Preoperative therapy in locally advanced esophageal cancer

Esophageal cancer is an aggressive malignancy associated with dismal treatment outcomes. Presence of two distinct histopathological types distinguishes it from other gastrointestinal tract malignancies. Surgery is the cornerstone of treatment in locally advanced esophageal cancer(T2 or greater or node positive); however, a high rate of disease recurrence(systemic and loco-regional) and poor survival justifies a continued search for optimal therapy. Various combinations of multimodality treatment(preoperative/perioperative, or postoperative; radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or chemoradiotherapy) are being explored to lower disease recurrence and improve survival. Preoperative therapy followed by surgery is presently considered the standard of care in resectable locally advanced esophageal cancer as postoperative treatment may not be feasible for all the patients due to the morbidity of esophagectomy and prolonged recovery time limiting the tolerance of patient. There are wide variations in the preoperative therapy practiced across the centres depending upon the institutional practices, availability of facilities and personal experiences. There is paucity of literature to standardize the preoperative therapy. Broadly, chemoradiotherapy is the preferred neo-adjuvant modality in western countries whereas chemotherapy alone is considered optimal in the far East. The present review highlights the significant studies to assist in opting for the best evidence based preoperative therapy(radiotherapy, chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy) for locally advanced esophageal cancer.     

Endoscopic stenting and concurrent chemoradiotherapy for advanced esophageal cancer: a case-control study

AIM: To evaluate the role of endoscopic stenting with or without concurrent 3-dimensional conformal chemoradiotherapy (3D-CRT) in patients with inoperable esophageal cancer.METHODS: Advanced esophageal cancer patients indicated for esophagectomy received esophageal stents. A part of patients completed 3D-CRT after stenting. Efficacy was assessed by endoscopy and computed tomographic scan before and 4 wk after completion of the treatment. The median survival, 3D-CRT toxicity and complications were compared between 3D-CRT and control groups.RESULTS: From 1999 to 2008, 99 consecutive patients with T3/T4 disease and unsuitable for esophagectomy were placed with esophageal stents. Sixty-seven patients received 3D-CRT, while 36 patients treated with endoscopic stents alone were recruited as controls. After 3D-CRT treatment, the median tumor volume of 3D-CRT patients were reduced significantly from 43.7 ± 10.2 cm³ to 28.8 ± 8.5 cm³ (P < 0.05). The complete and partial response rate was 85.1%, and no response was 14.9%. After 3D-CRT, the incidence rate of T2 and T3 disease evident on CT scan increased to 78.4% while T4 decreased from 66.7% to 21.6% (P < 0.05). 3D-CRT Karnofsky Performance Status improved in 3D-CRT patients compared with the control group (P = 0.031). 3D-CRT patients had a longer survival than the control group (251.7 d vs 91.1 d, P < 0.05). And the median half-year survival rate in 3D-CRT group (91%) was higher than in the control group (50%, P < 0.05). The most common toxicity was leukocytopenia in the 3D-CRT group (46.7% vs 18.8%, P = 0.008). The control group had a higher rate of restenosis than the 3D-CRT group (81.3% vs 9.0%, P < 0.05). The rate of nephrotoxicity was increased in 3D-CRT as compared with the control group (31.3% vs 15.6%, P < 0.05).CONCLUSION: 3D-CRT can improve dysphagia in patients with inoperable esophageal carcinoma. 3D-CRT combined with stenting results in better survival as compared with endoscopic stents used alone.     

The current status of esophageal cancer treatment in North America

Cancer of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) in North America remains a relatively small but challenging clinical problem. It is estimated that, in 2004, 21000 new esophageal cancers will be diagnosed (of which more than 75% will be in men) and 19600 deaths from esophageal cancer will occur. In contrast to the Asian experience, adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and GEJ comprise more than half of all esophageal malignancies. Other than surveillance endoscopy in patients with Barretts esophagus, there are currently no useful screening techniques for esophageal cancer. The lack of an early detection algorithm determines the distribution of stage at the time of diagnosis: stages 0, I 16%; IIA, IIB 26%; III 26%; IV 32%. Standard staging algorithms currently include computed tomography and sometimes a contrast esophagram. Fewer than 20% of patients undergo endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), and an even lower incidence of positron emission tomography (PET) scanning is evident. Although data for the utility of neoadjuvant therapy before surgery for esophageal cancer are lacking, as many as 50% of resectable patients undergo such therapy. The choice of the method of resection has not changed for more than a decade, with only one-fourth of operations being performed using a transhiatal technique. Current surgical controversies include the extent of en bloc resection, the extent of nodal dissection, the utility of minimally invasive esophagectomy techniques, and hospital and surgeon case volume as a surrogate for quality outcomes. Unlike Asia and Europe, the free market philosophy of medical care in North America leads to widespread distribution and subsequent dilution of cancer care experience. However, it is likely that market forces will begin to encourage the development of centers of excellence for surgical therapy of esophageal cancer. There is a growing interest in treating localized cancers with chemoradiotherapy alone, and the use of EUS and PET for restaging these patients is being investigated. Some investigators believe that esophagectomy may soon be relegated to the role of a salvage operation. New biological agents are currently being evaluated as part of multimodality therapy for esophageal cancer, including radiation-induced release of TNF-alpha, statins, immunotoxins, and epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Current free market forces may slow progress in standard cancer care but perhaps will provide opportunities for new and unique treatment methods that otherwise may not be explored in more traditional centers of excellence.This lecture was presented during the international session at the 58th Annual Meeting of the Japan Esophageal Society     

Neoadjuvant treatment of esophageal cancer

The management of esophageal cancer has been evolving over the past 30 years. In the United States, multimodality treatment combining chemotherapy and radiotherapy (RT) prior to surgical resection has come to be accepted by many as the standard of care, although debate about its overall effect on survival still exists, and rightfully so. Despite recent improvements in detection and treatment, the overall survival of patients with esophageal cancer remains lower than most solid tumors, which highlights why further advances are so desperately needed. The aim of this article is to provide a complete review of the history of esophageal cancer treatment with the addition of chemotherapy, RT, and more recently, targeted agents to the surgical management of resectable disease.     

Transhiatal versus transthoracic esophagectomy for esophageal cancer

Esophageal cancer continues to represent a formidable challenge for both patients and clinicians. Relative 5-year survival rates for patients have improved over the past three decades, probably linked to a combination of improved surgical outcomes, progress in systemic chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and the increasing acceptance of multimodality treatment. Surgical treatment remains a fundamental component of the treatment of localized esophageal adenocarcinoma. Multiple approaches have been described for esophagectomy, which can be thematically grouped under two major categories: either transthoracic or transhiatal. The main controversy rests on whether a more extended resection through thoracotomy provides superior oncological outcomes as opposed to resection with relatively limited morbidity and mortality through a transhiatal approach. After numerous trials have addressed these issues, neither approach has consistently proven to be superior to the other one, and both can provide excellent short-term results in the hands of experienced surgeons. Moreover, the available literature suggests that experience of the surgeonand hospital in the surgical management of esophageal cancer is an important factor for operative morbidity and mortality rates, which could supersede the type of approach selected. Oncological outcomes appear to be similar after both procedures.     

Prognostic factors in esophageal cancer treated with curative intent

The overall prognosis of patients with esophageal cancer has improved in recent decades due to surgical and medical progress, but overall survival remains poor. Better patient selection and tailored treatment are needed. Different prognostic factors linked with the patient, tumoral characteristics and treatment with curative intent have been identified and are the purpose of this review. Tumor detection at an earlier stage, the advent of new molecules and therapeutic combinations, and the centralization of management in high-volume centers should help to improve the prognosis of esophageal cancer. Improved imaging techniques and a better prediction strategy should guide future treatments.     

多学科协作诊治模式下治疗不可切除结直肠癌67例

目的:总结多学科协作诊治模式下治疗不可切除结直肠癌的经验.方法:本研究纳入67例符合条件的患者,其中男38例,女29例,平均年龄为55.62岁,右半结肠癌15例,左半结肠癌9例,直肠癌43例.67例患者均经综合治疗小组评估为不可切除,且组织学证实为结直肠癌.患者的治疗由结直肠专科医师与多学科组成的综合治疗小组完成.结果:67例患者中,无完全缓解(CR)病例,部分缓解(PR)43例,稳定(ND)16例,进展(PD)8例;近期症状缓解率100%;生存期10-38mo,平均24mo;9例患者实施了根治性手术,外科干预比例为13.4%(9/67);总并发症发生率为52.2%(35/67).结论:采用综合治疗方式,包括全身化疗、介入化疗、局部放疗、分子靶向治疗、中医中药治疗、手术治疗以及针对病灶的局部治疗,可提高不可切除结直肠癌患者的生存质量,延长存活时间.     

Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis of the residual esophagus after esophagectomy for esophageal cancer

A 91-year-old man was referred to our hospital with intermittent dysphagia. He had undergone esophagectomy for esophageal cancer(T3N2M0 Stage Ⅲ) 11 years earlier. Endoscopic examination revealed an anastomotic stricture; signs of inflammation,including redness,erosion,edema,bleeding,friability,and exudate with white plaques; and multiple depressions in the residual esophagus. Radiographical examination revealed numerous fine,gastrografinfilled projections and an anastomotic stricture. Biopsy specimens from the area of the anastomotic stricture revealed inflammatory changes without signs of malignancy. Candida glabrata was detected with a culture test of the biopsy specimens. The stricture was diagnosed as a benign stricture that was caused by esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis. Accordingly,endoscopic balloon dilatation was performed and antifungal therapy was started in the hospital. Seven weeks later,endoscopic examination revealed improvement in the mucosal inflammation; only the pseudodiverticulosis remained. Consequently,the patient was discharged. At the latest follow-up,the patient was symptomfree and the pseudodiverticulosis remained in the residual esophagus without any signs of stricture or inflammation.     

Surgical treatment of superficial esophageal cancer, its result and perspective

Background  Our objective was to review the results of surgical treatment for superficial esophageal cancer to obtain the proper indications for the recently proposed esophagus-preserving strategies. Methods  The clinicopathological data of 290 consecutive patients with superficial thoracic or abdominal esophageal cancer who underwent esophagectomy with radical lymph node dissection without preoperative adjuvant treatment from 1984 to 2005 were examined in terms of tumor depth (ep, lpm, mm, sm1, sm2, sm3) and TNM pStage. The category sm1 was subclassified into sm1(0–200): lesions with 200 μm or less vertical tumor invasion depth in the submucosal layer, and sm1(200-): deeper sm1, to make our results referable to endoscopically resected lesions. Results  About 8% of the patients with mm or deeper tumors were classified as TNM pStage IV. Around 20% of mm and sm1(0–200) tumors were associated with lymph node involvement. The 5-year survival rate of the 211sm cancers was 74.8% ± 3.3%; the mean survival time was 11.47 ± 0.68 years. The survival of TNM pStage IV patients was no worse than that of pStage IIB patients. Conclusions  Endoscopic mucosal resection/endoscopic submucosal dissection (EMR/ESD) is definitely indicated for ep or lpm lesions. Any tumors with deeper invasion including mm and sm1(0–200) should be regarded as potentially lymph node positive, and the most reliable treatment is still radical esophagectomy. Recent attempts to treat superficial esophageal cancer while preserving the esophagus should be performed with caution and with informed consent. A randomized controlled trial is necessary to compare the results of the recent esophagus-preserving strategies to the results of radical esophagectomy. Review articles on this topic also appeared in the previous issue (Volume 4 Number 3). An editorial related to this article is available at .     

Current status of esophageal cancer treatment in Asia

Esophageal cancer is becoming a different disease in Asian and Western countries. The rapidly rising incidence of adenocarcinoma of the lower esophagus and cardia has replaced squamous cell cancers as the predominant cell type in the west. The different cell type and tumor location to some extent influence how the disease is treated; other factors are cultural and the way health care is financed. The goals of treatment, however, are the same; to provide long-term cure with minimal morbidity and mortality and to preserve patients quality of life. Surgical resection has remained the mainstay treatment in Asia. Improvement in surgical outcome has taken place in many centers throughout Asia in the past two decades. Emphasis has been centered on epidemiology of the disease, reducing morbidity and mortality of esophagectomy, and identifying effective surgical or nonsurgical methods of treatments. Randomized controlled trials are also increasingly employed to test many unresolved problems. The Asian contributions are elaborated with specific examples from Japan, Hong Kong, and China.This lecture was presented during the international session at the 58th Annual Meeting of the Japan Esophageal Society.     

Early esophageal cancer in patients with a history of gastrectomy for gastric cancer

To detect early esophageal cancer effectively, it is important to select high-risk groups. Because we often see early esophageal cancer after gastrectomy for gastric cancer, we investigated 11 early esophageal cancers treated endoscopically in 7 patients who had undergone gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Their average age was 70.8 ± 5.2 years. Median interval between previous gastrectomy and the diagnosis of esophageal cancer was 10 years. Endoscopic examination revealed mild bile reflux into the remnant stomach and esophagitis, but there was no case of Barrett's esophagus. Histological types were all squamous cell carcinoma. Although it has been reported that cancer development is most frequent in the lower esophagus after gastrectomy, we noticed that the majority of these were located in the middle thoracic esophagus (6/11, 55%), similar to general esophageal cancer. As all cases were detected by a regular checkup, it is important to follow up patients after gastrectomy for gastric cancer.     

Definite intensity-modulated radiotherapy with concurrent chemotherapy more than 4 cycles improved survival for patients with locally-advanced or inoperable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

We investigated which prognostic factor could improve survival for esophageal cancer patients who received definite concurrent chemoradiation (CCRT). Eighty patients with age ≥18, Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) ≥ 60, and clinical stage T1-4N0-3M0 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma were enrolled from July 2004 to December 2015. They underwent definite intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) with or without simultaneous integrated boost to the primary tumor, and reception of concurrent chemotherapy ≥ 1 cycle. The primary endpoints were overall survival (OS), locoregional progression-free survival (LRPFS) and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS). The median follow-up duration for alive patients was 21.5 months. The rates of 2-, 3- and 5-year OS/LRPFS/DMFS were 23.8%/53.5%/49.3%, 19.1%/44.6%/49.3%, and 13.0%/44.6%/43.9%, respectively. Only the non-clinical complete response (non-cCR) after CCRT was an independent poor prognostic factor in OS (HR 3.101, 95% CI 1.535–6.265, p = 0.0016). Radiation dose >50.4 Gy and chemotherapy ≥4 cycles significantly predicted better LRPFS (p = 0.0361 and 0.0163, respectively). Poorly differentiated tumor and stage III disease have poor DMFS (p = 0.0336 and 0.0411, respectively), and chemotherapy ≥ 4 cycles was a better predictor (p = 0.0004). In subgroup analysis, patients who received radiation dose ≤50.4 Gy with concurrent chemotherapy ≥4 cycles had the best survival outcome with 1-, 2-, 3- and 5-year survival rates of 73.7%, 39.4%, 31.5% and 17.5%, respectively. In conclusion, definite radiotherapy with concurrent chemotherapy ≥4 cycles improved the survival for patients with inoperable or locally-advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.     

Strategies to improve surgical results in the treatment of esophageal cancer

Despite advances made in the treatment of esophageal cancer in recent years, it remains a lethal disease. Esophagectomy is, among general surgical procedures, an operation with the highest morbidity and mortality rates. A death rate of 10% is still reported frequently. Reduction of complication and mortality rate should be made by appropriate patient selection, meticulous execution of a well-chosen surgical method, and by high-quality perioperative care. Surgical experience bears a direct relationship to outcome. This review serves to discuss some of the pertinent issues that are related to immediate surgical outcome after esophagectomy.     

Successful esophagectomy in a patient with combined esophageal cancer and hemophilia B

Patients with esophageal cancer often require esophagectomy with esophagogastrostomy. However, the incidence of complications, such as hemorrhage, during operations for esophageal cancer is high, even with minimally invasive surgery. Without the appropriate interventions, the risk of major intraoperative and postoperative hemorrhage is very high in patients with esophageal cancer and hemophilia. We report the case of a 45-year-old man with esophageal cancer and hemophilia B who underwent a successful hybrid, minimally invasive Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy with appropriate perioperative management.     

Salvage surgery after definitive chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer

Background Definitive chemoradiotherapy has been performed as a first-line treatment for esophageal cancer, whereas salvage surgery might be the only reliable treatment for patients with recurrence after definitive chemoradiotherapy.Methods We reviewed 38 patients with squamous cell carcinoma who underwent esophagectomy and 6 patients who underwent lymphadenectomy after definitive chemoradiotherapy (≥50 Gy).Results The median survival time and 5-year survival rate after salvage esophagectomy were 16 months and 27%, respectively. Three of the 7 patients who had cervical esophageal cancer underwent cervical esophagectomy with laryngeal preservation. Two patients (5.2%) who underwent salvage esophagectomy with three-field lymphadenectomy before 1997 died of postoperative complications, but no patient died of complications thereafter. Although the overall survival after salvage esophagectomy was correlated with residual tumor (R) (P = 0.0097), the median survival time of 7 patients with residual tumors (R₂) was 7 months. Overall postoperative survival was closely correlated with the response to chemoradiotherapy (P < 0.0001) but was not associated with histologic effects on resected specimens. Survival was significantly correlated with the depth of viable tumor invasion (pT) (P = 0.0013) and with lymph node metastasis (pN) (P < 0.0001). Long-term survival was achieved in 5 of the 6 patients who underwent salvage lymphadenectomy.Conclusions Salvage surgery should be considered for patients with recurrence after definitive chemoradiotherapy. Salvage lymphadenectomy may be useful for recurrence confined to the lymph nodes whereas postoperative complications of salvage esophagectomy should be warranted.     

Lymph node ratio-based staging system for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

AIM: To analyze a modified staging system utilizing lymph node ratio (LNR) in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).METHODS: Clinical data of 2011 patients with ESCC who underwent surgical resection alone between January 1995 and June 2010 at the Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College were reviewed. The LNR, or node ratio (Nr) was defined as the ratio of metastatic LNs ompared to the total number of resected LNs. Overall survival between groups was compared with the log-rank test. The cutoff point of LNR was established by grouping patients with 10% increment in Nr, and then combining the neighborhood survival curves using the log-rank test. A new TNrM staging system, was constructed by replacing the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) N categories with the Nr categories in the new TNM staging system. The time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curves were used to evaluate the predictive performance of the seventh edition AJCC staging system and the TNrM staging system.RESULTS: The median number of resected LNs was 12 (range: 4-44), and 25% and 75% interquartile rangeswere8 and 16. Patients were classified into four Nr categories with distinctive survival differences (Nr0: LNR = 0; Nr1: 0% < LNR ≤ 10%; Nr2: 10% < LNR ≤ 20%; and Nr3: LNR > 20%). From N categories to Nr categories, 557 patients changed their LN stage. The median survival time (MST) for the four Nr categories (Nr0-Nr3) was 155.0 mo, 39.0 mo, 28.0 mo, and 19.0 mo, respectively, and the 5-year overall survival was 61.1%, 41.1%, 33.0%, and 22.9%, respectively (P < 0.001). Overall survival was significantly different for the AJCC N categories when patients were subgrouped into 15 or more vs fewer than 15 examined nodes, except for the N3 category (P = 0.292). However, overall survival was similar when the patients in all four Nr categories were subgrouped into 15 or more vs fewer than 15 nodes. Using the time-dependent receiver operating characteristic, we found that the Nr category and TNrM stage had higher accuracy in predicting survival than the AJCC N category and TNM stage.CONCLUSION: A staging system based on LNR may have better prognostic stratification of patients with ESCC than the current TNM system, especially for those undergoing limited lymphadenectomy.     

Long-term efficacy of perioperative chemoradiotherapy on esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

AIM: To investigate the role of perioperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT) in the treatment of locally advanced thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). METHODS: Using preoperative computed tomography (CT)-based staging criteria, 238 patients with ESCC (stage ⅡⅢ ) were enrolled in this prospective study between January 1997 and June 2004. With informed consent, patients were randomized into 3 groups: preoperative CRT (80 cases), postoperative CRT (78 cases) and surgery alone (S) (80 cases). The 1-, 3-...     

Nedaplatin concurrent with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for treatment of locally advanced esophageal carcinoma

AIM:To evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of nedaplatin(NDP)concurrent with radiotherapy in the treatment of locally advanced esophageal carcinoma.METHODS:Sixty-eight patients with locally advanced esophageal carcinoma were randomized into either a NDP group(n=34)or a cisplatin(DDP)group(n=34).The NDP group received NDP 80-100 mg/m2iv on day 1+leucovorin(CF)100 mg/m2iv on days 1-5+5-fluorouracil(5-FU)500 mg/m2iv on days 1-5.The DDP group received DDP 30 mg/m2iv on days 1-3+CF 100 mg/m2on days 1-5+5-FU 500 mg/m2iv on days 1-5.The treatment was repeated every 4 wk in both groups.Concurrent radiotherapy[60-66 Gy/(30-33f)/(6-7 wk)]was given during chemotherapy.RESULTS:There was no significant difference in the short-term response rate between the NDP group and DDP group(90.9%vs 81.3%,P=0.528).Although the 1-and 2-year survival rates were higher in the NDP group than in the DDP group(75.8%vs 68.8%,57.6%vs 50.0%),the difference in the overall survival rate was not statistically significant between the two groups(P=0.540).The incidences of nausea,vomiting and nephrotoxicity were significantly lower in the NDP group than in the DDP group(17.6%vs 50.0%,P=0.031;11.8%vs 47.1%,P=0.016;8.8%vs 38.2%,P=0.039).There was no significant difference in the incidence of myelosuppression,radiation-induced esophagitis or radiation-induced pneumonia between the two groups.CONCLUSION:NDP-based concurrent chemoradiotherapy is effective and well-tolerated in patients with locally advanced esophageal carcinoma.NDP-based regimen has comparable efficacy to DDP-based regimen but is associated with lower incidences of gastrointestinal and renal toxicity.     

Radiotherapy for nodal recurrence after chemoradiotherapy for esophageal carcinoma

Background To evaluate the treatment outcome of radiotherapy for nodal recurrence after definitive chemoradiotherapy for esophageal carcinoma.Methods Between 1996 and 2001, ten patients with isolated nodal recurrence after definitive chemoradiotherapy received radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy. The site of recurrence was the mediastinum in five patients, the celiac node in four patients, and the supraclavicular fossa in one patient. All sites of nodal recurrence were outside the previous irradiated area and without local recurrence or distant metastases. Radiotherapy was given with three-dimensional conformal technique, and an average total dose was 60Gy. Eight patients received chemotherapy concurrently with radiotherapy. Chemotherapy consisted of two cycles of cisplatin and 5-FU.Results The control rate of the irradiated region was eight of ten patients. The size of all controlled lesions was 3cm or less in diameter. In five patients, distant metastases developed to other organs and caused death. Two patients survived without disease for 5 years and three patients survived 2 years or more. In four patients with an interval of 2 years or longer between the previous treatment and nodal recurrence, three patients survived without disease. Improvement of clinical symptoms such as dysphagia or hoarseness was obtained in five of six patients.Conclusions Radiotherapy for isolated nodal recurrence of esophageal carcinoma after definitive chemoradiotherapy is suggested to be safe and effective. This treatment is promising as well as palliative.     

内镜下食管黏膜切除并发症的预防和治疗

目的 探讨内镜食管黏膜切除术治疗早期食管癌及其癌前病变并发症的预防与治疗。方法 应用透明帽法对71例早期食管癌及食管鳞状上皮重度异型增生患者进行食管黏膜切除。结果 71例患者共切除88块病变,每块切除病变黏膜下平均注射肾上腺素盐水18 ml,切除标本大小为(21.8±1.0)mm×(18.2±1.0)mm。术后5例出血,其中1例动脉出血,4例渗血,应用内镜压迫、肾上腺素盐水注射及氩离子凝固术治疗均成功止血;术后4例发生狭窄,其中3例是由于切除直径超出食管全周3/4,术后1个月应用水囊扩张,狭窄均缓解。未有穿孔等严重并发症发生。结论透明帽法食管黏膜切除术是一种较为简便、安全、有效的黏膜切除方法,如果操作得当,可明显减少并发症的发生。