In vitro activities of various piperacillin and sulbactam combinations against bacterial pathogens isolated from Intensive Care Units in Taiwan: SMART 2004 programme data

We investigated the in vitro activity of various piperacillin and sulbactam combinations against Gram-negative bacterial isolates from Intensive Care Units (ICUs) in Taiwan. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of 1030 bacterial isolates recovered from ICUs of nine major teaching hospitals was performed using the agar dilution method. Sulbactam was added to piperacillin either at a fixed sulbactam concentration of 4 mg/L and 8 mg/L or at a piperacillin:sulbactam ratio of 2:1 and 4:1. Piperacillin/sulbactam at a ratio of 2:1 or a fixed 8 mg/L concentration of sulbactam had better activities against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis and Serratia marcescens than other piperacillin/sulbactam formulations. For Pseudomonas aeruginosa, piperacillin/sulbactam (2:1 or 4:1 ratios) had MIC(90) values (minimum inhibitory concentration for 90% of the organisms) of 64 mg/L (>90% susceptibility) compared with 64 mg/L for cefoperazone/sulbactam (68% susceptibility) and 128 mg/L for piperacillin/tazobactam (82% susceptibility). For Acinetobacter baumannii, both piperacillin/sulbactam (either 2:1 ratio or a fixed 8 mg/L sulbactam) and cefoperazone/sulbactam were the most potent agents. Adding sulbactam to piperacillin resulted in increased susceptibility rates among piperacillin-resistant P. aeruginosa (53-57% in either 2:1 or 4:1 ratios) and A. baumannii (38-46% in either 2:1 ratio or a fixed 8 mg/L concentration of sulbactam) isolates. Results of susceptibility tests with piperacillin/sulbactam are dependent on the method used. Piperacillin/sulbactam combinations possessed better in vitro activities than piperacillin alone or piperacillin/tazobactam against P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii.     

肝病患者细菌感染的类型及耐药性

目的 了解肝病患者的革兰氏阴性细菌感染的类型及耐药性，为临床合理用药提供依据。方法 分析2000～2002年传染病医院肝病患者的革兰氏阴性细菌感染的类型、分布及耐药情况，并加以分析比较。结果 从539例患者分离到655株革兰氏阴性菌，分别来源于血液169，腹水174，痰及咽拭子178，尿液134，菌属分布包括大肠埃希氏菌44．89％，克雷伯氏菌属18．17％，气单胞菌属13．13％，不动杆菌属7．02％，假单胞菌属5．95％，肠杆菌属5．34％。气单胞菌属主要在血液、腹水中占94．19％，不动杆菌属、铜绿假单胞菌主要在呼吸道占73．91％和74．36％，而尿道感染大肠埃希氏菌占绝对优势，70．90％。不同菌属对不同种类抗生素的敏感性不同。产ESBLs菌分布于大肠埃希氏菌及肺炎克雷伯氏菌，产酶率分别为18．03％及2l.01％。对抗生素的敏感率在ESBL阴性组以亚胺培南／西司他丁、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、第三代头孢菌素和阿米卡星较好，产酶菌对亚胺培南／西司他丁和头孢美唑的敏感性较好。结论 肝病患者革兰氏阴性细菌感染的感染部位、菌属分布及耐药性有其自身的特点。临床用药应根据感染部位、菌属及药敏结果综合分析，真正做到合理用药。     

北京地区2家医院临床分离革兰阴性菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药性特征研究

摘要：目的 探讨头孢哌酮/舒巴坦对不同部位临床分离革兰阴性菌的耐药特点,为临床治疗选择提供依据。方法 回顾 分析北京两家医院2017年1月-2020年12月的耐药监测数据,使用Whonet 5.6软件分析不同感染部位的病原菌特点及头孢哌酮/ 舒巴坦对常见革兰阴性菌的耐药率,并与其他β-内酰胺类抗生素、酶抑制剂合剂以及常用抗生素的耐药率进行比较,CHISS统 计学软件对结果进行统计学分析。结果 泌尿道感染、血流感染及腹腔感染的病原菌以大肠埃希菌占绝对优势分别为56.5%、 36.5%和40.2%,而中枢神经系统感染以鲍曼不动杆菌为主(31.9%);临床常见病原菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦整体耐药率：大肠埃希 菌11.9%(37/310)、铜绿假单胞菌24.1%(71/295)、肺炎克雷伯菌24.6%(70/285)和鲍曼不动杆菌51.2%(348/680);对临床治疗棘手 的MDR鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌及碳青霉烯类耐药大肠埃希菌和肺炎克 雷伯菌的耐药率分别为：62.7%(256/409)、46.4%(55/119)、19.3%(30/155)、52.7%(71/135)、73.3%(6/8)和94.7%(59/62),耐药率 均显著低于第三代头孢菌素及其他加酶抑制剂复合抗生素(P＜0.05);研究的4种革兰阴性病原菌近4年对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦耐药率 增高明显。结论 临床常见革兰阴性病原菌不同菌种间对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦耐药率差异较大,可作为泌尿道感染、血流感染、腹 腔感染及脑脊液感染经验用药的首选;但需加强监测,采取策略防止其耐药率的快速上升。     

急性白血病患儿医院血流感染的临床及实验室分析

目的分析儿科急性白血病（AL）患儿并发医院血流感染的临床特点及实验室资料,为合理选用抗菌药物,有效控制感染提供依据。方法收集2003年1月-2008年12月住院的AL合并医院血流感染的52位患儿病例,分析其临床表现、病原菌种类及药敏情况。结果临床特点：大多无明确感染病灶;少部分感染部位明确,其中最常见的为皮肤、口腔、肛周及会阴肿痛病灶;病原菌种类：分离出致病菌52株,其中革兰阴性菌（G^-）31例（59．62％）,革兰阳性菌（G^＋）12例（23．09％）,真菌9例（17．31％）;排在前6位的病原菌依次为铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌（ECO）、葡萄球菌、真菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、肺炎链球菌;阴沟肠杆菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌、屎肠球菌和粪肠球菌未分离到;药敏情况：大肠埃希菌菌和克雷伯菌属超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）产生率为72．73％和50％,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRCNS）的检出率分别是67％和60％;未发现耐万古霉素金黄色葡萄球菌（SAU）和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（CNS）;G^＋菌对万古霉素、夫西地酸、利奈唑胺、利福平最敏感,G^-菌对亚胺培南、头孢吡肟、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、哌拉西林／他唑巴坦最敏感。结论我院儿科AL患儿血流感染以G^-菌为主,耐药性明显升高,真菌感染比例升高;大多病情凶险,应根据细菌分布及耐药特点,有针对性地选择抗生素,降低感染死亡率;经验性抗菌治疗可选亚胺培南、头孢吡肟、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、哌拉西林／他唑巴坦、万古霉素、夫西地酸、利奈唑胺、利福平。     

不常见非发酵菌对常见抗菌药物敏感性分析

目的了解临床分离的伯克霍尔德菌属、金色杆菌属、产碱杆菌属等不常见非发酵菌的耐药性。方法从2004年~2006年临床各种标本中分离到的不常见革兰阴性杆菌用V ITEK-2全自动微生物分析仪进行检测鉴定,药物敏感性试验采用纸片扩散法。数据分析采用WHONET 5.4软件进行处理、统计和分析。结果两年中中山大学第一附属医院共收集患者首次分离株118株,其中伯克霍尔德菌属47株(其中洋葱伯克霍尔德菌41株,皮氏伯克霍尔德菌6株),金色杆菌属44株(其中脑膜脓毒性金黄杆菌17株,产吲哚金黄杆菌23株),产碱杆菌属27株(其中粪产碱杆菌13株,木糖氧化无色杆菌12株)。96.6%的菌株来源于痰标本。对伯克霍尔德菌属有较强体外抗菌活性的依次为:复方磺胺甲口恶唑(87.2%)、哌拉西林/三唑巴坦(87.0%)、左氧氟沙星(85.3%)、头孢吡肟(83.0%)、头孢他啶(78.6%)和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦(78.3%)。对金色杆菌属有较强体外抗菌活性以复方磺胺甲口恶唑(87.5%)最高。对产碱杆菌属敏感性较高的药物分别为头孢哌酮/舒巴坦(84.6%)和美罗培南(77.8%)。结论头孢哌酮/舒巴坦对三种非发酵菌都有较高体外抗菌活性。常规实验室鉴定方法易将三种菌相互混淆,甚至与氧化酶阴性的非发酵菌混淆,这可能是造成各地报道药敏结果差异的原因之一。     

Antimicrobial activity of imipenem against 1386 clinical isolates

1386 isolates from clinical specimens were tested against imipenem by disc agar diffusion. The bacteria used in this study consisted of Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, E. agglomerans, E. cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, K. oxytoca, K. ozanae, Proteus mirabilis, P. vulgaris, Providencia stuartii, P. rettgeri, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Citrobacter diversus, C. freundii, Morganella morganii, Serratia liquefaciens, S. marcescens, Hafnia alvei, Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. cepacia, P. maltophila, P. fluorescens, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus, pneumococcus, Lancefield group A, B and D streptococci, viridans streptococci, diphtheroids and Bacillus species. In vitro activity of imipenem was compared with the following antibiotics: ampicillin, amikacin, carbenicillin, cefoperazone, cefoxitin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, colistin, erythromycin, gentamicin, methicillin, penicillin, tetracycline, tobramycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and vancomycin. Of the 819 strains of Enterobacteriaceae tested, 99.5% were susceptible to imipenem. Ninety-seven percent strains of P. aeruginosa were also susceptible to imipenem. All the 161 isolates of S. aureus and 116 of the 117 isolates of enterococci exhibited in vitro susceptibility to this antibiotic. All gram positive bacteria tested were inhibited by imipenem except 28% isolates of S. epidermidis and 5% isolates of S. agalactiae.     

合肥市产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯氏菌和大肠埃希氏菌流行状况及耐药性研究

目的 调查1999年9月至2000年9月安徽省合肥市产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs)的肺炎克雷伯氏菌（KP）和大肠埃希氏菌（EC）的流行状况及耐药性。方法 收集合肥市四家大医院临床标本分离的KP和EC共299株,经ESBLs表型确认试验证实为产ESBLs细菌,用微量肉汤稀释法检测其对20种抗生素耐药性,用K－B法检测其对头孢哌酮／舒巴坦的耐药性。结果 合肥市KP和EC中ESBLs检出率分别为50．5％和24．3％,总检出率为32．8％。产ESBLs菌对头孢他啶、氨曲南、头孢西丁、头孢吡肟、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、哌拉西林／三唑巴坦、阿米卡星及环丙沙星等20种抗生素的耐药率比不产酶株都有不同程度增加,但亚胺培南对所有产ESBLs菌株都敏感。结论 合肥市四家大医院ESBLs在KP和EC中的检出率高。产ESBLs菌对所测试的20种抗生素的耐药程度比不产酶株为高,唯有亚胺培南对所有菌株都敏感。     

Antimicrobial susceptibility and serogroups of Salmonella isolates from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

The antimicrobial susceptibility and serogroups of 153 Salmonella strains isolated during a period of 22 months from both children and adults at a major teaching hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia were studied. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing by comparative disc method and MIC determination by E-test method were performed on selected antimicrobial agents. For nalidixic acid and trimethoprim only the comparative disc method was used. Discrepancy between the two methods were noticed only in 1.3% of isolates. The majority of isolates from children (41%) were serogroup B, while those from adults (43%) were serogroup C1. The overall resistance was 16% to ampicillin and ampicillin/sulbactam, 13% to nalidixic acid, and 11% to chloramphenicol and trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole. The resistance of Salmonella isolates to the so-called first line anti-Salmonella agents, i.e. ampicillin, chloramphenicol and trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole, has increased compared to that reported 4 years ago from this Institution. Almost all isolates were susceptible to the second, and third generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, aztreonam, mecillinam and gentamicin. Multiple drug resistance to two or more drugs was noticed in 16% of isolates, most of which were serogroup B. The majority of these multiple drug resistant isolates (96%) were ampicillin resistant and β-lactamase producers. Although these isolates showed reduced MICs to ampicillin/sulbactam, their MICs were still higher than the susceptibility breakpoint for this combination. The nalidixic acid-resistant isolates showed higher MICs to the fluoroquinolones compared to the nalidixic acid-sensitive isolates. Isolates from children showed higher resistance to some of the antimicrobial agents compared to those from adults.     

我院2009年7月-2012年6月急诊留观病房与急诊重症监护病房病原菌及体外药敏分析

目的:探讨急诊留观病房与急诊重症监护病房(EICU)感染病原菌分布及对常用抗菌药物的药物敏感性,为指导临床治疗提供依据。方法:对2009年7月-2012年6月我院急诊留观病房与EICU送检标本细菌培养分离的菌株及临床特点进行回顾性分析,选取高检出率的大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌进行抗菌药物敏感率调查。结果:急诊留观病房分离菌株430株,EICU分离菌株296株。急诊留观病房以金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌检出最多,EICU以大肠埃希菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌检出最多。大肠埃希菌在急诊留观病房仅对碳青霉烯类、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦敏感(敏感率>80%),而在EICU其对头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、碳青霉烯类、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、阿米卡星敏感(敏感率>80%);铜绿假单胞菌在急诊留观病房对头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、碳青霉烯类、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、阿米卡星敏感(敏感率>80%),而在EICU其仅对碳青霉烯类、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦敏感,敏感率>80%;鲍曼不动杆菌在急诊留观病房和EICU仅对碳青霉烯类、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦敏感(敏感率>80%);金黄色葡萄球菌在急诊留观病房和EICU对糖肽类抗菌药物敏感(敏感率为100%)。结论:急诊留观病房与EICU感染主要病原菌分布存在差别,主要病原菌耐药率均较高且呈多药耐药。碳青霉烯类、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和糖肽类抗菌药物对革兰阴性菌和革兰阳性菌敏感率较高。急诊医师应参考药敏结果合理选用抗菌药物。     

老年下呼吸道院内感染细菌耐药性分析

目的通过对老年下呼吸道院内感染细菌耐药性的分析，为临床合理使用抗生素提供依据。方法对下呼吸道院内感染的患者中分离出来的细菌，以珠海黑马生物工程有限公司做微生物分析系统BACT-TST稀释法做药敏试验。以美国临床实验室标准委员会（NCCLS）2002年推荐的表型确认试验检测超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）。结果老年医院获得性肺炎（Hospital acquired pneumoniae HAP）和社区获得性肺炎（Community acquired pneumoniae CAP）细菌对16种抗生素的耐药率分别为：青霉素95．2％和90、8％，哌拉西林80％和76％，头孢噻肟钠39．5％和35．6％，西力欣46．2％和42．3％，头孢哌酮40％和30％．阿米卡星48．6％和42．8％，环丙沙星56％和51．6％，左氧氟沙星50％和41．7％，头孢哌酮／舒巴坦3．5％和1．23％．阿莫西林／克拉维酸钾10．5％和6．7％，哌拉西林／他唑巴坦2．2％和1．03％，氨苄西林／舒巴坦3．8％和2．36％，头孢他定16．7％和11．7％，头孢曲松14．6％和10.2％，亚胺培南0，万古霉素0。其中亚胺培南，万古霉素，头孢哌酮／舒巴坦。哌拉西林／他唑巴坦对产生ESBLs耐药率最低，分别是0、0、0、5.8％。结论老年下呼吸道院内感染细菌耐药性和ESBLs检出率均显著高于院外感染者，亚胺培南、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、哌拉西林／他唑巴坦、万古霉素是治疗产ESBLs菌株感染引起的有效抗生素。     

2013-2015年重庆市荣昌区中医院常见病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解重庆市荣昌区中医院临床常见病原菌的分布及耐药情况,为临床合理用药提供参考。方法 收集重庆市荣昌区中医院2013年9月-2015年9月检验科分离的病原菌及药敏试验结果进行统计分析。结果 共分离出病原菌600株,其中革兰阴性菌428株,占71.33%;革兰阳性菌172株,占28.67%。标本主要来自痰液,构成比为75.08%。革兰阳性菌中,葡萄球菌检出率高且耐药较严重,金黄色葡萄球菌敏感的药物有万古霉素、多西环素、阿米卡星和呋喃妥因。未发现耐万古霉素的葡萄球菌。革兰阴性菌中肺炎克雷伯菌对氨苄西林耐药率为100.0%,对其他均敏感;大肠埃希菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦钠、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、亚胺培南较敏感。铜绿假单胞菌、洋葱伯克霍尔德菌和嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌呈现出多重耐药性,对常见抗菌药物均有不同程度的耐药;鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦钠、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、美罗培南、复方新诺明、米诺环素敏感。结论 重庆市荣昌区中医院常见病原菌耐药严重,临床应重视病原菌检查,同时加强监管,以降低细菌耐药性。     

2015年安徽省细菌耐药监测分析

目的 了解安徽地区临床分布病原菌及其对常用抗菌药物的耐药情况,为临床用药提供依据。方法 对2015年安徽地区31家医院参与细菌耐药监测送检临床分离的2 360株非重复菌株进行体外药敏实验,测定细菌的最低药物浓度(MIC),按CLSI2015年版判读药敏结果,采用WHONET5.6软件进行耐药性分析。结果 安徽地区共临床分离病原菌2 360株,其中革兰阴性菌占82.4%(1 944/2 360),革兰阳性菌占17.6%(416/2 360)。葡萄球菌属中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)、耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)检出率为分别为64.7%和71.3%,未发现万古霉素、替考拉宁及利奈唑胺耐药菌株。屎肠球菌对常用抗生素的耐药率明显高于粪肠球菌,其中对万古霉素耐药率分别为5.4%和3.6%;革兰阴性菌中,前四位分离的菌株依次为大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌,其中肠杆菌科细菌(1 365/1 944,57.8%),葡萄糖非发酵细菌(564/1 944,29.0%)。肠杆菌科细菌中,亚胺培南和美罗培南对肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药率(18.6%、17.8%)明显高于对大肠埃希菌的耐药率(8.7%、5.9%)。非发酵菌属中以铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌多见,鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率高达80%以上,对头孢哌酮舒巴坦和阿米卡星耐药率均在50%以下。结论 细菌耐药性严重,应加强对多重耐药菌的监测与防控,合理使用抗生素药物。     

Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among uropathogens causing acute uncomplicated cystitis in female outpatients in South Korea: a multicentre study in 2006

The Korean Association of Urogenital Tract Infection and Inflammation (KAUTII) conducted a survey of the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of uropathogens responsible for female acute uncomplicated cystitis in South Korea in 2006. KAUTII has already reported similar data in 2002, which are compared with the results of the present study. This study was carried out with the participation of 22 hospitals in South Korea. A total of 301 isolates were obtained from female outpatients with acute uncomplicated cystitis. The antimicrobial susceptibilities to commonly prescribed drugs were determined. The most prevalent causative organism was Escherichia coli (71.1%), followed by enterococci (13.0%), coagulase-negative staphylococci (5.3%) and other species of Enterobacteriaceae (10.6%). Among all Enterobacteriaceae isolates, 31.4% were susceptible to ampicillin, 52.3% to ampicillin/sulbactam, 97.6% to piperacillin/tazobactam, 78.9% to ciprofloxacin, 80.3% to gatifloxacin, 86.8% to cefazolin, 99.6% to amikacin, 80.5% to gentamicin, 81.1% to tobramycin and 73.9% to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX). The resistance rates of E. coli to ciprofloxacin and gatifloxacin were 23.4% and 21.8%, respectively, and 12 (11.8%) of 102 suspected strains were confirmed as producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL). All the ESBL-producing strains were also resistant to fluoroquinolones. Enterobacteriaceae were highly susceptible to piperacillin/tazobactam and amikacin (>97%). There was a small increase in susceptibility to TMP/SMX (73.9%) compared with the same study in 2002 (62.1%). Similar to 2002, the high prevalence of resistance to ampicillin, ampicillin/sulbactam and TMP/SMX still exists. The increasing number of ESBL-producing or fluoroquinolones-resistant strains remains a serious clinical problem in South Korea.     

头孢吡肟与其他5种广谱β内酰胺类抗生素抗菌活性的比较

目的：比较头孢吡肟与其他５种广谱β内酰胺类抗生素的抗菌活性。方法：用Ｅ－ｔｅｓｔ方法测定头孢吡肟及其他５种抗生素对１００株细菌的最低抑菌浓度。结果：所测受测菌对６种抗生素的总敏感性依次为：亚胺培南－西司他丁 ９４％、头孢吡肟８５％、头孢哌酮－舒巴坦 ７８％、头孢他啶 ７７％、头孢曲松 ６５％、哌拉西林 ４８％。头孢吡肟对苯唑西林敏感的葡萄球菌具有很强的抗菌活性,对肠杆菌科细菌的抗菌活性强于第３代头孢菌素,对绿脓杆菌的抗菌活性与头孢他啶相似。结论：头孢吡肟对革兰阴性杆菌的抗菌活性比第３代头孢菌素强,对革兰阳性球菌也加强了抗菌覆盖。     

2014—2016年北京小汤山医院医院感染病原菌的分布和耐药性分析

目的 对2014—2016年北京小汤山医院医院感染病原菌的分布特点及耐药性进行分析,为临床合理用药及预防医院感染提供依据.方法 对2014—2016年北京小汤山医院感染病原菌的分布及耐药性进行回顾性分析.结果 共分离出病原菌2785株,其中革兰阴性菌1816株,占65.21%;革兰阳性菌679株,占24.38%;真菌290株,占10.41%.主要革兰阴性菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、美洛培南、亚胺培南的耐药率均在20.00%以内,对头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、庆大霉素、磺胺甲唑/甲氧苄啶的耐药率均超过50.00%,对氨苄西林的耐药率超过80.00%;革兰阳性菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺均无耐药,对呋喃妥因、米诺环素的耐药率均较低,对头孢他啶、红霉素、磺胺甲唑/甲氧苄啶耐药率均超过50.00%.主要真菌对氟胞嘧啶最敏感,对其他抗菌药物的耐药率均较低.结论 北京小汤山医院医院感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌最为多见,耐药现象较为严重,加强对医院感染病原学检查及耐药性监测有助于促进临床合理用药.     

鲍曼不动杆菌临床分析及体外联合药敏作用

目的：分析耐碳青霉烯类鲍曼不动杆菌（CRAB）感染的高危因素,研究体外联合药敏试验在临床治疗泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌（PDR-AB）中的作用。方法：选取2011年1月至2011年12月在我院住院、鲍曼不动杆菌（AB）检测为阳性的患儿,分为CRAB组和碳青霉烯类敏感AB（CSAB）组,分析两组患儿在性别、年龄、基础疾病、曾住ICU比例、手术比例、标本来源、下呼吸道感染比例、病死率、耐药性、培养前抗茵药物使用种类、时间等情况。留取16株PDR—AB,用微量肉汤棋盘法分别测定氨苄西林／舒巴坦与美罗培南或头孢哌酮／舒巴坦体外联合药敏情况,计算分级抑茵浓度指数（FIC）。结果：CRAB组下呼吸道感染比例、病死率、第三代头孢菌素和碳青霉烯类抗菌药物使用率、常用抗菌药物耐药性、使用种类和使用时间均高于CSAB组,两组比较差异有统计学意义。体外联合药敏试验显示氨苄西林／舒巴坦联合美罗培南或头孢哌酮／舒巴坦,以相加作用为主,无协同和拮抗作用,关罗培南和氨苄西林／舒巴坦呈相加作用的患儿,使用该组合后有56．25％的治愈率。结论：临床使用第三代头孢菌素和碳青霉烯类抗菌药物比例高、频繁更换抗茵药物和使用时间长可能是CRAB出现的高危因素。体外联合药敏试验的结果与临床治疗结果存在相关性,可用于筛选泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的抗生素治疗方案。     

肛周脓肿感染肠杆菌科细菌分布及药敏试验结果分析

目的通过对肛周脓肿患者感染肠杆菌科细菌的分布情况及其药敏分析,为临床合理使用抗生素提供依据。方法选取大理白族自治州中医医院2016年1月至2018年12月收治的638例肛周脓肿的患者作为研究对象,分析肛周脓肿穿刺液培养检出肠杆菌科细菌的结果。结果557株肠杆菌科细菌中大肠埃希菌464株(83.3%),产超广谱β-内酰胺酶157株(33.8%);其次是肺炎克雷伯菌54株(9.69%),产超广谱β-内酰胺酶1株(1.9%);奇异变形杆菌18株(3.23%),产超广谱β-内酰胺酶1株(5.6%)。大肠埃希菌敏感率大于80.0%的抗菌药物有阿米卡星、厄他培南、美罗培南、头孢他啶、头孢西丁、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、亚胺培南、哌拉西林/三唑巴坦。肺炎克雷伯菌敏感率大于80.00%的抗菌药物有阿米卡星、阿莫西林/克拉维酸、氨曲南、厄他培南、环丙沙星、氯霉素、美罗培南、庆大霉素、替卡西林/克拉维酸、头孢他啶、头孢西丁、头孢呋辛、头孢吡肟、头孢哌酮、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、头孢噻肟、妥布霉素、亚胺培南、左氧氟沙星、哌拉西林/三唑巴坦。奇异变形杆菌敏感率大于80.0%的抗菌药物有阿米卡星、阿莫西林/克拉维酸、厄他培南、氯霉素、美罗培南、庆大霉素、替卡西林/克拉维酸、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、亚胺培南、哌拉西林/三唑巴坦、氨苄西林/舒巴坦。结论治疗大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和奇异变形杆菌引起的肛周脓肿,经验使用抗菌药时,可选用头孢他啶、头孢西丁、阿米卡星,对于存在多重耐药菌感染高风险的患者,需考虑产超广谱β-内酰胺酶细菌感染可能,可选用头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/三唑巴坦,重症感染时首选亚胺培南、美罗培南进行抗感染治疗。     

院内感染不动杆菌药物敏感性检测结果分析

目的：了解院内感染不动杆菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药状况。方法：收集本院2002年1月～2004年12月住院病人各种感染标本进行不动杆菌的培养鉴定和药敏试验．细菌鉴定MicroScan WalkAway-40（美国DADE公司）全自动微生物分析仪及配套的NC21板．药敏试验用琼脂纸片（Kirby-bauer Method）扩散法。结果：通过对108株不动杆菌耐药性分析．结果显示碳青霉类抗生素亚胺培南、美洛培南对不动杆菌的扰菌活性最高，分别为93．5％，95_4％，其次为头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、氨苄西林／舒巴坦，为56．5％和42．6％。结论：不动杆菌呈多重耐药性，应加强耐药监测，合理使用抗生素，控制耐药菌株的流行。     

下呼吸道感染非发酵菌的流行情况和耐药现状

目的 总结我院2004年下呼吸道感染住院患者非发酵菌的流行情况及耐药现状。为临床合理应用抗菌药物提供指导依据。方法 收集2004年我院下呼吸道感染住院患者痰培养结果为非发酵菌的数据，用WHONET5软件统计分析。结果 2004年我院下呼吸道感染住院患者痰培养非重复阳性标本共1367份，革兰阴性菌684株；非发酵菌321株（占所有病原体的23．5％，占革兰阴性菌的47％），其中，铜绿假单胞菌152株，占47％；不动杆菌属共106株，占33％；嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌28株，占9％；洋葱假单胞菌17株，占5％。铜绿假单胞菌对哌拉西林／三唑巴坦敏感率最高．对亚胺培南、阿米卡星、头孢他啶尚敏感；不动杆菌属对亚胺培南、哌拉西林／三唑巴坦和头孢哌酮／舒巴坦较敏感；嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌、洋葱假单胞菌对左氧氟沙星、哌拉西林／三唑巴坦和头孢哌酮／舒巴坦较敏感。结论 下呼吸道感染病原体中非发酵菌占据越来越大的比例，减少医源性感染、合理选用抗菌药物对提高治愈率至关重要。     

Susceptibility of clinical isolates to aztreonam

Aztreonam (AZT), which has a newly developed and synthetic structure belonging to the group of monobactams, possesses excellent antibacterial activity against a broad range of Gram-negative bacteria (including the beta-lactamase producing strains). Antibacterial activities of AZT were examined and compared with those of 5 antibiotics (cefoperazone (CPZ), latamoxef (LMOX), cefotaxime (CTX), cefmetazole (CMZ) and cefsulodin (CFS) against 296 strains of clinical isolates. The evaluation of antibacterial activities was determined with the inhibition zone diameter obtained by the single disc method. The results can be summarized by three categories as follows: 1. Susceptibility of clinical isolates to AZT and other antibiotics AZT and other 3rd-generation antibiotics (CPZ, LMOX, CTX) showed excellent antibacterial activities against most strains. Especially AZT was more active against Enterobacter cloacae and Serratia marcescens than reference drugs. Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the activity of AZT was similar to that of CFS. AZT showed as excellent activity against P. aeruginosa as CFS. 2. Susceptibility of strains isolated from different clinical materials and different clinics AZT showed the highest antibacterial activity against the clinical isolates from sputum, pharynx, urine, pus, bile, puncture fluid, blood and others. AZT exhibited the most potent activity against isolates in the 7 clinics we tested. 3. Susceptibility of strains isolated from inpatients and outpatients AZT demonstrated the highest antibacterial activity (the rate of susceptibility: 87.0%) against strains obtained from inpatients (except for P. aeruginosa). The activity of AZT (81.4%) against P. aeruginosa was as active as that of CFS (81.4%), and it was the highest in all drugs. Antibacterial activity of these antibiotics against bacteria was rated as follows: AZT greater than LMOX greater than CPZ greater than CTX greater than CMZ AZT showed the highest antibacterial activity (100%) against strains isolated in all the materials and at all the clinics tested of outpatients. Antibacterial activity of these antibiotics against isolates from outpatients was rated as follows: AZT greater than CPZ greater than LMOX greater than CTX greater than CMZ.