改良的Yokoyama术治疗高度近视眼限制性内下斜视

目的 评价改良的Yokoyama术治疗高度近视眼限制性斜视的手术疗效.方法 临床病例研究.分析5例(7只眼)高度近视眼性斜视患者的临床、影像学及手术资料.眼轴长应用A超检查.斜视角度应用Krimsky加三棱镜方法检查.根据眼球运动情况行受限程度分级.手术前后均行眼眶MRI和CT检查,并分析眼外肌和眼球位置的改变.手术方式为改良的Yokoyama术,并联合内直肌后徙术.结果 5例(7只眼)患者的平均眼轴长为32.62 mm( SD l.84).术前平均内斜视角度为82.86 PD( SD 37.62),平均垂直斜视角度为20 PD(SD 7.91).7只手术眼均存在明显的眼球外转和上转运动受限.术前眼眶MRI和CT检查显示,上直肌鼻侧偏位,外直肌下偏位,眼球从肌锥的颞上方疝出,眼球的后部与外侧骨壁的空间变窄.术后第1天术眼眼位均正位,眼球外转和上转均能过中线,随时间推移眼球运动又进一步改善.术后MRI显示,外直肌和上直肌联结后,脱位的眼球被还纳至肌锥内,上直肌与外直肌止点位置偏移恢复正常.平均随访时间5个月,患者的术后情况保持稳定.结论 通过改良的Yokoyama术可有效矫正高度近视眼限制性内下斜视,还纳脱出的眼球至肌锥内,并改善眼外肌走行及眼球运动功能.     

甲状腺相关眼病眼眶减压术后继发内斜视伴复视的手术疗效观察

目的探讨甲状腺相关眼病(TAO)眼眶减压术后继发内斜视伴复视的斜视矫正手术治疗效果。方法回顾性系列病例研究。选取2016年3月至2018年10月在天津市眼科医院因TAO行眼眶减压术后继发内斜视伴复视行斜视矫正手术治疗的11例患者资料。斜视矫正手术前、后检查患者斜视度数、眼球运动,观察复视情况。手术均在监护下麻醉联合局部麻醉下进行,术中采用被动牵拉试验结合调整缝线方法,调整至第一眼位复视消失。术后定期随访。结果11例患者中男性1例,女性10例;年龄26~42岁;均为单纯内斜视伴复视;内斜视度数10~98三棱镜度;眼眶CT提示患者内直肌不同程度增厚,外直肌增厚程度较内直肌轻。2例患者行单眼内直肌后徙术,2例行双眼内直肌后徙术,2例行单眼内直肌后徙联合外直肌缩短术,另外5例行双眼内直肌后徙联合单眼外直肌缩短术。11例患者术中内直肌后徙量为3.5~7.5 mm,7例联合外直肌缩短术患者外直肌缩短量为2.0~6.0 mm。全部患者术后复视消除,第一眼位正位,均达到治愈标准。眼球运动术前外转受限分级为(-1.91±1.04)级,术后外转受限分级为(-0.64±0.81)级。11例患者均对手术结果满意,术后随访6~24个月,效果稳定,未发现远期过矫患者。结论应用术中调整缝线技术,斜视矫正手术可以有效治疗TAO眼眶减压术后继发的内斜视伴复视。     

正常人眼球直肌Pulley功能位置的动态磁共振成像研究

目的研究正常人眼球运动动态磁共振成像（MRI）4条直肌Pulley（滑车）的功能性位置。方法采用西门子公司Sonata1.5T超导型MRI扫描仪,应用眼球运动动态MRI技术,获取20名正常人（20个眼眶）眼球原在位及上转、下转、内转、外转20度时垂直于眶轴的眼眶冠状位MRI图像。以眼球中心为原点建立三维坐标系,应用ScionImage医学图像测量软件分别测量各层面眼球垂直转动时水平直肌、眼球水平转动时垂直直肌的横截面质心。根据各层面直肌横截面质心的坐标值建立直线回归方程,分别求得眼球垂直转动时内、外直肌径路及眼球水平转动时上、下直肌径路直线回归曲线斜率变化最大的一点,即为该直肌Pulley的功能性位置。对4条直肌Pulley相对于眼球中心的坐标值（X、Y）进行统计。结果内直肌Pulley位于眼球中心后4mm,内14.7mm,下0.3mm;外直肌Pulley位于眼球中心后8mm,外9.8mm,下0.3mm;上直肌Pulley位于眼球中心后6mm,内1.6mm,上11.5mm;下直肌Pulley位于眼球中心后6mm,内4.4mm,下12.7mm。结论应用眼球运动动态MRI技术,分析眼球转动时直肌径路的变化,可证实4条直肌Pulley的存在并确定其功能位置。     

合并小度数垂直斜视的共同性外斜视眼外直肌MRI研究

目的:观察共同性外斜视合并小度数垂直斜视患者眼外4条直肌Pulley位置、肌肉体积及水平直肌上、下两部分肌肉体积比值的特点。方法:横断面研究。收集2018年1月至2019年12月在天津市眼科医院确诊为共同性外斜视患者,其中第一眼位不合并垂直斜视的患者为A组,第一眼位合并小角度垂直斜视（<5三棱镜度）的患者为B组;健康志...     

高度近视合并固定性内斜视的手术治疗探讨

目的探讨外直肌外眦眶骨膜悬吊联合内直肌断腱术治疗固定性斜视的疗效。方法回顾分析我院近两年来收治的高度近视合并固定性内斜视患者10例（16只眼）,对其斜视度数、眼球运动状态、手术效果进行了总结,平均随访时间4.8个月。结果术后正位者10眼,残余内斜10°～15°者4眼,过矫5°～10°者2眼。随访中轻度回退4眼,回退度数不超过7°。结论采用内直肌断腱联合外直肌外眦眶骨膜悬吊是治疗固定性内斜视的有效手术方式,且具有手术方法简单易于操作的优点。     

眼外肌Pulley的研究进展

近年来 ,通过影像学及眼眶的组织学研究证实在眼球赤道部附近有一个由胶原、弹性蛋白和平滑肌构成的 pulley。Pulley作为眼外肌的功能性起点决定着直肌作用力的方向和大小。本文就 pul ley的提出、组织结构、位置及对于非共同性斜视的意义等作一综述。     

眼外肌Pulley的研究进展

近年来，通过影像学及眼眶的组织学研究证实在眼球赤道部附近有一个由胶原、弹性蛋白和平滑肌构成的pulley。Pulley作为眼外肌的功能性起点决定着直肌作用力的方向和大小。本就pulley的提出、组织结构、位置及对于非共同性斜视的意义等作一综述。     

共同性斜视眼外肌病理分析

目的探讨共同性斜视眼外肌的病理变化与斜视发生的关系。方法对132例共同性斜视和22例麻痹性斜视病人行斜视矫正手术,将截除的外直肌或内直肌用95%酒精固定后送病理,在显微镜下观察眼外肌的组织结构。结果81例共同性外斜视中,内直肌退行性改变57例(70.4%),内直肌纤维化10例(12.3%),内直肌玻璃样变10例(12.3%),正常4例(4.9%);51例共同性内斜视中,外直肌退行性变18例(35.3%),外直肌纤维化28例(54.9%),外直肌玻璃样变5例(9.8%),22例麻痹性斜视中,13例内直肌和3例外直肌发生纤维化,6例外直肌发生玻璃样变。共同性斜视与麻痹性斜视直肌的病理结果经X~2检验P<0.01。恒定性外斜视与间歇性外斜视之间及先天性内斜视与共同性内斜视之间经X~2检验P<0.05。结论斜视的发生与眼外肌的结构异常有关,发病较久的恒定性外斜视比发病晚的间歇性外斜视其眼外肌发生纤维化的百分比较大,说明内直肌纤维化可能是外斜视形成的原因之一,斜视的病变程度与眼外肌功能是成反比的。     

副眼外肌畸形一例及文献复习

目的 手术探查一例伴随眼球运动受限及眼球后退现象的垂直非共同性斜视患者.方法 病例报告.运用MRI影像学检查了解该病例眼外肌结构特征,通过手术松解异常结构对眼球运动的限制并手术矫正斜视,组织病理学检查确定异常结构的组织学成分.结果 位于眼眶肌锥内间隙(外下象限),外直肌内下方、下直肌外上方,起自眶尖,附着于眼球后巩膜的类似眼外肌的异常结构是本例斜视患者的可能原因.通过手术松解其对眼球运动的限制并适当后退下直肌达到了矫正斜视的效果.眼球运动改善不明显.异常结构病理报告来源于肌肉组织.结论 本病例MRI检查发现的异常结构,术中发现与眼球运动限制有一定关系,该异常结构组织学检查为来源于肌肉组织,考虑为副眼外肌畸形.对伴随眼球运动受限及眼球后退现象的垂直非共同性斜视,要考虑到眼眶内异常结构的可能,有必要用MRI影像学检查,协助明确诊断.     

间歇性外斜视眼外直肌磁共振成像研究

目的：利用磁共振成像（MRI）技术研究间歇性外斜视患者眼外直肌Pulley位置及其形态改变。方法：系列病例研究。收集2017年1-6月在天津市眼科医院确诊为间歇性外斜视的患者32例,平均年龄（15.4±1.8）岁。同时招募健康志愿者30例,平均年龄（16.1±1.6）岁,利用MRI技术对第一眼位眼外直肌行连续冠状扫描。采用线性回归和相关系数计算眼外直肌Pulley位置,独立样本t检验进行2组间比较;同时计算各MRI层面水平肌肉最大横截面积和体积的变化,2组间进行独立样本t检验。结果：间歇性外斜视患者眼外四条直肌Pulley位置与正常对照者相比差异无统计学意义。而间歇性外斜视患者各MRI扫描层面其内直肌横截面积均小于正常对照者,且其内直肌肌肉体积小于正常对照者（t=10.47,P=0.006）。对于外直肌而言,间歇性外斜视患者外直肌肌肉体积略大于正常对照者,但这种差异无统计学意义,但间歇性外斜视患者外直肌/内直肌肌肉体积比率（1.6±0.4）较正常对照者外直肌/内直肌肌肉体积比率（1.1±0.1）大,差异具有统计学意义（t=7.33,P=0.007）。结论：间歇性外斜视的发病与眼外直肌Pulley位置无关,而可能与水平直肌肌肉体积的变化有关,而这种改变可能会在术后继续影响眼位,从而导致斜视矫正术后远期复发率较高。     

外展神经麻痹性斜视的手术治疗

目的:探讨上、下直肌移位手术治疗外展神经麻痹的临床效果。方法:对我院2004-01/2010-06采用上、下直肌移位术矫正外展神经麻痹所致重度内斜视20例21眼,并进行分析。结果:外展神经麻痹20例行内直肌后徙、上、下直肌1/2移位术,术后患者内斜明显矫正,疗效显著。随访6mo～3a,已矫正的眼位无明显变化,疗效稳定。结论:上、下直肌移位术治疗外展神经麻痹性斜视是可行的,且疗效是稳定的。     

Diffusion tensor imaging of horizontal extraocular muscles in patients with concomitant and paralytic esotropia

AIM: To assess metrics of diffusion tensor imagining (DTI) in evaluating microstructural abnormalities of horizontal extraocular muscles (EOM) in esotropia. METHODS: Six adult concomitant esotropia patients, 5 unilateral abducent paralysis patients and 2 healthy volunteers were enrolled. Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and DTI were performed on all subjects using 3T MR scanner. Fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (AD), and radial diffusivity (RD) of medial and lateral rectus muscles were measured and compared between patients group and control group. RESULTS: Medial rectus MD and RD within the adducted eye of concomitant patients was significantly greater than that in unilateral abducent paralysis patients (0.259×10-2 mm2/s vs 0.207×10-2 mm2/s, P=0.014; 0.182×10-2 mm2/s vs 0.152×10-2 mm2/s, P=0.017). Both strabismus patients showed a significantly decreased MD and AD than that obtained in normal controls for lateral rectus muscles (P<0.05). Medial rectus MD of the adducted eye in concomitant strabismus patients was significantly decreased than that in healthy controls (0.259×10-2 mm2/s vs 0.266×10-2 mm2/s, P=0.010). Lateral rectus AD of the adducted eye in concomitant strabismus patients was significantly decreased as compared with that in healthy controls (0.515×10-2 mm2/s vs 0.593×10-2 mm2/s, P=0.013). No statistically significant differences were present between the adducted and fixating eyes in concomitant strabismus patients. CONCLUSION: DTI represents a feasible technique to assess tissue characteristics of EOM. The effects of eye position changes on DTI parameters are subtle. Decreased MD and RD could be evidence for remodeling of the medial rectus muscle contracture. Lower medial and lateral recuts MD of concomitant esotropia patients indicates a thinner fibrous structure of the EOM. Lower MD and AD should be general character of esotropia.     

Extraocular muscle imaging in complex strabismus.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Abnormalities of extraocular muscle are an unusual cause of complex strabismus. The traditional evaluation based on clinical examinations is insufficient for the interpretation of incomitant motility disorders resulting from extraocular muscle anomalies. Extraocular muscle imaging by computed x-ray tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can provide useful information for diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment of complex strabismus. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Five cases of complex strabismus resulting from congenital anomalies of the extraocular muscles and their successful evaluation using extraocular muscle imaging are described. RESULTS: Orbital CT or MRI scan was obtained in five patients who had unusual incomitant strabismus. It confirmed the diagnosis of the absence of the medial rectus muscle, accessory lateral rectus muscle, atrophy of the inferior or both superior and medial rectus muscles, and abnormal thickening of the levator palpebrae superioris and superior rectus muscle. CONCLUSIONS: Extraocular muscle imaging is a useful technique for evaluating anatomic abnormalities. It should be considered when evaluating patients with atypical strabismus.     

共同性外斜视眼外肌病理研究

目的：探讨共同性外斜视内直肌的病理变化与斜视发现时间的关系。
　　方法：对30例共同性外斜视患者行斜视矫正手术,术中将截除的内直肌用4%甲醛固定后送病理,在显微镜下观察眼外肌的组织结构,并进行HE和Masson染色。
　　结果：共同性外斜视30例中,内直肌纤维大小不一、形态异常,数量减少,肌肉不同程度的纤维化,经Masson染色后发现,发现斜视较久患者组眼外肌肌纤维含量明显少于发现时间较短患者组(P<0.05) 。
　　结论：斜视的发生与眼外肌的结构异常有关,发现斜视时间较久的共同性外斜视比发现时间较短的共同性外斜视其眼外肌发生明显的纤维化,说明内直肌纤维化可能是外斜视形成的原因之一。随着斜视时间的延长,眼外肌纤维化程度加重。     

A case of intramuscular hemangioma presenting with large-angle hypertropia

PURPOSE: To report the case of a patient with large-angle hypertropia of an intramuscular hemangioma of the right superior rectus muscle (SR). METHODS: A 63-year-old man with progressive vertical deviation of the right eye for the past 6 months visited our strabismus department; his condition was not painful. An examination indicated that he had 60PD of right hypertropia at distance and near in primary gaze. Additionally, a significant limitation of his downgaze was noted. The right eye appeared mildly proptotic, and the upper and lower eyelids were slightly edematous. Corrected vision was 20/20 in both eyes. RESULTS: Orbital magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies revealed fusiform enlargement of the right superior rectus muscle, with prominent but irregular enhancement following gadolinium administration. Incisional biopsy revealed an intramuscular hemangioma in the superior rectus muscle with cavernous-type vessels. CONCLUSIONS: This case demonstrates that intramuscular hemangioma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of isolated extraocular muscle enlargement and unusual strabismus.     

Unilateral aplasia of a lateral rectus muscle

BACKGROUND: The congenital absence of an extraocular muscle is rare. The case of an unilateral lateral rectus muscle and a review of the literature are presented. PATIENT AND METHODS: A healthy 7-year old boy with inconspicuous family history was seen in our clinic. The boy had been noted to have a right esotropia from infancy. Clinical orthoptical examinations and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were performed. The esotropia was corrected by transposition of the superior and inferior rectus muscle. RESULTS: With correction of the myopic astigmatism the visual acuity of either eye was 0.8. The right eye could not abduct to pass the midline, the left eye passed the midline by 35 degrees. From the primary position the right eye was able to elevate by 20 degrees and the left eye to elevate 15 degrees. The alternate prism and cover test showed in either eye fixation an esotropia of 24 degrees without significant change in elevation or depression. Besides, there was a hypertropia (+VD) of 14 degrees which increased to 21 degrees in left gaze and decreased to 0 degree in right gaze. Indirect ophthalmoscopy showed a bilateral excyclo position of approximately 5-10 degrees. Retraction of either eye was not seen in any gaze direction. The axial length of the right/left eye was 25.2 mm/24.6 mm. Aplasia of the right lateral rectus muscle and hypoplasia of the left lateral rectus muscle could be demonstrated by magnetic resonance imaging. Intraoperatively the right lateral rectus muscle was absent. The vertical eye muscle inserted regularly. Hummelsheim's procedure was performed. Eight months postoperatively, the boy was orthotropic in primary position. The inferior oblique overaction was still present together with a "V" pattern of 8 degrees. The Bagolini test was positive. CONCLUSION: The congenital absence of one or more extraocular muscles is a rare condition, which has to be considered as a differential diagnosis to neurogenic nerve palsy.     

共同性斜视眼外肌的病理变化及肝细胞生长因子表达研究

目的研究共同性斜视弱侧眼外肌的病理变化及肝细胞生长因子（HGF）的表达。方法实验研究。收集在武汉大学人民医院眼科行共同性斜视手术的58例患者手术中切下的眼外肌作为斜视组,将其分成共同性外斜视（32例）和共同性内斜视（26例）2组,同期10例角膜移植供体眼眼外肌作为对照组（供体均无斜视）。观察眼外肌的组织结构变化,用免疫组织化学法检测眼外肌中HGF的表达,并测定其平均光密度值。比较斜视组与对照组眼外肌HGF的表达差异,并分析其与斜视度、患者年龄之间相关性。所得数据采用t检验及直线相关分析进行统计学处理。结果①共同性外斜视组内直肌肌纤维横截面积（308.9±68.4）µm2,显著低于对照组内直肌[（738.4±56.3）µm2]（t=16.74,P<0．05）,共同性内斜视组外直肌肌纤维横截面积（217.9±34.7）µm2,显著低于对照组外直肌[（620.9±46.5）µm2]（t=28.34,P<0．05）,差异有统计学意义。②Masson染色显示共同性斜视弱侧眼外肌肌纤维数量减少,排列紊乱,胶原纤维含量增多,纤维组织、脂肪组织和肌纤维间隙增宽。③免疫组化检测HGF在对照眼眼外肌及斜视眼弱侧眼外肌中均有阳性表达,主要表达于胞浆,细胞外基质中有少量的表达。其中共同性外斜视组内直肌（t=6.33,P<0．05）、共同性内斜视组外直肌（t=4.75,P<0．05）HGF的表达均低于对照组。④HGF的表达与患者病程（r=-0.856,P＜0．05）以及斜视度（r=-0.525,P＜0．05）呈负相关。结论共同性斜视弱侧眼外肌出现胶原纤维增生,肌纤维横截面积减小等萎缩性病理改变;HGF的低表达可能是共同性斜视发生的危险因素。