统冠状动脉造影（CAG）对照。结果：32个不锈钢支架中，CAG显示正常23个（包括支架内再狭窄<50%），支架内再狭窄（ISR）9个（ISR≥50%）；57个镍钛合金支架中，CAG显示正常47个（包括ISR<50%），狭窄10个（ISR≥50%）。与CAG对照，MSCT正确诊断不锈钢支架狭窄4个（ISR≥50%），正常（包括ISR<50%）18个，不能评价1个。镍钛合金支架狭窄9个（ISR≥50%），正常（包括ISR<50%）45个。MSCT对不锈钢支架和镍钛合金支架狭窄的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为44%，81.8%，50%，78%和90%，95.7%，81.8%，97.8%。MSCT对不同材料支架通畅性评价有显著性差异（P＜0.05）。结论：64 MSCT冠脉成像是评价镍钛合金冠脉支架通畅性的一种安全可靠的方法，但对不锈钢支架评价有一定局限性。     

64层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像与冠状动脉造影对照研究

目的评价多层螺旋CT(MSCT)与冠状动脉造影对比,诊断冠状动脉中、重度狭窄(即管腔狭窄≥50%)的准确性和局限性。方法选择在1个月内先后行64层螺旋CT和冠状动脉造影检查的28例患者(其中男19例,女9例,年龄39~78岁,平均63.6岁)入组,分析两种检查的诊断结果。结果依节段计算MSCT的准确性,其灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为46.5%、97.6%、86.8%和84.3%。若去除其中31个冠脉节段由于严重钙化而影响诊断的因素,则MSCT的诊断灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为66.7%、98.6%、90.3%和93.6%。结论MSCT冠状动脉成像是一种简便易行、安全可靠、风险小的无创性检查,对诊断冠心病尤其针对筛选冠心病而言有较好的前景,但也有一定局限性。     

多层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像在急性心肌梗死介入诊疗中疗效评估及术后左心室重构的诊断价值分析

目的探讨多层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像(CTCA)在急性心肌梗死介入诊疗中疗效评估及术后左心室重构的诊断价值。方法我院行冠状动脉介入治疗的急性心肌梗死患者80例,均行CTCA、冠状动脉造影(CAG)检查,评估其影像特点,同时依据两种影像学检查方法对患者病情进行评估,对比两种诊断方法的差异。结果 80例患者经CTCA检查共评价710节段血管,正常500段(70. 42%),轻度狭窄74段(10. 42%),中度狭窄69段(9. 72%),重度狭窄至完全闭塞67段(9. 44%);CAG共评价710节段血管,正常504段(70. 99%),轻度狭窄75段(10. 56%),中度狭窄67段(9. 44%),重度狭窄至完全闭塞64段(9. 01%),两种方法诊断结果差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。以CAG为金标准,CTCA诊断支架再狭窄的灵敏度、特异度、准确度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、kappa值分别为98. 02%、97. 09%、97. 75%、98. 80%、95. 24%、0. 946;两种方法下左心室重构参数比较差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。结论 CTCA在急性心肌梗死介入诊疗中疗效评估方面有重要价值,能有效评估其支架再狭窄程度及左心室重构情况,值得在临床推广应用。     

多层螺旋CT血管造影在评价冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病患者心肌缺血程度中的价值

目的研究多层螺旋CT血管造影(MSCTA)在评价冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(CAD)患者心肌缺血程度中的作用。方法选取初诊疑为冠心病的患者102例,分别采用MSCTA以及冠脉血管造影(CAG)检查,并以CAG诊断结果为"金标准",分析MSCTA诊断冠脉狭窄的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值以及准确度。同时,根据CAG结果将冠状动脉狭窄分为轻度狭窄、中度狭窄以及重度狭窄。此外,对所有患者进行核素心肌灌注显像检查,并计算CAG和MSCTA共同确诊的182支狭窄冠脉所匹配的心肌异常灌注区静息、负荷总积分以及灌注积分差。结果以CAG诊断为"金标准",102例患者MSCTA结果显示87例患者213支冠状动脉狭窄,诊断狭窄敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和准确度分别为97.17%,94.85%,96.71%,95.56%和96.26%;MSCTA诊断冠状动脉轻度狭窄率、中度狭窄率以及重度狭窄率分别为23.94%(51/213)、21.60%(46/213)、54.46%(116/213),与CAG22.53%(48/213)、19.25%(41/213)、54.93%(117/213)相比,均差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。轻度狭窄冠状动脉所匹配的心肌异常灌注区负荷总积分和灌注积分差低于中度狭窄以及重度狭窄,而中度狭窄冠状动脉所匹配的心肌异常灌注区心肌负荷总积分和灌注积分差又低于重度狭窄,均差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。经Spearman相关性分析,冠状动脉狭窄程度与心肌血流异常灌注区负荷总积分和灌注积分差呈显著正相关关系(r=0.758和r=0.636,均P<0.001)。结论 MSCTA可有效评价CAD患者的心肌缺血程度。     

多排螺旋CT对冠状动脉狭窄性病变诊断能力的研究

目的:探讨多排螺旋CT(MSCT)冠状动脉成像质量及诊断价值。方法:115例临床疑似、确诊冠心病患者同时行MSCT、CAG检查。结果:冠脉左主干、前降支近中段、回旋支近段及右冠近段、远段成像质量优于其远段和侧枝(P=0.000)。MSCT对不同程度病变诊断情况有统计学差异(P=0.000)。MSCT、CAG冠脉狭窄程度Gensini量化评分正相关(rs=0.937,P=0.000),评判结果高度一致(K值0.813,P=0.000)。MSCT检测不同程度、不同节段冠脉病变的特异度和阴性预测值较高,分别为88.8%~99.0%、93.9%~99.7%、83.6%~100%、89.5%~100%;但敏感度、阳性预测值存在差异,分别为57.1%~96.5%、26.7%~92.6%、66.7%~100%、59.2%~100%。结论:MSCT对冠脉常见部位成像质量高,与CAG具有很高的诊断一致性,可作为临床冠心病筛查手段。     

多层螺旋CT诊断冠状动脉狭窄的临床价值

目的评价多层螺旋CT(MSCT)诊断冠状动脉(冠脉)狭窄的价值。方法对35例疑似冠心病者行MSCT和冠脉造影(CAG)检查,以CAG结果为标准,按照4级分法分段评价MSCT冠脉图像的质量,对比分析其诊断各类冠脉狭窄的敏感性、特异性和准确性。根据图像显示粥样硬化斑块的CT值判定斑块性质,并总结斑块性质与狭窄程度的关系。结果本组291支冠脉中242支(83.2%)可评价,其中11例(31.4%)所有冠脉均可评价。MSCT检测冠脉狭窄≥50%的敏感性为88.6%,特异性为97.1%,阳性预测值为83.8%,阴性预测值为98.0%;粥样硬化斑块的性质与狭窄程度之间存在相应的关系,单纯钙化斑块所致狭窄程度较低,与非钙化斑块及混合斑块比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);非钙化斑块与混合斑块间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 MSCT冠脉成像在显像质量较好的情况下具有较高的诊断价值,进一步判断粥样硬化斑块性质有助于提高冠脉成像诊断的准确性。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.