Lack of association between mortality and timing of surgical fixation in elderly patients with hip fracture: results of a retrospective population-based cohort study

BACKGROUND: Conventional wisdom suggests high-quality care for most patients with hip fractures is surgical fixation within 24 hours to reduce mortality and complications, although there is little evidence to support this standard. OBJECTIVES: We sought to determine the relationship between timing of hip fracture surgery and early mortality. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: This was a retrospective population-based cohort study of 3981 patients with hip fractures>60 years of age that were admitted to hospitals in one Canadian health region from 1994-2000. METHODS: We collected sociodemographic, prefracture comorbidity, and postoperative complication data. Timing of surgery was classified as within 24 hours ("early surgery," the referent group for all analyses), 24-48 hours, and beyond 48 hours. Main outcome was in-hospital mortality. We used multivariable logistic regression methods, including adjustments with propensity scores and a validated hip fracture-specific mortality index, to determine the independent association between early versus later surgery and mortality. RESULTS: Median age of patients was 82 years, 71% were women, and 26% had >4 prefracture comorbidities. Unadjusted in-hospital mortality was 6%; it was 5% for those who had surgery within 24 hours or from 24 to 48 hours, 10% for surgery beyond 48 hours, and 21% for patients that did not have surgery. Compared with those who had surgery within 24 hours, there was no independent association between timing of surgery and in-hospital mortality (24-48 hours, adjusted odds ratio 0.89, 95% confidence interval 0.62-1.30, P=0.55; beyond 48 hours 1.30, 95% confidence interval 0.86-2.00], P=0.21). CONCLUSIONS: The timing of surgical fixation of hip fracture was not associated with early mortality in carefully adjusted analyses, and the use of "surgery within 24 hours" as a measure of high quality care may be inappropriate.     

Managing perioperative risk in the hip fracture patient

Patients with hip fracture benefit from a multidisciplinary team approach for preoperative and postoperative care. Team members, consisting of the orthopedic surgeon, internal medicine consultant, and anesthesiologist, should each have a role in determining a patient's readiness for surgery and communicate with one another about appropriate management. How urgently a hip fracture needs repair depends on the type of injury. In general, most injuries should be repaired as soon as the patient can be medically optimized (preferably 24 to 48 hours), keeping in mind that procedures are often lengthy and maximally invasive, and frequently involve complications. Nondisplaced (impacted) femoral neck fractures, however, should be repaired within 6 hours if possible to avert avascular necrosis of the femoral head and the need for total hip replacement. The following interventions are helpful for preventing complications following hip fracture repair: perioperative prophylaxis against infection.     

Delayed surgical fixation of fractured hips in older people: impact on mortality

AIM: The aim of this project was to ascertain whether increasing delays from admission to surgical repair of hip fractures showed a direct relationship to mortality within the first postoperative year. BACKGROUND: It has been recommended that surgical repair of hip fractures should be performed within 24 hours of admission in an effort to reduce postoperative mortality. A literature review of articles relevant to this directive revealed that previous research is conflicting in its findings, and fails to provide conclusive evidence on which to base this recommendation. METHODS: Using a retrospective correlational design, Cox Multivariate Regression was used to analyse data from a sample of 381 patients admitted with hip fractures between September 2000 and March 2002. Exclusions from the total accessible population were made in an effort to control bias because of other factors that could contribute to mortality, resulting in 381 patients (64% of total population) being included in the study. All patients in the sample had an American Society of Anaesthesiologists score of 2 or less, were fit for immediate surgery, had an intracapsular or trochanteric fracture, had not had contralateral hip fracture in the previous 2 years, and had presented exclusively with a hip fracture. RESULTS: There was no relationship between delayed surgery and postoperative mortality (P>0.05) when all other independent variables were controlled. Cognitive dysfunction and reduced prefracture mobility were both good prognostic indicators of increased mortality within the first operative year. CONCLUSION: It is important that patients are adequately prepared and resuscitated before surgery is carried out. The nursing contribution to this is paramount. The findings also identify useful information for preparing patient's relatives in relation to prognosis.     

Hip fracture and urinary incontinence – use of indwelling catheter postsurgery

Background: Norway has a higher incidence of hip fractures than any other country. For older individuals, a hip fracture may cause dramatic changes in health status like incontinence and daily activities. Patients with hip fractures are at high risk of urinary incontinence (UI) after surgical repair. A urinary indwelling catheter (UIC) is inserted preoperatively, but should be removed within 24 hours. Our aims were to identify indicators that might predict clinical challenges related to urinary incontinence 1 year after hip fractures. Methods: Inclusion criteria were patients with hip fracture age 65 years or older. They were admitted form their own home to two acute‐care hospitals during 2004–2006. We used the Resident Assessment Instrument for Acute Care. Results: A total of 331 patients were included. Thirty‐five (11%) had UIC 72 hours after surgery. These patients had more frequently experienced delirium, urinary tract infection, cognitive impairment and discouragement than their counterparts. After 12 months, patients with previous UI had lower functioning levels than those with no previous UI. They had moved four times more frequently to a nursing home and had over twice the mortality. Conclusions: Patient with UI should be followed up with a multidisciplinary team after discharged from hospital.     

Predictability of Surgical Apgar Score for postoperative outcomes in hip fractures: A prospective observational study

Objective: To assess the utility and validation of the Surgical Apgar Score (SAS) in predicting postoperative complications of hip fractures.Methods: This prospective observational study included patients who received operations for hip fractures from 1st March 2017 to 30th June 2018 at the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College. Patients were followed at the outpatient department, and complications and mortality were recorded through phone calls. The predictability of SAS for postoperative complications was assessed. Results: SAS≤4 was found as a significant predictor for postoperative pulmonary (P=0.008) and cardiac complications (P=0.042) as well as blood transfusion required to optimize postoperative hemoglobin (P=0.03) in the patients with hip fractures. Conclusions: SAS provides reliable feedback information about patients' postoperative risk during the surgery. Hip fracture patients with scores≤4 should be monitored for major complications both during the hospital admission and after the discharge.     

动力髋螺钉与防旋阻挡钉联合修复不稳定型股骨转子间骨折

背景：严重的股骨转子间骨折,其抗旋转能力差,单单动力髋螺钉内固定容易失败.如内固定后出现股骨头塌陷、股骨颈短缩、小转子内侧失稳髋内翻、头颈旋转、头颈切割穿钉、钢板拨钉及钢板断裂等现象.故对于不稳定型股骨转子间骨折,动力髋螺钉内固定有一定的局限性.目的：探讨动力髋螺钉联合防旋阻挡钉置入内固定对不稳定型股骨转子间骨折的修复效果.方法：选取96例不稳定型股骨转子间骨折患者,分别实施内固定治疗,其中采用动力髋螺钉组48例,动力髋螺钉联合防旋阻挡钉组48例.从手术时间、术中出血量、X射线暴露次数、骨折愈合时间、内固定后Harris髋关节评分及内固定后并发症等方面进行对比评估.结果与结论：内固定后随访时间为18-36个月.动力髋螺钉组和动力髋螺钉联合防旋阻挡钉组在手术时间、术中出血量、X射线暴露次数、骨折愈合时间方面比较差异无显著性意义（P＞0.05）.动力髋螺钉联合防旋阻挡钉组内固定后髋关节评分（Harris评分）高于动力髋螺钉组（P＜0.05）.动力髋螺钉组内固定后并发症发生率（14％）显著高于动力髋螺钉联合防旋阻挡钉组（4％,P＜ 0.05）.提示单纯动力髋螺钉置入内固定修复不稳定型股骨转子间骨折并发症较多,失败率较高;而动力髋螺钉联合防旋阻挡钉能重建股骨后内侧结构,弥补动力髋螺钉的缺点和不足,对不稳定型股骨转子间骨折的修复有重要价值.     

Management of hip fracture: the family physician's role

The incidence of hip fracture is expected to increase as the population ages. One in five persons dies in the first year after sustaining a hip fracture, and those who survive past one year may have significant functional limitation. Although surgery is the main treatment for hip fracture, family physicians play a key role as patients' medical consultants. Surgical repair is recommended for stable patients within 24 to 48 hours of hospitalization. Antibiotic prophylaxis is indicated to prevent infection after surgery. Thromboprophylaxis has become the standard of care for management of hip fracture. Effective agents include unfractionated heparin, low-molecular-weight heparin, fondaparinux, and warfarin. Optimal pain control, usually with narcotic analgesics, is essential to ensure patient comfort and to facilitate rehabilitation. Rehabilitation after hip fracture surgery ideally should start on the first postoperative day with progression to ambulation as tolerated. Indwelling urinary catheters should be removed within 24 hours of surgery. Prevention, early recognition, and treatment of contributing factors for delirium also are crucial. Interventions to help prevent future falls, exercise and balance training in ambulatory patients, and the treatment of osteoporosis are important strategies for the secondary prevention of hip fracture.     

普通型与加长型股骨近端防旋髓内钉(PFN-A)治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折的临床研究

目的：观察普通型与加长型股骨近端防旋髓内钉（PFN-A）治疗老龄股骨粗隆间骨折的临床疗效。方法：自2012年12月~2015年10月在我院74例股骨粗隆间骨折老年患者应用以上两种方法治疗，观察患者手术时间、术中出血量，评估术后髋关节功能恢复情况，下地活动时间、骨折临床愈合时间。结果：加长型患者组52例，手术时间为30~92分钟，平均为68分钟；术中出血 150~400ml，平均为 289ml；术后下床时间平均为3天，术后随访评估患髋关节功能优38例，良11例，可3例，优良率为 94.2%；普通型患者组19例，手术时间为26~84分钟，平均52分钟；术中出血100~300ml，平均为182ml；术后下床时间平均为9天，术后随访评估患髋关节功能优13例，良3例，可2例，差1例，优良率为 84.2%；所有手术患者在术后均未出现退钉、髓内针断裂、切口感染、骨折不愈合等并发症，术后1例因心脑血管疾病死亡，1例因脑梗死亡，1例因血栓死亡。结论：两种方法都是治疗老年患者股骨粗隆间骨折的有效方法，相比之下加长型PFN-A更有利患者早期下床功能锻炼，以减少卧床并发症的发生。     

早期或晚期手术治疗多发肋骨骨折的效果及并发症观察

目的 探讨早期或晚期手术治疗多发肋骨骨折的效果及对并发症的影响.方法 我院骨科收治的102例多发肋骨骨折患者,根据手术时机的不同分为早期手术组53例和晚期手术组49例,早期手术组为受伤72 h内接受手术治疗,晚期手术组为受伤72 h后接受手术治疗;比较两组手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流量、下床活动时间及住院时间;两组手...     

Treatment of pain for older hip fracture patients across settings

PURPOSE: To examine the treatment of pain following hip fracture across settings (hospital to nursing home or rehabilitation facility). DESIGN: This was a secondary data analysis of two survey design studies that collected data on hip fracture patients in the hospital and for posthospital days at an institutional setting. SAMPLE: 115 subjects, 65 years or older, who had undergone surgical treatment of a hip fracture. METHODS: Medical records were reviewed to compare the amount of pain medication administered to postoperative hip fracture elders during the last 24 hours in the hospital with that of the first 24 hours in the nursing home (NH). FINDINGS: The mean length of stay following surgery was 4.8 days. Subjects received significantly less medication during the first 24 hours in the NH as compared with the last 24 hours of hospitalization. Over one third (37.4%) of the subjects received no opioid analgesic and 18.3% (n = 21) received no analgesic of any kind during the first 24 hours of NH stay. IMPLICATIONS: Rather than simply listing medications orders, hospital nursing staff should communicate type, amount, frequency and efficacy of pain medication in transfer notes to nursing home staff. Nursing home staff would benefit from postoperative pain management education.     

Safety of Clopidogrel in Hip Fracture Surgery

ObjectiveTo compare postoperative outcomes of hip fracture surgery in patients who were and were not taking clopidogrel at the time of surgery.Patients and MethodsUsing the Rochester Epidemiology Project database, we performed a population-based, retrospective cohort study comparing patients who were and were not taking clopidogrel at the time of hip fracture surgery between January 1, 1996, and June 30, 2010. Primary outcomes were perioperative bleeding and mortality. Secondary outcomes were perioperative thrombotic events.ResultsDuring the study period, 40 residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota (median age, 83 years), who were taking clopidogrel underwent hip fracture repair. These 40 patients were matched 2:1 with 80 control patients (median age, 84 years). The groups were similar in age, sex, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, type of surgical procedure, and use of deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis. The mean time from admission to surgery was less than 36 hours for each cohort. Perioperative bleeding complications and mortality were not significantly different between patients who were and were not taking clopidogrel at the time of hip fracture surgery. Combined bleeding outcome criteria was met in 48% of the clopidogrel cohort and 45% of the control cohort (relative risk, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.70-1.58; P=.80). One-year mortality was 28% in the clopidogrel cohort and 29% in the control cohort (hazard ratio, 1.33; 95% CI, 0.84-2.12; P=.23).ConclusionAlthough the small sample size precludes making a definitive conclusion, we found no evidence that prompt surgical treatment of hip fracture in patients taking clopidogrel compromises perioperative outcomes.     

Case study of hip fracture in an older person

PURPOSE: To discuss proximal femoral (hip) fractures as the leading cause of hospitalization for injuries among older persons, using a case example that illustrates not only the orthopedic injury but also how an older person's chronic problems complicate the acute event. DATA SOURCES: Extensive review of scientific literature on the conditions discussed, supplemented by the case study. CONCLUSIONS: Hip fractures in older adults can present multiple challenges to care when complicated by preexisting or coexisting conditions. This case of an older man with a hip fracture emphasizes the resuscitation priorities for the patient found after a "long lie" and the impact of chronic alcoholism and malnutrition, which lead to serious complications. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Careful physical and psychosocial assessment is important for determining the presenting problem and comorbid conditions. Priorities for postoperative management of hip fracture and its complications guide the nurse practitioner through the successful return of the patient to the community.     

DHS＋骨水泥治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折

目的：探讨DHS＋骨水泥治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折的疗效。方法：回顾分析2001年1月-2006年4月48例70岁以上老年股骨粗隆间骨折病例的临床资料,对其骨折类型、骨质疏松程度、合并症及临床疗效进行分析。结果：本组术后32例获得1～4年随访,无螺钉松动、髋内翻、感染或骨折延期愈合,髋关节功能评价优良率93％。结论：DHS＋骨水泥治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折具有手术时间短、创伤小、内固定牢靠、符合生物力学分配、能早期得到功能锻炼、减少术后并发症等优点;适合各种类型老年股骨粗隆间骨折的治疗。     

Are there really specific risk factors for heterotopic ossifications? A case report of ‘non-risk factor’ after total hip replacement

Femoral neck fractures are one of the most common fractures in the elderly population. Due to frequent complications of the fixation of these fractures, patients are more and more often eligible for hip replacement surgery. One of the most frequently mentioned postoperative complication is the formation of heterotopic ossification. This case report describes as a 70-year-old male patient that presented with an old hip fracture accompanied by a mild craniocerebral trauma. The patient underwent total cementless hip arthroplasty followed by rehabilitation. At 8 months after surgery, the patient was diagnosed with Brooker IV° heterotopic ossification in the area of the operated hip joint. Due to the persistent pain and complete loss of mobility in the operated joint, computed tomography imaging was performed and the patient was recommended for a revision surgery. The procedure was performed 14 months after the original surgical treatment, resulting in a significant improvement in the range of motion and reduction of pain.     

Elderly patients with a hip fracture: the risk for delirium.

This prospective study investigated risk factors for delirium in elderly hip fracture patients that could be recognized by nurses. Data were collected on predisposing and precipitating factors for delirium from 92 elderly patients with a hip fracture. Predisposing factors included age, gender, sensory impairments, functional impairment before the hip fracture, residency before admission, pre-existing cognitive impairment, comorbidities, and medication use. Precipitating factors included factors related to surgery and to the postoperative period. Factors related to surgery included time between admission and surgery, type of surgery, type of anesthesia, duration of surgery and anesthesia, and complications during surgery. Factors studied in the postoperative period were slow recovery, malnutrition, dehydration, addition of three or more medications, introduction of bladder catheter, infections, complications and falls, and use of morphine. Eighteen patients developed delirium, as diagnosed by a geriatrician by using the Diagnostic Statistical Manual-IV criteria. Data on delirious patients were compared with the data on non-delirious patients. The findings confirm that elderly hip fracture patients with premorbid ADL dependency, psychiatric comorbidities (including dementia), and a high number of other comorbid problems are at risk for the development of delirium. Based on these findings, it is recommended that nurses should assess patients' pre-fracture functional and cognitive capacities in an early stage of the hospital stay. Nurses should also be alert to postoperative delirium in "healthy elderly" patients. Monitoring of symptoms postoperatively in all elderly patients is advised.     

SuperPATH入路与后外侧入路治疗对创伤性股骨颈骨折患者的

目的探讨SuperPATH入路与后外侧入路治疗对创伤性股骨颈骨折患者临床疗效、骨折愈合及关节功能的影响,以探讨治疗创伤性股骨颈骨折的较为理想的方法。方法分析2017年6月~2019年6月我院因创伤性股骨颈骨折手术的病例并归列为两组:后外侧入路全髋关节置换术（对照组,n=42）和SuperPATH入路全髋关节置换术（观察组,n=54）,术后采用髋关节功能Harris评分评价两组关节功能,同时对两组临床疗效[手术时间、术中出血量、总失血量、手术切口长度、术后住院时间、骨折愈合所需时间、疼痛情况、血红蛋白（Hb）、红细胞压积、C-反应蛋白（CRP）、红细胞沉降率（ESR）及肌酸激酶等]进行比较,组间比较行t检验。结果两组患者在术中出血、总失血量及术后住院时间的差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）,但观察组患者手术时间较对照组长,而手术切口长度及骨折愈合所需时间均短于对照组（P < 0.05）;两组患者术前Hb、红细胞压积、CRP、ESR及肌酸激酶比较差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）;但术后两组患者Hb、红细胞压积均较术前降低,而CRP、ESR及肌酸激酶均较术前升高,且术后两组患者Hb、红细胞压积、CRP、ESR比较差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）,但观察组肌酸激酶低于对照组（P < 0.05）;两组患者术前VAS和Harris评分比较差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）,术后3 d和14 d两组患者VAS平均均较术前降低,Harris评分均较术前升高,且术后3d观察组VAS显著低于对照组,Harris评分较对照组明显升高,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）,而术后14 d两组VAS及Harris评分差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）;两组均未出现并发症及假体下沉、松动。末次随访观察组活力、躯体功能、社会功能及总体健康评分均显著高于对照组患者,比较差异间具有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。结论SuperPATH入路全髋关节置换术治疗创伤性股骨颈骨折患者较后外侧入路比较而言,更有利于减轻患者术后早期疼痛和肌肉损害,可明显改善患者早期髋关节功能和预后恢复,且具有一定的安全性,值得临床推广使用。      

Modern methods of treating hip fractures

Contemporary surgical and anaesthetic methods should enable almost all hip fractures to be treated surgically. Many of the implants used for the internal fixation of hip fractures or the arthroplasties for replacement of the hip joint have been in use for over 50 years. Marked improvements in surgical technique have led to lower fracture and surgical complications. Undisplaced intracapsular fractures and displaced fractures in the younger patient are best treated by internal fixation. For the elderly with a displaced intracapsular fracture then hemiarthroplasty is generally used. There is insufficient evidence that total hip replacements or bipolar hemiarthroplasties have any advantage over the more traditional designs. For trochanteric fractures the sliding hip screw remains the implant of choice, although the newer intramedullary nails are valuable for more specific fracture types and their use will become more common. Following surgery almost all patients should be allowed to mobilize without any restrictions on weight bearing or hip movements.     

Venous thromboembolism and mortality after hip fracture surgery: the ESCORTE study.

BACKGROUND: Recent changes in the management of hip fracture surgery patients may have modified the epidemiology of postoperative complications. OBJECTIVES: We performed an observational study of a cohort of patients undergoing hip fracture surgery to update the epidemiological data on this population. The primary study outcome was the incidence of confirmed symptomatic venous thromboembolism (VTE) [defined as deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism (PE), or both] at 3 months. Overall mortality at 1, 3 and 6 months was also evaluated. Patients/methods: Consecutive patients aged at least 18 years hospitalized in French public or private hospitals (531 centers) undergoing hip fracture surgery were recruited prospectively during 2 months in 2002 and a follow-up at 6 months. Predictive factors for VTE at 3 months and for death at 6 months were also analyzed. RESULTS: Data from 6860 (97.3%) of the 7019 recruited patients were included in the analysis. The median age was 82 years. Low molecular weight heparins were administered perioperatively in 97.6% of patients; 69.5% received this treatment for at least 4 weeks. The actuarial rate of confirmed symptomatic VTE at 3 months was 1.34% (85 events, 95% CI: 1.04-1.64). There were 16 PEs (actuarial rate: 0.25%), three of which were fatal. Overall, 1006 (14.7%) patients were dead at 6 months. Cardiovascular disease was the most frequent cause of death (270 patients; 26.8%). CONCLUSIONS: The current rate of postoperative VTE is low, but overall mortality remains high. Indeed, hip fracture patients belong to a vulnerable group of old people with comorbid diseases and a high risk of postoperative morbidity and mortality. An interdisciplinary approach could be the challenge to improve short and long-term outcome.     

Modern methods of treating hip fractures

Contemporary surgical and anaesthetic methods should enable almost all hip fractures to be treated surgically. Many of the implants used for the internal fixation of hip fractures or the arthroplasties for replacement of the hip joint have been in use for over 50 years. Marked improvements in surgical technique have led to lower fracture and surgical complications. Undisplaced intracapsular fractures and displaced fractures in the younger patient are best treated by internal fixation. For the elderly with a displaced intracapsular fracture then hemiarthroplasty is generally used. There is insufficient evidence that total hip replacements or bipolar hemiarthroplasties have any advantage over the more traditional designs. For trochanteric fractures the sliding hip screw remains the implant of choice, although the newer intramedullary nails are valuable for more specific fracture types and their use will become more common. Following surgery almost all patients should be allowed to mobilize without any restrictions on weight bearing or hip movements.     

Modern methods of treating hip fractures

Contemporary surgical and anaesthetic methods should enable almost all hip fractures to be treated surgically. Many of the implants used for the internal fixation of hip fractures or the arthroplasties for replacement of the hip joint have been in use for over 50 years. Marked improvements in surgical technique have led to lower fracture and surgical complications. Undisplaced intracapsular fractures and displaced fractures in the younger patient are best treated by internal fixation. For the elderly with a displaced intracapsular fracture then hemiarthroplasty is generally used. There is insufficient evidence that total hip replacements or bipolar hemiarthroplasties have any advantage over the more traditional designs. For trochanteric fractures the sliding hip screw remains the implant of choice, although the newer intramedullary nails are valuable for more specific fracture types and their use will become more common. Following surgery almost all patients should be allowed to mobilize without any restrictions on weight bearing or hip movements.