关节镜下自体骨软骨移植修复软骨缺损

目的探讨在关节镜监视下,非负重区自体骨软骨移植修复负重区软骨缺损的可行性、效果及并发症。方法2000年8月～2003年8月,对25例软骨缺损患者采用镶嵌式骨软骨移植技术,在关节镜下行相同关节内非负重区自体骨软骨移植修复软骨缺损,作为移植组,定期随访,观察患者症状缓解及软骨愈合情况。同时回顾性分析25例剥脱性骨软骨炎患者,行局部刨削、钻孔减压后症状缓解情况及软骨缺损自行修复情况,作为对照组。两组患者术前Brittberg-Peterson功能评分分别为98.65±9.87、96.98±8.94分。术后1年行膝关节MRI检查评价疗效。结果术后获随访3～24个月。移植组患者膝关节活动良好,疼痛基本消失,术后1年复查MRI示原软骨缺损区软骨表面光滑,移植物位置良好;术后2周Brittberg-Peterson功能评分,其中22例评分为0分,3例因活动后轻微疼痛评分为4分;术后3个月,24例评分为0分,1例评分为3分。对照组术后2周Brittberg-Peterson功能评分为24.63±10.51分,同时诉感觉良好;术后3个月,评分为58.48±6.98分。各组手术前后及组间Brittberg-Peterson功能评分差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论关节镜下自体骨软骨移植术后效果良好,创伤小,且能避免异体移植产生的排斥反应及疾病传播,是修复软骨缺损的较好方式。但长期疗效仍需进一步探讨。传统的关节内刨削、钻孔减压,对缓解症状也有一定效果。     

距骨骨软骨病损的手术治疗与康复

目的研究自体骨软骨移植修复距骨穹窿局限性骨软骨病损的手术与康复方法,评价其效果。方法踝关节镜确定病损范围,用OATS系统自同侧膝非负重面钻取骨软骨柱,作镶嵌成形移植修复缺损区。结果本组27例平均随访24个月。踝屈伸范围术前(41.3±6.1)°,术后增加到(63.5±8.2)°(P<0.001)。AOFAS踝综合评分术前(64.5±4.8)分,术后提高到(92.6±3.3)分(P<0.001)。HSS膝评分术前(94.3±5.2)分,术后(93.1±6.7)分,无变化(P>0.05)。结论对距骨局限性骨软骨病损患者进行自体骨软骨移植和系统康复训练可以取得较好的临床疗效。     

自体骨－骨膜移植治疗Hepple V型距骨骨软骨损伤的近期疗效

 目的 探讨采用自体骨－骨膜移植治疗Hepple V型距骨骨软骨损伤的近期疗效。方法回顾性分析2007年10月至2011年9月治疗27例合并软骨下骨囊肿(平均直径 >8 mm)的距骨骨软骨损伤患者资料,男26例,女1例;年龄22~53岁,平均35.8岁。经踝关节镜探查明确发生距骨骨软骨损伤后,从自体髂骨取骨－骨膜移植物填充距骨骨软骨缺损区。采用美国足踝外科协会(American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society,AOFAS)踝与后足评分、视觉模拟(visual analogue score,VAS)评分及软骨修复MR评分(MOCART)对手术疗效进行评估;分析术后距骨X线和MRI改变,以及术后二次关节镜探查结果。结果 26例患者获得随访,随访时间为12~59个月,平均22.4个月。术后AOFAS踝与后足评分［(93.0±6.5)分］显著高于术前［(73.9±3.1)分］;术后VAS评分［(0.8±0.8)分］显著低于术前［(5.4±1.0)分］;术后患者非常满意16例,满意8例,一般2例,满意率为92.3%(24/26)。术后患者X线片均示软骨下囊肿低密度区消失,未见关节间隙狭窄;MRI均示原病灶缺损区被移植物填充。MOCART评分平均为(57.2±9.1)分,其中3例软骨下骨内有直径＜ 5 mm的囊肿。18例行二次关节镜探查示原软骨缺损区被再生类软骨组织覆盖。结论 自体骨－骨膜移植可同时修复Hepple V型距骨骨软骨损伤及软骨下囊肿,近期疗效满意,是安全、有效的治疗方法。     

自体骨软骨移植治疗股骨髁关节软骨缺损

目的探讨关节镜下自体骨软骨移植治疗关节软骨缺损的可行性。方法16例膝关节软骨缺损患者,关节镜下在其非负重区的软骨面上用专用器械凿取圆柱状骨软骨,移植至软骨缺损部位以修复缺损。术后行系统功能锻炼和MRI检查。结果随访7～20个月,患者关节症状消失,关节活动度正常,MRI显示原关节软骨缺损区表面平整,移植骨软骨位置良好。Brittberg-Peterson评分：13例0分,2例2分,1例1分。结论关节镜下自体镶嵌式骨软骨移植术创伤小,操作简单,能保持关节面曲度,可用于修复关节软骨缺损。     

关节镜下自体骨软骨移植修复股骨关节面软骨缺损

目的探讨关节镜下自体骨软骨镶嵌式移植术治疗股骨负重面关节软骨缺损的可行性。方法2001年6月起,共17例股骨关节面软骨缺损患者,男12例,女5例;年龄18～45岁,平均29岁;左膝10例,右膝7例。按照Brittberg-Peterson功能评定标准,膝关节的功能为65～105分,平均(80.65±9.69)分。3例无明显外伤史,但有风湿病史;14例有外伤史,均有膝关节疼痛,大腿肌肉萎缩。3例伴绞锁,2例伴弹响。14例外伤患者为股骨外髁负重面局灶性软骨损伤,均为单个创面,损伤范围2.5～3.0cm2;3例无外伤患者为股骨内髁负重面局灶性软骨软化或软骨剥脱,损伤范围2.0～2.5cm2。采用镶嵌式骨软骨移植器,在关节镜下取膝关节非负重关节面骨软骨条,将之移植修复膝关节负重面的局灶性软骨缺损。结果术后随访10～20个月,平均15个月,患者临床症状消失,关节活动度正常。术后Brit-tberg-Peterson评分,14例为0分,3例因活动时轻微疼痛分别评为3分和2分。MRI显示软骨缺损区软骨表面平整,移植的骨软骨柱位置良好。结论自体骨软骨镶嵌式移植术对关节负重面局灶性软骨缺损有较好、确切的治疗效果。     

关节镜下自体骨软骨移植治疗膝关节软骨缺损

目的探讨关节镜下自体骨软骨移植术修复治疗膝关节软骨缺损的疗效。方法关节镜下采用自体骨软骨镶嵌式移植技术治疗22例股骨髁负重区软骨缺损,从非负重区取出骨软骨柱移植到负重区缺损处,术后膝关节支具保护、功能锻炼。结果本组22例均获得随访12-30个月,平均21个月。术后2例活动后关节轻微疼痛,2例关节积血,1例关节活动剧烈后肿胀,经对症处理后症状缓解。术后复查膝关节MRI提示受区软骨移植物位置良好,无脱落,软骨表面光滑平整。末次随访时膝关节功能Lysholm评分（86.46±10.31）分,较术前（53.62±9.58）分明显提高,差异有统计学意义（t=19.72,P〈0.001）。结论关节镜下自体骨软骨移植术后效果良好,并发症少,是修复软骨缺损的一种可靠方式。     

自体骨软骨镶嵌移植修复猪膝关节骨软骨缺损

目的: 探讨猪自体骨软骨镶嵌移植治疗股骨负重区骨软骨复合缺损的优缺点。方法: 采用德国Arthrex公司OATS软骨移植器械, 进行长枫杂交仔猪同关节非负重区骨软骨移植修复负重区骨软骨缺损。结果: 12周后发现骨软骨柱移植后存活良好, 移植软骨中心区无明显凹陷及退变, 甚至稍有凸起, 质地同正常软骨; 与周围正常软骨界限仍清晰, 交界区软骨整合差, 有明显裂隙存在; 骨软骨供区有明显凹陷, 为白色组织充填, 质软, 周围可见正常软骨退变。结论: 自体骨软骨镶嵌移植具有移植软骨固定可靠、软骨细胞存活率高等优点, 但也有交界区整合差, 为纤维软骨修复等缺点。     

不同方法治疗踝部骨折伴随的距骨骨软骨骨折临床效果对比研究

目的 对比研究自体骨软骨移植术和骨软骨折块摘除钻孔术治疗踝部骨折伴随的急性Ⅲ、Ⅳ型距骨骨软骨骨折的临床效果.方法 2002年5月至2007年8月,38例踝部骨折伴随的急性Ⅲ、Ⅳ型距骨骨软骨骨折,术中明确距骨骨软骨骨折的部位以及范围.20例折块摘除后,自同侧膝关节非负重区钻取骨软骨柱,采取打压固定技术将骨软骨柱植入受区的孔中,为移植组;18例骨软骨折块摘除后行钻孔术为钻孔组.对比观察研究两组患者踝关节的功能、X线以及MRI表现.结果 移植组随访1.5～4.0年,平均(2.92±0.65)年,钻孔组随访2.5～5.0年,平均(3.02±0.83)年.7例行多柱移植,13例行单柱移植.根据Baird和Jackson踝关节评分系统进行功能评分:移植组平均(89.85±4.83)分,钻孔组平均(84.28±5.65)分,两组比较差异有统计学意义(t=3.277.P=0.002);X线片示移植组3例踝关节发生创伤性关节炎,发生率为15.0%(3/20),钻孔组8例踝关节发生创伤性关节炎,发生率为44.4%(8/18),两组比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=31.7,P<0.05);MRI显示移植组3例骨软骨柱松动吸收,发生距骨剥脱性骨软骨炎,占15.0%(3/20),其余修复的关节面平滑,骨软骨柱与周围组织结合良好;钻孔组6例发生距骨剥脱性骨软骨炎,发生率为33.3%(6/18),两组比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=39.6,P<0.05);两组膝关节均无远期供区并发症.结论 自体骨软骨移植治疗踝部骨折伴随的急性Ⅲ、Ⅳ型距骨骨软骨骨折是一种有效的手术方法 ,降低了踝关节创伤性关节炎和距骨剥脱性骨软骨炎的发生率,提高了踝关节的功能.     

自体骨-骨膜移植治疗Hepple Ⅴ型距骨骨软骨损伤的近期疗效

目的 探讨采用自体骨-骨膜移植治疗Hepple Ⅴ型距骨骨软骨损伤的近期疗效.方法 回顾性分析2007年10月至2011年9月治疗27例合并软骨下骨囊肿(平均直径＞8 mm)的距骨骨软骨损伤患者资料,男26例,女1例;年龄22～53岁,平均35.8岁.经踝关节镜探查明确发生距骨骨软骨损伤后,从自体髂骨取骨-骨膜移植物填充距骨骨软骨缺损区.采用美国足踝外科协会(American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society,AOFAS)踝与后足评分、视觉模拟(visual analogue score,VAS)评分及软骨修复MR评分(MOCART)对手术疗效进行评估;分析术后距骨X线和MRI改变,以及术后二次关节镜探查结果.结果 26例患者获得随访,随访时间为12～59个月,平均22.4个月.术后AOFAS踩与后足评分[(93.0±6.5)分]显著高于术前[(73.9±3.1)分];术后VAS评分[(0.8±0.8)分]显著低于术前[(5.4±1.0)分];术后患者非常满意16例,满意8例,一般2例,满意率为92.3％ (24/26).术后患者X线片均示软骨下囊肿低密度区消失,未见关节间隙狭窄;MRI均示原病灶缺损区被移植物填充.MOCART评分平均为(57.2±9.1)分,其中3例软骨下骨内有直径＜5mm的囊肿.18例行二次关节镜探查示原软骨缺损区被再生类软骨组织覆盖.结论 自体骨-骨膜移植可同时修复Hepple Ⅴ型距骨骨软骨损伤及软骨下囊肿,近期疗效满意,是安全、有效的治疗方法.     

同侧股骨髁内侧髌股关节面自体骨软骨移植治疗距骨骨软骨损伤

 目的 评价同侧股骨髁内侧髌股关节面自体骨软骨移植治疗距骨骨软骨损伤的疗效及相关因素。方法 回顾性分析2009年7月至2012年11月采用同侧股骨髁内侧髌股关节面自体骨软骨移植治疗15例距骨骨软骨损伤患者资料,男8例,女7例;年龄19~73岁,平均(49.6±17.2)岁。采用国际膝关节文献委员会(IKDC)及Lysholm评分系统对供区膝关节术前、术后功能进行评价;采用美国足踝外科协会(Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society,AOFAS)踝与后足评分及视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS)对术前、术后踝关节功能及疼痛进行评价。年龄和随访时间两因素分别与各评分的改变量进行Spearman秩相关性检验。结果 12例患者获得随访,平均随访(21.8±10.4)个月。术前膝关节IKDC、Lysholm、AOFAS踝与后足评分及VAS评分分别为(90.91±6.44)分、(95.33±8.00)分、(63.58±18.50)分、(7.25±1.54)分,术后分别为(85.63±11.89)分、(90.75±11.83)分、(90.33±4.98)分、(2.17±1.19)分。术后AOFAS踝与后足评分、Lysholm评分、IKDC评分改变量与年龄之间的相关系数分别为-0.74、-0.63、-0.76。患者对手术非常满意4例(33%),满意5例(42%),一般3例(25%),满意率为75%。结论 取同侧膝关节非负重区股骨髁内侧髌股关节面骨软骨移植治疗距骨骨软骨损伤术后患者踝关节功能恢复良好。患者年龄与术后踝关节、膝关节功能恢复有相关性。     

Synthetic osteochondral grafting of ankle osteochondral lesions

BackgroundThe treatment of osteochondral lesions, especially those with a cystic component or those that have failed the standard arthroscopic procedures can be challenging. Synthetic grafts have several potential advantages over other second line treatments including the fact that only one operation is required and no other joint is violated.MethodWe report the results of the first series of synthetic grafts used in the treatment of osteochondral lesions of the ankle with a minimum of one year follow up.ResultsThere was significant improvement in the American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) Hindfoot and Ankle Osteoarthritis Scale (AOS) scores and all patients were satisfied with the results of surgery. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans at one year have demonstrated resolution of the bony cysts and surrounding bone marrow oedema but, worryingly, continued to show high signal on the T2 weighted images within the plugs themselves. Qualitative T2 mapping has suggested a fibrous rather than hyaline appearance of the cartilage portions of the plugs.ConclusionsThe clinical results have been encouraging but more patients and longer follow up are required before firm conclusions can be drawn.     

骨软骨复合体修复软骨及软骨下骨缺损

目的探讨以诱导的兔骨髓基质细胞与双层PLGA支架构建组织工程骨软骨复合体,修复兔膝关节软骨及软骨下骨缺损的方法及结果。方法健康新西兰兔28只,分为三组。A组为常规培养MSCs(10只),B组为诱导培养MSCs(10只),C组为自体骨软骨块移植(8只)。密度梯度离心法获得骨髓基质干细胞(marrow-derivedstromalcells,MSCs),分别使用常规培养液和成软骨诱导条件培养液进行体外扩增传代。提取MSCs及关节软骨细胞总RNA,RT-PCR检测Ⅰ、Ⅱ型胶原表达。扫描电镜观察MSCs在PLGA双层支架上的复合与分布情况。A、B组MSCs分别与PLGA双层支架构建直径3.5mm、高3.0mm的骨软骨复合体,植入股骨髁髌骨滑车同比例骨软骨缺损区,术后第4、8、16、24周取材,进行大体观察、组织学检查和评分。结果RT-PCR见常规培养MSCs表达Ⅰ型胶原,无Ⅱ型胶原表达;诱导后MSCs表达Ⅰ、Ⅱ型胶原。扫描电镜观察MSCs在PLGA支架黏附生长良好,孔隙深处可见细胞分布。B组标本术后24周大体观察与正常软骨无明显差别,组织学检查为成熟的类透明软骨组织(4/6),优于A组(1/4)。结论MSCs具有成骨和成软骨潜能,可在基于细胞的软骨修复中作为种子细胞与双层PLGA构建组织工程骨软骨复合体,该复合体在实验动物模型中可修复关节软骨和软骨下骨缺损。     

Treatment of talar osteochondral lesions using local osteochondral graft

Twelve patients with an osteochondral lesion of the talus were treated with excision of the lesions and local osteochondral autogenous grafting. The lesion was accessed through a replaceable bone block removed from the anterior tibial plafond. The graft was harvested from the medial or lateral talar articular facet on the same side of the lesion. The average age of the patients was 41 years and duration of symptoms was 90 months (ave.). There were six males and six females with the right talus involved in eight and the left in four patients. Graft sizes ranged from four to eight millimeters in diameter. There was a significant improvement in the AOFAS score from 64.4 (ave.) pre-operatively to 90.8 (ave.) postoperatively (p<0.0001), at a follow-up of 25.3 months (ave.). The AOFAS score was slightly higher in patients under 40 years of age and in those without pre-existing joint arthritis. All patients were very satisfied with the procedure. Arthroscopy performed in two patients at six and 12 months following surgery showed good graft incorporation. No complications occurred at the donor site or the site of bone block removal on the distal tibia. The results show that stage III and IV talar osteochondral lesions can be accessed successfully excising a tibial bone block and using local autogenous osteochondral graft harvested from the ipsilateral talar articular facet.     

关节镜自体骨软骨移植治疗膝关节软骨损伤

目的观察自体骨软骨移植治疗膝关节软骨缺损的效果。方法对7例膝关节股骨髁负重部位软骨损伤患者行膝关节镜清理术。摘除关节腔游离软骨碎块2例，半月板部分切除3例，髌上滑膜内侧皱襞切除3例。在股骨内侧髁部取自体骨软骨柱3～5枚，移植到股骨内侧髁软骨损伤部位。结果7例患者手术后伤口Ⅰ期愈合。随访期内6例患者疼痛症状消失。关节肿胀、假性交锁症状均消失。X线片显示移植骨软骨位置良好。结论自体软骨移植能缓解关节软骨损伤后出现疼痛、交锁症状，修复后的软骨为透明软骨。     

Clinical results of osteochondral allografts in the treatment of osteochondral defects

There have been very few clinical reports on osteochondral allograft in Japan. In the allograft we did for osteochondral defects of the knee, seven fresh grafts and four frozen grafts were used. In six of the seven fresh grafts, the surface presented macroscopically and/or arthroscopically the appearance of almost complete normality. From the histological study of the cartilage for biopsy which was obtained from the fresh graft at postoperative fifteen months, the cell viability, though decreased in the superficial layer, was fairly normal and profusely produced proteoglycan stained with safranin-O in both the middle and the deep layers. The cell viability, however, was decreased remarkably or disappeared in all three layers in the biopsy cartilage taken from the frozen graft at over one year postoperatively. The eight of the eleven knees treated with the osteochondral allograft have preserved the joint space on one foot standing radiogram and revealed good function clinically.     

自体骨软骨移植治疗踝部骨折

[目的]探讨自体骨软骨移植术治疗踝部骨折伴随的距骨骨软骨骨折的临床效果.[方法]18例单侧踝部骨折伴随的Ⅲ、Ⅳ型距骨骨软骨骨折,男10例,女8例,年龄18-49岁,平均33.5岁.骨折区清创后钻孔,自同侧膝关节非负重区钻取骨软骨柱,采取打压固定技术将骨软骨柱植入受区的孔中.观察研究患者踝关节的功能、X线以及MRI表现.[结果]随访平均28(17～40)个月.7例行多柱移植,11例行单柱移植.根据Baird和Jackson踝关节评分系统进行功能评分平均96.3±3.5分,优14例,良3例,可1例,优良率为94.4%;1例患者x线片示踝关节发生创伤性关节炎,发生率为5.6%(1/18),MRI显示发生距骨剥脱性骨软骨炎,占5.6%(1/18).膝关节无长期供区并发症.[结论]骨软骨移植治疗踝部骨折伴随的Ⅲ、Ⅳ型距骨骨软骨骨折是一种有效的手术方法.     

Fresh osteochondral allografts

Fresh osteochondral allografts have a long clinical history and have demonstrated use in a wide spectrum of knee joint pathology. The allografting procedure takes advantage of the unique characteristics of osseous and chondral tissue components. Transplanted bone is readily incorporated by the host while the articular cartilage survives transplantation. Allografts have demonstrated >75% clinical success in the treatment of focal femoral condyle lesions due to trauma, chondral injury, osteochondral trauma, osteochondritis dissecans, avascular necrosis, and post-traumatic reconstruction. Fresh allografts also are finding an increasing role in the salvage of difficult cases that have failed other cartilage procedures, and particularly in individuals who are believed to be too young and active for joint arthroplasty. Further refinements in the technical aspects of the allografting procedure, as well as further understanding of the biology of osteochondral allografts, should lead to improved clinical outcomes.     

Treatment of focal osteochondral defects of the acetabulum with osteochondral allograft transplantation

To our knowledge, treatment of focal osteochondral defects of the acetabulum with osteochondral allograft transplantation has not been described. As with osteochondral lesions of other weight-bearing surfaces, these defects may lead to disabling pain and early degenerative changes. In older patients who fail nonoperative treatment, hip arthroplasty is a reliable option to obtain pain relief and restore function. However, in young and active patients, it may be advantageous to restore joint congruity biologically. The clinical success of osteochondral allograft transplantation in the femoral condyles has been well-documented, with over 25 years of experience. We propose similar treatment principles in the hip joint.This article presents the cases of a 24-year-old woman (patient 1) and a 32-year-old man (patient 2) with hip pain and dysfunction secondary to a focal osteochondral defect of the acetabulum. Both were treated with osteochondral allograft transplantation to the defect using a dowel technique. A magnetic resonance image at 18 months in both cases demonstrated incorporation of the allograft bone into the host acetabulum. At 24 months in patient 1 and 42 months in patient 2, radiographs showed no progressive osteoarthritis. Both patients' Hip Outcome Scores were 100 points each.Osteochondral allografts allow large areas to be resurfaced without donor site morbidity, and these grafts provide an immediate functional joint surface. Although it has not been proven in terms of long-term follow-up, we believe that osteochondral allograft transplantation for focal osteochondral defects of the acetabulum in young, active patients is a feasible option to restore joint congruity.     

Arthroscopic osteochondral autografting

Arthroscopic osteochondral autografting is indicated for unipolar, full thickness articular cartilage lesions between 1 and 2.5 cm in diameter. A stable properly aligned knee is important to a good outcome. This procedure should not be performed in the presence of generalized osteoarthritis. Arthroscopic osteochondral autografting allows the restoration of hyaline articular cartilage with zonal matching of the graft. It is cost-effective, can be performed on an outpatient basis, and results in durable resurfacing with excellent long-term results.