四肢骨折伴主要血管损伤的临床治疗

目的探讨四肢骨折伴主要血管损伤急诊处理的临床效果。方法分别采用带锁髓内针、钢板螺钉和外固定支架固定骨折,根据血管损伤情况选择血管直接修补术、血管端端吻合术和血管移植术等方法治疗四肢骨折伴主要血管损伤45例。结果本组45例,肢体全部成活,伤口愈合好。随访6个月～3年。有6例骨不连,其余骨折愈合好;有7例因神经损伤恢复不理想,肢体感觉和运动功能部分障碍。结论四肢骨折合并主要血管损伤要早期诊断、及时和正确处理,才可能获得良好的临床治疗效果。     

膝部骨折脱位合并腘动脉损伤21例

[目的]回顾性分析膝部骨折脱位合并腘动脉损伤的治疗方法和效果.[方法]本组21例,男17例,女4例;年龄16-68岁,平均34.3岁.骨折脱位情况膝关节脱位2例,股骨下端骨折4例,胫骨上端骨折9例,浮膝6例.动脉修复方法端端吻合7例,大隐静脉移植14例.骨折及脱位固定方法石膏固定2例,内固定14例,外固定架固定5例.修复顺序2例膝关节脱位合并腘动脉损伤的患者先手法复位膝关节再修复血管,膝部骨折合并胭动脉损伤的患者先修复血管,后固定骨折6例,先固定骨折再修复血管5例,在处理骨折前先建立临时性动脉内分流8例.[结果]所有患者均获随访,随访时间1～7年,平均3.3年.肢体存活17例(81%),截肢4例.截肢者均为入院时肢体严重缺血患者,部分缺血患者无1例截肢;截肢患者中有3例合并严重软组织损伤,l例合并中度软组织损伤;肢体存活患者平均MESS评分4.2±1.3,截肢患者平均7.2±1.8.截肢患者均是由于术后出现难以控制的感染而截肢.[结论]膝部骨折脱位合并胭动脉损伤时,肢体的软组织损伤程度、MESS评分、肢体缺血的严重程度均是影响肢体成活的重要因素,术后感染是造成截肢的主要原因.     

非利器致四肢主要血管损伤的显微外科修复

目的 总结应用显微外科技术治疗非利器致四肢主要血管损伤的治疗效果.方法 对交通事故、机器绞压等所致的肢体严重损伤合并主要血管损伤的55例,应用显微外科技术修复血管,其中端端吻合32例,自体大隐静脉移植23例,同时妥善处理骨折及软组织损伤.结果 55例中截肢2例,其余伤肢成活,随访12个月～5年,吻合血管通畅,肢体末梢血运良好,功能满意.结论 非利器致四肢主要血管损伤病情复杂,早期诊断,应用显微外科技术尽快重建肢体血运是关键,同时要重视骨支架重建和软组织修复.     

非利器致四肢主要血管损伤的显微外科修复

目的 总结应用显微外科技术治疗非利器致四肢主要血管损伤的治疗效果.方法 对交通事故、机器绞压等所致的肢体严重损伤合并主要血管损伤的55例,应用显微外科技术修复血管,其中端端吻合32例,自体大隐静脉移植23例,同时妥善处理骨折及软组织损伤.结果 55例中截肢2例,其余伤肢成活,随访12个月～5年,吻合血管通畅,肢体末梢血运良好,功能满意.结论 非利器致四肢主要血管损伤病情复杂,早期诊断,应用显微外科技术尽快重建肢体血运是关键,同时要重视骨支架重建和软组织修复.     

非利器致四肢主要血管损伤的显微外科修复

目的 总结应用显微外科技术治疗非利器致四肢主要血管损伤的治疗效果.方法 对交通事故、机器绞压等所致的肢体严重损伤合并主要血管损伤的55例,应用显微外科技术修复血管,其中端端吻合32例,自体大隐静脉移植23例,同时妥善处理骨折及软组织损伤.结果 55例中截肢2例,其余伤肢成活,随访12个月～5年,吻合血管通畅,肢体末梢血运良好,功能满意.结论 非利器致四肢主要血管损伤病情复杂,早期诊断,应用显微外科技术尽快重建肢体血运是关键,同时要重视骨支架重建和软组织修复.     

创伤性浮膝合并血管损伤的诊断及治疗

创伤性浮膝损伤是一种常见的高能量损伤，临床上常指同侧股骨干和胫骨干或相邻的干端骨折所引起的膝关节相对漂浮的状态。由于骨折断端邻近下肢的主要血管，合并伤多且严重，故创伤性浮膝损伤常伴下肢的主要血管损伤，临床治疗相对困难。治疗时机与方法不当，往往导致患者术后功能恢复不良，严重者甚至截肢。自2000年1月-2005年12月收治13例该类患者，根据不同骨折部位采用不同内固定器械及外固定、血管修复术治疗，疗效满意。     

四肢主要血管损伤的显微外科治疗

目的 探讨四肢血管损伤的显微外科治疗的临床效果。 方法 回顾分析四肢血管损伤治疗52例的临床资料,其中行血管端端吻合38例45条血管,血管修补7例12条血管,静脉移植修复7例7条血管,同时处理合并伤。 结果 术后肢体存活51例,患肢血运及感觉和功能恢复良好,因缺血时间过长肢体远端坏死截肢1例。 结论 早期正确诊断,及时采用显微外科技术修复损伤血管可获得良好的临床效果。     

膝关节周围骨折合并血管神经损伤的保肢治疗

目的探讨膝关节周围骨折合并血管神经损伤的保肢治疗方法。方法对14例膝关节周围骨折合并血管神经损伤患者进行保肢治疗,先固定骨折:外固定架固定10例,钢板内固定4例;再行血管修复:直接修补3例,端端吻合3例,自体血管桥接修复8例。对于术后出现肌肉坏死合并感染行彻底清创及负压封闭引流。结果 1例截肢;1例术后吻合血管处血栓形成,二期行自体血管桥接修复。13例保肢成功患者获得6~20个月随访。骨折均愈合良好,其中11例对线良好,1例内翻成角,1例外翻成角。末次随访膝关节活动范围伸150°~160°,屈90°~100°。结论膝关节周围骨折血管损伤的早期诊断和处理十分重要,注重修复顺序及血管吻合是避免肌肉坏死及感染的关键;术后出现肌肉坏死合并感染应彻底清创,并采用负压吸引冲洗引流的方法治疗。     

膝关节周围骨折合并血管损伤的早期诊疗

目的探讨膝关节周围骨折合并血管损伤的早期诊断和治疗的方法。方法对64例合并血管损伤的膝关节周围骨折,首先采用可靠、快捷的方法稳定骨折,血管损伤分别采用直接修补术、端端吻合术、大隐静脉逆转桥接修复术,移植长度3～11 cm。术后常规行小腿筋膜室切开减压。结果2例截肢,4例术后吻合口处血栓形成,62例获6～40个月随访,彩色多普勒仪检查血流速度及血管管径与正常血管段比较无明显差异。59例肢体功能恢复满意,3例残留不同程度功能障碍。结论早期诊断和处理是治疗膝关节周围骨折合并血管损伤的关键,术中选择合理骨折固定物,注重修复顺序及血管吻合的质量是手术成功的保障。     

组合式跨关节外固定架治疗胫骨近端ⅢC型骨折

目的探讨使用自制跨关节外固定架治疗胫骨近端ⅢC型开放性骨折的可行性。方法本组23例，均为胫骨近端ⅢC型骨折，采用组合式跨关节外固定架固定骨折端及膝关节，修复损伤血管。结果术后22例远端肢体均获成活，1例因缺血时间过长截肢。19例获随访，骨折均愈合，平均愈合时间6个月，膝关节功能基本正常。结论采用跨关节外固定架治疗胫骨近端开放性骨折合并血管损伤取得了良好的效果。     

螺钉固定踝关节融合术失败后钢板再固定疗效观察

目的:观察螺钉固定踝关节融合术失败后钢板固定的临床疗效。方法:自2001年8月至2011年10月对15例螺钉固定踝关节融合失败后的患者行钢板固定,其中男9例,女6例;年龄40～65岁,平均56岁;左足10例,右足5例。术中螺钉予以拆除,行钢板固定,术后予石膏外固定。采用AOFAS评分系统从疼痛、行走功能、踝关节对线等方面比较术前与末次随访AOFAS计分,X线片评估术后融合情况。结果:15例均获随访,时间4个月～4年,平均2年。切口均Ⅰ期愈合。踝关节无疼痛,无神经血管损伤,无感染和内固定失败等并发症。术后AOFAS评分中客观项目均较术前改善,总分由术前的(36.86±8.32)分提高到术后的(85.09±4.65)分(t=-26.366,P=0.000)。结论:螺钉固定踝关节融合失败后钢板固定稳定性好,操作简单,成功率高,踝关节疼痛明显减轻,功能恢复良好。     

钩钢板侧块螺钉内固定在治疗寰枢椎脱位中的应用

目的通过对寰枢椎脱位患者行后路钩钢板侧块螺钉内固定的治疗及术后随访,探讨钩钢板侧块螺钉内固定在寰枢椎脱位后路固定手术的操作方式、注意问题及临床疗效。方法通过对2001年4月至2008年8月收治的8例寰枢椎脱位患者行后路钩钢板侧块螺钉内固定治疗,术后随访7～95个月不等,对患者的症状改善情况、骨性融合情况进行分析,以探讨该手术方式的可行性及临床效果。结果 8例患者手术过程顺利,未发生脊髓、神经根、椎动脉等重要解剖结构的损伤;后路手术出血量100～200 mL,平均出血量140 mL,手术时间170～220 min;术后脊髓功能均获得改善,肢体麻木、无力症状减轻;未出现内固定松动、断钉及再脱位情况,全部患者获得骨性融合;术后未出现头晕头痛等脑缺血症状及与该手术操作可引起的其他相关症状。结论对可复性寰枢椎脱位采用后路钩钢板侧块螺钉内固定治疗是可行、安全、有效的。     

五种颈椎内固定方法的稳定性生物力学评价

目的 比较不同颈椎内固定器械的稳定性能,为临床合理选择的固定提供生物力学基础。方法 ８具新鲜颈椎标本,制成Ｃ４,５节段三柱损伤模型,分别用钛制带锁螺钉钢板,钛制带锁螺钉钢板加棘突间钢丝,棘突间钢丝,Ｒｏｙ－Ｃａｍｉｌｌｅ钢板和椎弓根螺钉钢板５种方法固定,测试它们在前屈,后伸,左右侧弯和轴向旋转运动状态的稳定性能。结果 单纯钛制带锁钢板和棘突钢丝固定的三维运动稳定性尚不及椎完整模型的稳定性;钛制带锁     

踝部骨折不同内固定方式的生物力学研究与临床应用

为了临床选择有效的内固定方式提供实验依据。用21具新鲜尸体踝部标本,制成三种骨折模型,用4～5种常用内固定方式置于WD-10E万能电子力学试验机上,测定每种内固定抗剪切、抗扭转强度并进行比较。钢板及加压螺丝钉固定强度大,普通螺丝钉及克氏针固定强度小。临床手术171例中129例平均随访4.2年。优良率分别为:加压螺针为90.2％、钢板87.5％、张力带87.5％,普通螺钉76.2％,克氏针77.1％。认为加压螺钉内固定具有创伤小、固定确切的特点,是一种安全可靠的方法。     

Comparative strength of three methods of fixation of transverse acetabular fractures.

With the advent of percutaneously placed lag screws for fixation of acetabular fractures, this study evaluated the strength of lag screw fixation compared with traditional fixation techniques of transverse acetabular fractures. Ten formalin-treated human, cadaveric pelvic specimens with bilateral, transtectal transverse acetabular fractures were used for this study. The right acetabular fractures were fixed with a five-hole plate and four screws with the central hole spanning the posterior fracture site. The left acetabular fractures were fixed with two lag screws, one each in the anterior and posterior columns, or with a screw and wire construct stabilizing both columns. The specimens were loaded to implant failure. Stiffness, yield strength, maximum load at failure, and site of failure was recorded. The plate and screw construct showed significantly greater yield and maximum strength when compared with the two lag screws. The stiffness of the lag screw method was 39% higher than that of the plating method, but this result was not statistically significant. In addition, the plate and screw method provided significantly greater maximum strength than the screw and wire technique. The quadrilateral plate seemed to be the weakest area of fixation because 83% of the implant failures occurred in this region. In patients in whom the risks of formal open reduction and internal fixation of acetabular fractures outweigh the possible benefits, such as in patients with burns or degloved skin, the advent of computer-assisted and fluoroscopically guided percutaneous surgical techniques have been instrumental. This study showed there is greater strength of fixation with a plate and screw construct, possibly secondary to supplementary fixation distal to the quadrilateral plate. However, lag screw fixation provided relatively greater stiffness, which may account for its clinical success. Percutaneous lag screw fixation of appropriate transverse acetabular fractures is a viable option.     

Hoffa骨折内固定相关问题探讨

Hoffa骨折是不稳定关节内骨折,具有明显的再移位倾向,伴有股骨远端髁间或髁上骨折时,易被漏诊,CT扫描是诊断Hoffa骨折的金标准。治疗原则是解剖复位关节面、可靠内固定、早期功能活动。目前主要的治疗方式是经关节面螺钉固定,但螺钉固定时因螺钉尾帽需埋头处理,致关节软骨形成不可愈合的医源性损伤;术后膝关节早期功能活动时骨折块在胫骨平台的作用下反复受到向后、向上的剪切力,是内固定失效的主要原因。钢板辅助螺钉固定可增加局部力学稳定性,但仍不能避免软骨医源性损伤的缺陷,同时因没有专用解剖钢板术中需进行钢板塑形,存在增加手术创伤和手术耗时等问题。Hoffa骨折理想固定方式应兼具:(1)避免关节面软骨医源性损伤。(2)具备后方抗剪切阻挡钢板功能。(3)内固定物更靠近负载界面,以便获得更大的载荷、更好的固定强度。     

Transarticular screw fixation for atlanto-occipital dislocation

STUDY DESIGN: A case report of traumatic atlanto-occipital dislocation managed by transarticular screw fixation. OBJECTIVES: To present a case with initial failed wire fixation but successful reduction and fixation with transarticular screw fixation and occipitocervical plate stabilization. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Atlanto-occipital dislocation is generally a fatal injury, except when it occurs in children. Management of this injury is difficult because of multidirectional instability and the problems associated with technical stabilization. METHODS: Intraoperative atlanto-occipital reduction was achieved and maintained by direct C0-C1 transarticular screw fixation. To protect this fixation, a posterior occipitocervical fusion at C0-C2 using a Y-plate was performed. RESULTS: The internal fixation and reduction were maintained, indicating a good surgical outcome, at examination 2 years after surgery. The initially severe neurologic deficit was reduced to some motor weakness of the right hand and weakness of oculomotor function. CONCLUSIONS: Anatomic reduction and reliable fixation with transarticular screws may provide satisfactory clinical results with important neurologic recovery in cases of atlanto-occipital dislocation.     

U型螺钉系统固定在寰枢椎不稳中的应用

目的 探讨运用U型螺钉系统（CUF）内固定治疗寰枢椎不稳的临床效果。方法 2004年1月至2005年12月,运用自行设计的CUF行C1.2椎弓根固定治疗C1不稳8例。其中枢椎齿状突骨折7例,Jefferson骨折1例,伴颈髓损伤6例。结果 术中未发生神经血管损伤,术后复查寰枢关节脱位全部纠正。CT轴位扫描,32枚椎弓根钉中有2枚钉部分进入椎管,1枚钉部分进入横突孔。3个月至2年平均6个月随访,7例达到骨性融合,无断钉断棒。结论 后路椎弓根钉系统固定是目前治疗C1.2不稳的较好装置。它具有固定牢固、能提拉复位且放置方便等特点。手术成功的关键在于准确置入椎弓根钉。借助U型螺钉提拉复位的同时,配合体位复位是必要的。     

Biomechanical analysis of anterior cervical spine plate fixation systems with unicortical and bicortical screw purchase

Anterior plate fixation with unicortical screw purchase does not involve the risk of posterior cortex penetration and possible injuries of the spinal cord. However, there are very few biomechanical data about the immediate stability of non-locking plate fixation with unicortical or bicortical screw placement. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the immediate biomechanical properties in terms of flexibility of a non-locking anterior plate system with 4.5-mm screw fixation and unicortical or bicortical screw purchase applied to a single destabilized cervical spine motion segment. Using fresh cadaveric cervical spine specimens C3-C7, multidirectional flexibility was measured at the level C4-C5 before and after destabilization and fixation with an anterior plate with either unicortical or bicortical screw purchase. The results showed that fixed cervical spine segments with anterior plate and bicortical screw purchase were more rigid than intact specimens in all modes of testing. The difference was statistically significant for flexion and extension (P<0.001). Plate fixation with unicortical screw purchase had statistically significant decreased ranges of motion compared to the intact specimen only in extension. Neither unicortical nor bicortical screw purchase decreased the range of motion significantly in axial rotation compared to the intact specimens. This in vitro study documented that neither unicortical nor bicortical screw purchase with non-locking plate fixation can increase stability in all modes of testing, in axial rotation in particular. Direct comparison between the group with uni- and that with bicortical screw fixation did not reveal significant differences, and therefore no advantage was shown for either type of screw fixation. Therefore, we demonstrated that both uni- and bicortical screw purchase with non-locking plate fixation can decrease immediate flexibility of the tested motion segment, with better results for bicortical purchase. No significant differences were found comparing the two groups of screw fixation. These data suggest that unicortical screw fixation can be used for anterior plate fixation with a comparable immediate stability to bicortical screw fixation.Supported by the German Research Foundation, DFG, Bonn, Germany