Comparison of off-pump and on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting in midterm results.

OBJECTIVE: Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB) has become a procedure of choice for surgical treatment of coronary artery disease. Although early advantages of OPCAB were confirmed in comparison with conventional on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), late cardiac complications are still controversial. We examined midterm results of OPCAB compared with standard CABG. METHODS: Between July 1997 and April 2002, 736 consecutive patients who underwent isolated CABG were retrospectively reviewed. The OPCAB group (Group I) comprised 357 patients (49%), and the on-pump CABG group (Group II) 379 patients (51%). Their preoperative, intraoperative, and follow-up data were analyzed. RESULTS: The mean number of distal anastomoses and the early graft patency were not greatly different between the two groups. The actuarial survival rate at 3 years was not significantly different between Group I (98.3%) and Group II (98.2%) (p = 0.71). The frequency of cardiac events was 4.2%/patient-year in Group I and 2.6%/patient-year in Group II (p = 0.12). The actuarial event free rates were not different between the two groups (p = 0.61). The cardiac event free rates at 3 years were significantly (p = 0.011) higher in patients with complete revascularization (96.7%) than without complete revascularization in Group I (69.2%) and in Group II (92.7% versus 85.9%, p = 0.026). CONCLUSIONS: Midterm clinical outcome in OPCAB is as good as conventional on-pump CABG. Incomplete revascularization caused cardiac events more frequently than complete revascularization both in OPCAB and on-pump CABG in the intermediate follow-up.     

Comparison of off-pump and on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting in midterm results

Objective: Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB) has become a procedure of choice for surgical treatment of coronary artery disease. Although early advantages of OPCAB were confirmed in comparison with conventional on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), late cardiac complications are still controversial. We examined midterm results of OPCAB compared with standard CABG. Methods: Between July 1997 and April 2002, 736 consecutive patients who underwent isolated CABG were retrospectively reviewed. The OPCAB group (Group I) comprised 357 patients (49%), and the on-pump CABG group (Group II) 379 patients (51%). Their preoperative, intraoperative, and follow-up data were analyzed. Results: The mean number of distal anastomoses and the early graft patency were not greatly different between the two groups. The actuarial survival rate at 3 years was not significantly different between Group I (98.3%) and Group II (98.2%) (p=0.71). The frequency of cardiac events was 4.2%/patient-year in Group I and 2.6%/patient-year in Group II (p=0.12). The actuarial event free rates were not different between the two groups (p=0.61). The cardiac event free rates at 3 years were significantly (p=0.011) higher in patients with complete revascularization (96.7%) than without complete revascularization in Group I (69.2%) and in Group II (92.7% versus 85.9%, p=0.026). Conclusions: Midterm clinical outcome in OPCAB is as good as conventional on-pump CABG. Incomplete revascularization caused cardiac events more frequently than complete revascularization both in OPCAB and on-pump CABG in the intermediate follow-up.     

体外循环与非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术后早期临床效果的比较

目的 回顾性分析和比较体外循环和非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)后早期患者的临床疗效.方法 选择2008年12月至2010年4月择期行CABG患者105例,其中体外循环(CABG组)60例,非体外循环(OPCABG组)45例.比较两组术前一般情况及ICU停留时间、机械通气时间、病死率等术后恢复指标.结果 两组患者术前一般情况差异无统计学意义.CABG组住院时间及机械通气时间明显长于OPCABG组,术后胸腔引流量显著高于OPCABG组(P＜0.05).其它术后恢复指标组间差异无统计学意义.结论 CABG采用非体外循环患者术后早期预后要好于体外循环患者.     

Oxygenation and release of inflammatory mediators after off-pump compared with after on-pump coronary artery bypass surgery

BACKGROUND: In a previous study, we showed that oxygenation was impaired for up to 5 day after conventional coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). As cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) may have a detrimental effect on pulmonary function, we hypothesized that coronary revascularization grafting without the use of CPB (OPCAB) would affect post-operative oxygenation and release of inflammatory mediators less compared with CABG. METHODS: Low-risk patients scheduled for elective coronary revascularization were randomly assigned to one of two groups (CABG, n = 17 or OPCAB, n = 18). Two parameters of oxygenation, shunt (%) and ventilation-perfusions mismatch, described as DeltaPO(2) (kPa), were estimated for up to 5 days post-operatively. Systemic release of interleukin (IL)-6, -8 and -10, C-reactive protein (CRP) and neutrophils were measured in peripheral blood samples for up to 3 days post-operatively. The lungs participation in the cytokine response was evaluated from mixed venous blood samples taken within the first 16 h post-operatively. RESULTS: OPCAB was followed by a higher shunt (P = 0.047), with no difference (P = 0.47) in the deterioration of DeltaPO(2) between the groups. OPCAB was followed by an attenuated systemic release of IL-8 (P = 0.041) and IL-10 (P = 0.006), while the release of IL-6 (P = 0.94), CRP (P = 0.121) and neutrophils (P = 0.078) did not differ between the groups. Indications of an uptake of cytokines in the lungs were found after OPCAB. CONCLUSIONS: When comparing OPCAB with CABG, oxygenation was more affected and only part of the systemic inflammatory response was attenuated.     

体外循环和非体外循环冠状动脉旁路术围手术期心肌损伤程度的对比研究

目的　对比研究常规体外循环下冠状动脉旁路术 (CCABG)和非体外循环心脏跳动下冠状动脉旁路术 (OPCAB)围手术期心肌肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)动态变化规律 ,以明确心肌损伤的程度。方法　 5 9例不稳定心绞痛患者 ,射血分数 (EF) 0 35～ 0 5 6 ,其中 34例行OPCAB ,患者平均年龄 (5 9 1± 1 7)岁 ,平均搭桥数 1 0～ 5 0支 ,平均 (2 90± 0 8)支 ;2 5例行CCABG ,患者平均年龄 (5 6 5± 1 8)岁。搭桥数 2 0～ 5 0支 ,平均 (3 2± 0 7)支。分别在术前 ,术后第 8、2 4、48、72、96、12 0h时 ,采集患者静脉血标本 ,离心后取血浆测定cTnI值。cTnI的测定采用自动双抗体夹心酶联免疫荧光测定法 ,仪器检测灵敏度cTnI 0 35 μg/L。　 结果　术前 2组患者cTnI差异无显著性意义 (P >0 0 5 )。OPCAB手术组cTnI值在术后观察期内均低于CCABG组 ,差异有显著性意义 (t=1 9432 ,P =0 0 0 7)。全组患者无死亡 ,均痊愈出院。　结论　cTnI是诊断心肌损伤的良好指标。OPCAB手术心肌损伤程度显著低于CCABG手术。     

非体外循环与体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植血管中远期通畅率比较

目的 比较非体外循环不停跳与体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植手术后中远期移植血管的通畅率.方法 对同一术者行冠状动脉旁路移植手术后5年以上病例50例.按手术方式分为两组.第1组采用传统体外循环下进行冠状动脉旁路移植(体外循环组,25例);第2组采用非体外循环不停跳技术进行冠状动脉旁路移植(非体外循环组,25例).对所有病例进行冠状动脉造影随访,比较两组移植血管的通畅情况.结果 两组均男21例,女4例.第1组手术年龄(55.4±8.9)岁;随访70～110个月,平均(86.52±12.48)个月;移植血管共83支,其中动脉移植血管41支,静脉移植血管42支,平均移植血管(3.32±0.63)支/例;随访移植血管通畅61支,狭窄6支,闭塞16支,动脉移植物通畅率为78.05%,静脉通畅率69.05%,总通畅率73.49%.第2组手术年龄(58.2±9.09)岁;移植血管共65支,其中动脉移植血管31支,静脉移植血管34支,平均移植血管(2.52±0.71)支/例,随访64～99个月,平均(82.68±12.48)个月;随访移植血管通畅47支,狭窄4支,闭塞14支,动脉移植物通畅率为74.19%,静脉通畅率70.59%,总通畅率72.31%.结论 非体外循环不停跳冠状动脉旁路移植手术移植血管中远期通畅率与传统体外循环手术一致,均可达到较好的中远期疗效.

Abstract：

Objective Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB) is used more widely in recent years in China. However, there is an argument on benefits and risks of off-pump surgery. Many studies shown that OPCAB had more benefits in short-term outcomes than conventional coronary artery bypass grafting(CCABG). But evidences from other studies suggested that OPCAB resulted in less long-term graft patency as compared with on-pump surgery. This study examined the longterm graft patency of OPCAB and CCABG performed by one surgeon. Methods 50 patients who had received surgical revascularization by a surgeon for more than 5 years were reviewed, 25 patients received conventional coronary artery bypass grafting ( group 1 ) and 25 patients received OPCAB ( group 2). All patients had angiograms for compareing the graft patency between the two groups. Results Among 25 patients in group 1,21 were male and 4 were female. The mean age of patients at surgery was (55.4 ±8.9) years. 15 cases had unstable angina, 16 patients had old myocardial infarction and 6 cases had diabetes.The ejection fraction (EF) was 0.58 ±0.14. The mean number of bypasses per patient was 3.32 ±0.63. Mean duration of operation was (3.58 ± 0. 82) hours. Mean follow-up duration was ( 86.52 ± 12.48) months. 83 grafts were evaluated for patency ( open vs. closed) and were graded by Fitzgibbon as grade A ( excellent graft), B ( impaired graft, with a stenosis of ≥50%, or a diameter less than 50% of the grafted artery), or O ( completely occluded). The graft patency was 73.49%, 61grafts were graded as Fitzgibbon A, 6 grafts as Fitzgibbon B and 16 grafts as Fitzgibbon 0. 25 patients were in group 2, 21males and 4 females. The mean age of patients at procedure was (58.2 ± 9.09) years, 11 patients had unstable angina, 13 patients had old myocardial infarction and 6 cases had diabetes. The ejection fraction (EF) was 0.59 ± 0. 14. Conclusion No 2011.03.013 difference in long-term graft patency was identified between on-pump and off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. Off-pump oronary artery bypass grafting preformed by an experienced surgeon may gain similar long-term graft patency to that of conventional bypass.     

Systemic inflammatory changes after off-pump and on-pump coronary artery bypass surgery

Background Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) can be performed with or without pump. Off-pump coronary bypass surgery has become a widely used technique during recent years. Cardiac operations, with the use of CPB, have been linked to a systemic inflammatory response and also reperfusion myocardial injury. These may play a role in undesirable patient outcome. Aim The purpose of this study was to investigate the inflammatory changes after off-pump and on-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. Setting Department of Cardiovascular Thoracic surgery and Biochemistry, Lokamanya Tilak Municipal Medical College and General Hospital, Mumbai. Materials and Methods 70 patients [40 for off pump and 30 for on pump] undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting were enrolled in this study. Arterial blood was collected through an intra-arterial catheter immediately after induction of anesthesia, as well as 1, 6, 24, 48 and 72 hours after surgery. The parameters of inflammatory response; Interleukin IL-6, Interleukin IL-8, and Complement C3a were evaluated. Results The groups were similar in terms of age, weight, gender ratio, and number of grafts per patient. The levels of inflammatory mediators, including interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and C3a, considerably increased and reached their peak levels 6 hours after termination of CPB except IL-6. IL-6 showed significantly elevation (p<0.001) over the time as compared to preoperative, with the values peaking at 24 hours. IL-6, IL-8 and C3a levels were significantly high (p<0.001) in the on-pump group in comparison with the off-pump group. Conclusions Off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery shows a significant reduction in inflammatory response when compared with On-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. This may contribute to improved myocardial function and faster postoperative recovery.     

Effect of off-pump and on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting on renal function

BACKGROUND: Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) has the risk of renal dysfunction. The cause of renal dysfunction after CPB is multifactorial, such as nonpulsatile flow, renal hypoperfusion, hypothermia, and duration of CPB. This study compared off-pump technique with on-pump technique on renal function in patients who underwent CABG. METHODS: Sixty patients with normal preoperative renal functions undergoing CABG were randomly assigned to conventional revascularization with CPB (on-pump) or beating heart revascularization (off-pump). Renal functions were assessed up to 10 days postoperatively. RESULTS: Creatinine clearance was found to be significantly higher in the off-pump group than in the on-pump group (p<.05). The off-pump group had significantly less increase in creatinine levels when compared with the on-pump group (p<.05). The free water clearance values decreased similarly in both groups; however, the recovery was more prompt in the off-pump group (p<.05). No significant differences were found in the prevalence of postoperative hemodialysis. CONCLUSION: The off-pump technique may provide a positive contribution and sufficient protection on postoperative renal functions in patients undergoing CABG.     

非体外循环与常规体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术后肝肾功能的变化

目的 探讨非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术(off-pump coronary artery bypass, OPCAB)和体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术(conventional coronary artery bypass grafting, CCABG)术后肝肾功能的变化规律. 方法 选择2005年6～11月择期冠状动脉旁路移植术(coronary artery bypass grafting,CABG)50例,根据患者意愿及病情匹配原则将患者分为OPCAB组(n=30例)和CCABG组(n=20例).2组患者分别于术前及术后1 d、1周、2周抽血测定血丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT),天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST),尿素氮(BUN),肌酐(Cr)值. 结果 2组患者的肝肾功能水平术前无明显差异(OPCAB组ALT 20.9±10.5U/L,AST 24.0±10.4U/L,BUN 5.7±1.8mmol/L,Cr 70.0±31.0μmol/L;CCABG组ALT 20.3±11.1 U/L,AST 21.9±11.8U/L,BUN 5.9±1.7mmol/L,Cr 73.5±21.5 μmol/L,P＞0.05).2组患者ALT、AST值及BUN、Cr值在术后均有一定程度的增高,术后2周时均恢复到术前水平;OPCAB组术后第1天血ALT值(19.8±8.1) U/L、AST值(27.9±22.2)U/L、BUN值(6.8±1.8)mmol/L、Cr值(78.1±32.5)μmol/L均明显低于CCABG组(ALT 28.1±11.6U/L,AST 40.6±20.0U/L,BUN 7.9±2.0mmol/L,Cr 97.4±29.9μmol/L,P＜0.05). 结论 CABG对肝肾功能均有一定的损害,但在术后早期均可恢复;OPCAB较CCABG对肝肾功能的不利影响更小,在一定程度上保护了肝肾功能.     

Cognitive self-assessment one year after on-pump and off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting

BACKGROUND: Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is associated with significant cerebral morbidity. This is usually manifested as cognitive decline and may be caused by cardiopulmonary bypass. The primary objective of this study was to explore whether patients report more cognitive failures 1 year after CABG than preoperatively. Secondary objectives were to evaluate whether there is a difference in reported cognitive failures between patients undergoing on-pump and off-pump CABG and whether a difference between CABG patients and healthy control subjects exists. Finally the relation between objective and subjective cognitive functioning was quantified. METHODS: In this prospective study, the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ) was assigned preoperatively and 1 year postoperatively to 81 patients who were randomly assigned to undergo off-pump (n = 45) or on-pump (n = 36) CABG. A control sample of 112 age-matched healthy subjects was included who were administered the CFQ once. RESULTS: No difference was found in the total CFQ score (p = 0.222) and CFQ worry score (p = 0.207) between 1 year after CABG and before CABG. There was no difference between on-pump and off-pump CABG (total score, p = 0.458; worry score, p = 0.563). A significant difference was found in CFQ total score between CABG patients and control subjects (p < 0.001), with control subjects reporting more cognitive failures than CABG patients. Finally, patients who showed cognitive decline in the Octopus trial did not have a higher CFQ total score (p = 0.671) and CFQ worry score (p = 0.772) than patients without cognitive decline 1 year after CABG. CONCLUSIONS: The present findings suggest that CABG does not result in a substantial proportion of patients with subjectively experienced cognitive decline 1 year after the procedure, irrespective of the type of surgical technique (on-pump versus off-pump).     

Plasma rantes concentrations during on-pump or off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting surgery

Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d'anesthésie -     

70岁以上病人非体外循环与常规冠状动脉旁路移植术比较

目的　探讨 70岁以上老年病人非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术 (OPCAB)的疗效。方法　比较 78例 70岁以上OPCAB和 32例 70岁以上常规体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术 (CCABG)的临床资料。结果　两组术后桥通畅率均为 10 0 % ,OPCAB和CCABG两组平均住院时间 (9 2 5± 4 0 3)d对(13 18± 7 5 4)d ,平均ICU时间 (2 4 0± 8 5 )h对 (38 5± 2 5 5 )h ,房颤发生率为 8%对 15 %。结论　老年病人有选择的施行OPCAB是一种合理和安全的术式 ,如果可能的话应尽量考虑采用此术式。     

Comparison of cerebral embolization during off-pump and on-pump coronary artery bypass surgery

BACKGROUND: Coronary artery bypass surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass carries a significant risk of perioperative brain injury. At least 1% to 5% will suffer a stroke, and at 3-months postoperatively approximately 30% are reported to have cognitive impairment assessed by neuropsychologic testing. In off-pump surgery cardiopulmonary bypass is not used and instrumentation on the ascending aorta is reduced. The main aim of this study was to assess if off-pump surgery reduces intraoperative cerebral embolization. METHODS: This was a prospective and randomized study of two comparable groups with regard to age, sex, years of education, preoperative cognitive functioning, and surgical characteristics. Fifty-two patients (29 off-pump) were monitored by the use of transcranial Doppler ultrasound for cerebral microembolization during surgery. Preoperative and postoperative clinical, cerebral magnetic resonance imaging, and neuropsychologic examinations were also carried out. RESULTS: There was a significant reduction in the number of cerebral microemboli during off-pump compared with on-pump surgery (16.3 [range 0 to 131] versus 90.0 [range 15 to 274], p < 0.0001). No significant difference with regard to the incidence of neuropsychologic performance (decline in 29% off-pump, 35% on-pump) or neuroradiologic findings at 3 months was found, and there was no association between the number of cerebral microemboli and cognitive outcome. CONCLUSIONS: This study clearly demonstrates that off-pump surgery leads to a reduction in intraoperative cerebral microembolization. A significant reduction in the number of off-pump patients with cognitive decline or ischemic brain lesions on cerebral magnetic resonance imaging could not be demonstrated in this relatively small patient population.     

利多卡因对非体外循环心脏冠状动脉旁路移植术患者血清炎性介质和心肌酶的影响

目的研究利多卡因对非体外循环心脏冠状动脉旁路移植术(OPCAB)患者血清炎性介质和心肌酶的影响。方法20例择期行OPCAB的患者随机分为利多卡因组(L组)和对照组(C组),每组10例。L组于麻醉诱导后静脉注射利多卡因2mg/kg,继以2mg·kg-1.h-1持续泵入至术毕;C组给予等量生理盐水。围术期采集中心静脉血检测肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α),白细胞介素-8(IL-8)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD),丙二醛(MDA)、磷酸肌酶同工酶(CK-MB)、心肌肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)、肌红蛋白(MYO)。同时记录血流动力学指标、ICU滞留时间、住院时间等。结果L组术中及术后TNF-α、IL-8升高幅度显著低于C组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。C组术后24hMDA显著高于术前及L组(P<0.05)。与术前比较,L组在术后24、48hCK-MB和cTnI升高幅度明显低于C组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。L组术后ICU滞留时间、住院时间较C组显著缩短(P<0.05)。结论在OPCAB手术中利多卡因持续静脉输注能显著降低炎性介质和心肌酶浓度,对心脏具有保护作用。     

Transfusion and bleeding in coronary artery bypass grafting: an on-pump versus off-pump comparison

Blood transfusion rates in coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) are typically higher compared with off-pump CABG (OPCAB). However, few studies have specifically examined intraoperative hemodilution as a contributing factor. The aim of this retrospective review was to compare the effect of using CPB or OPCAB on red blood cell (RBC) transfusion and postoperative bleeding. The lowest intraoperative hematocrit (Hct) was used as marker of intraoperative hemodilution. We reviewed the perioperative data of all isolated CABG patients at a metropolitan hospital from January 2003 to June 2005. Stepwise regression analyses were performed to determine whether CPB was an independent predictor of RBC transfusion, reoperation for bleeding, or postoperative chest drainage. Of a total of 1043 patients, there were 433 CPB and 610 off-pump cases. CPB use was not significantly related to increased RBC transfusions (odds ratio [OR], 0.98; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.63-1.52; p = .921) and was associated with a lower incidence of reoperations for bleeding (OR, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2-0.8; p = .009). There was less chest drainage over the first 12 hours in patients undergoing CPB (p < .0001); however, total postoperative chest drainage was not significantly related to operative procedure (p = .122). The lowest documented intraoperative Hct was a significant factor in RBC transfusions (OR, 0.89; p < .0001), an increased reoperation rate for bleeding (OR, 0.9; p = .001) and more postoperative chest drainage (log10-transformed: at 12 hours, b = -0.009, p < .0001; total, b = -0.006, p < .0001). CPB is not an independent risk factor in the incidence of RBC transfusions and is not associated with increased postoperative bleeding for isolated CABG. However, intraoperative hemodilution is an independent risk factor, with a lower intraoperative Hct associated with more RBC transfusions, increased reoperations for bleeding, and increased postoperative chest drainage. Addressing intraoperative hemodilution is important in minimizing CPB-associated morbidities.     

Anaesthesia for off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting

Achieving surgical revascularization of the heart, while avoiding the insult of cardiopulmonary bypass, is particularly desirable in specific high-risk patient groups. The relatively recent advances in surgical technique allowing high-quality grafting without mechanical arrest have led to an increase in popularity of off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. Nonetheless, operating on the beating heart, manipulating it and purposely inducing ischaemia, invariably has significant haemodynamic consequences which must be carefully yet aggressively managed. To compound the situation, the intraoperative monitoring typically employed to evaluate cardiac function, such as electrocardiography and echocardiography, are of limited efficacy at crucial moments in the procedure. It is therefore essential that the anaesthetist is able to assimilate information from a multitude of sources in order to safely navigate the patient through a period of continually changing cardiovascular stress.     

Anesthesia for off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting

Off-pump coronary artery bypass presents special challenges for the anesthesiologist and surgeon, who must work closely together to provide optimal care. Displacement and immobilization of the heart for exposure of the coronary arteries, as well as occlusion of these vessels, can result in periods of significant hemodynamic instability. Appropriate preparation, guided therapy, and technical maneuvers can lessen such adverse hemodynamic impact. It is important for anesthesiologists to be aware of the special problems associated with this surgery, as well as the different therapies and maneuvers that can be useful in providing the best possible care. As surgeons develop greater expertise and better devices for the management of these patients, the number of coronary revascularizations without CPB is likely to increase.