无创正压通气在慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期治疗中的应用

目的：探讨无创正压通气在慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）急性加重期的治疗作用。方法：48例COPD急性加重期患者随机分为两组。对照组22例行常规治疗;治疗组26例除常规治疗外,同时采用双水平无创正压通气（BiPAP）治疗。结果：治疗组无创正压通气治疗3h、24h的动脉血气分析示,PH、PaCO2及PaO2值较治疗前有明显改善（P〈0．05）。治疗组住院时间较对照组短（P〈0．05）,治愈率较对照组高（P〈0．05）,气管插管率和住院死亡率较对照组低。结论：使用BiPAP呼吸机行无创正压通气,其方法简便、有效、并发症少,对COPD急性加重期患者早期应用,可缩短患者住院时间、降低死亡率、提高痊愈率。     

无创正压通气治疗COPD急性加重并严重呼吸衰竭的疗效观察

目的探讨无创正压通气治疗COPD急性加重并严重呼吸衰竭患者的疗效.方法选择40例次COPD急性加重并严重呼吸衰竭患者,随机分成2组,每组20例次.对照组予常规治疗,治疗组予常规治疗联合使用无创正压通气,6小时后,观察患者血气、APACHEⅡ评分及气管插管率的差异.结果①治疗组的血气改善明显优于对照组(p<0.01);②治疗组的APACHEⅡ评分小于对照组(p<0.01);③治疗组的气管插管率低于对照组(p<0.01). 结论无创正压通气可改善COPD急性加重并严重呼吸衰竭患者的病情及减少气管插管率.     

无创正压通气治疗COPD急性加重并严重呼吸衰竭的疗效观察

目的　探讨无创正压通气治疗COPD急性加重并严重呼吸衰竭患者的疗效 .方法　选择 4 0例次COPD急性加重并严重呼吸衰竭患者 ,随机分成 2组 ,每组 2 0例次 .对照组予常规治疗 ,治疗组予常规治疗联合使用无创正压通气 ,6小时后 ,观察患者血气、APACHEⅡ评分及气管插管率的差异 .结果　①治疗组的血气改善明显优于对照组 (p<0 .0 1) ;②治疗组的APACHEⅡ评分小于对照组 (p<0 .0 1) ;③治疗组的气管插管率低于对照组 (p <0 .0 1) .结论　无创正压通气可改善COPD急性加重并严重呼吸衰竭患者的病情及减少气管插管率     

纤维支气管镜辅助无创正压通气干预慢性阻塞性肺疾病并呼吸衰竭患者的效果影响

目的:探讨对慢性阻塞性肺疾病并呼吸衰竭患者实施纤维支气管镜辅助无创正压通气干预对患者的临床效果及对患者动脉血气水平的影响.方法:选取我科2020年1月至2021年12月期间收治的107例慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并呼吸衰竭患者作为研究对象,随机分为对照组和观察组,其中对照组53例给予无创正压通气,观察组54例给予联合经鼻插入纤维支气管镜辅助治疗,对比两组患者的机械通气时间、呼吸性酸中毒的缓解时间、住院时间;在实施干预前及干预2w后,应用全自动动脉血气分析仪检测并对比两组患者的动脉血酸碱度(pH)、动脉血氧分压(PaO2)、动脉二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)、氧饱和度(SaO2)水平;对比两组患者在住院期间痰液病原学阳性率、气管插管率及病死率.结果:观察组患者机械通气时间、呼吸性酸中毒的缓解时间、住院时间均小于对照组(P＜0.05);实施干预后,观察组患者pH、PaO2、SaO2水平高于对照组,PaCO2水平低于对照组(P＜0.05);观察组患者的痰液病原学阳性率高于对照组,气管插管率低于对照组(P＜0.05).结论:纤维支气管镜辅助无创正压通气干预可以提高对疾病的控制情况,改善患者动脉血气指标,提高预后恢复水平,增强患者的临床效果.     

无创正压通气治疗COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的临床疗效

目的：对无创正压通气在慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭临床治疗中的效果进行观察分析。方法将我院收治的COPD并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者随机分为两组,分别给予常规治疗和无创正压通气治疗,比较两组患者的临床治疗情况。结果两组患者在接受治疗后其血气指标均得到明显改善,治疗组患者的改善程度明显多于对照组,<0.05;治疗组患者的住院时间明显短于对照组患者,<0.05。结论对于COPD并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者在治疗过程中加用无创正压通气进行治疗,能够有效改善患者的血气状况,缩短改善患者临床症状,降低病死率。     

N端B型脑钠肽在心力衰竭患者中的诊断价值

正心力衰竭是一种复杂的临床综合征,是各种心脏病的严重阶段,总体预后差。随着人口老龄化,高血压、冠心病等心血管疾病发病率逐年上升,心力衰竭的发生率也在上升。检测心力衰竭患者血浆N端B型脑钠肽(NT-proBNP)水平已应用于临床,并于2001年被列入欧洲心脏病协会心力衰竭指南。现将本院有完整随访资料的心力衰竭病例共270例报告     

家庭长期无创通气治疗对重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期的疗效分析

目的:观察家庭长期无创通气(noninvasivepositivepressureventilation,NIPPV)治疗对重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronicobstructivepulmonarydisease,COPD)稳定期的治疗效果.方法:收集2009年8月至2012年8月本院呼吸科确诊为重度COPD,使用家庭NIPPV12个月以上的11例患,通过自身对照方法,将患治疗前后的肺功能、血气分析、生活质量、住院次数、6分钟步行实验结果进行对比观察.结果:9例完成疗程的患治疗前后血气分析及6分钟步行实验结果差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),患生活质量明显提高,住院次数明显减少.结论:家庭长期使用NIPPV,能改善重度COPD患的血气,患生活质量提高,住院次数减少,是目前最有效降低COPD患病死率的方法.     

无创正压通气对AECOPD并发呼吸衰竭患者血清KL-6、CC16及和肽素水平的影响

目的 研究无创正压通气对AECOPD并发呼吸衰竭患者血清KL-6、CC16及和肽素水平的影响,为临床治疗AECOPD提供指导.方法 将2015年10月至2016年10月期间在我院治疗的96例AECOPD并发呼吸衰竭患者按随机数字表法将患者分为对照组和观察组,各48例.两组患者均事先进行祛痰、抗感染等常规治疗方案.观察组患者使用呼吸机利用无创正压通气方式在优先保证患者舒适的状态下进行治疗,对照组患者则进行鼻导管通气治疗,记录患者治疗前后血气参数,及比较两组患者治疗前后KL-6、CC16及和肽素水平.结果 两组患者治疗后观察组临床治疗有效率为87.5%,对照组为62.5%,观察组临床疗效明显优于对照组(P<0.05);治疗前两组患者呼吸频率、血气参数、KL-6、CC15及和肽素水平等差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);经NIPPV治疗24h后两组患者的呼吸频率、血气参数等有明显改善,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),但观察组参数明显优于对照组(P<0.05);经治疗后患者的KL-6、CC16及和肽素水平有明显下降(P<0.05),观察组患者的下降程度更为显著(P<0.05),差异具有统计学意义.结论 采用无创正压通气治疗AECOPD并发呼吸衰竭患者,可明显降低血清KL-6、CC16及和肽素水平,缓解肺部损伤,明显改善患者病情,值得在临床推广和应用.     

脑利钠肽不同停药方法对急性前壁心肌梗死合并心力衰竭患者临床疗效观察

目的观察脑利钠肽(brain natriuretic peptide,NT- proBNP)逐渐减量停药与突然停药对急性前壁心肌梗死合并心力衰竭临床疗效是否存在差异。方法入选我院2017年1月至2017年12月收治的急性前壁心肌梗死合并心力衰竭患者38例,均予以脑利钠肽泵入,随机分为逐渐减量停药组20例及突然停药对照组18例,测定NT- ProBNP水平,行心脏彩超检查测定左室射血分数,并观察停药后患者心力衰竭控制情况。结果两组患者NT- ProBNP水平及左心室射血分数均有所改善,但逐渐减量停药组患者心力衰竭控制情况优于对照组,且两组之间差异具有统计学意义( P <0.05)。结论急性前壁心肌梗死合并心力衰竭患者在应用脑利钠肽改善心功能、减低心脏负荷治疗时可考虑逐渐减量停药以避免心衰反复而尽量避免突然停药。     

不同左心室舒张末压慢性射血分数保留性心力衰竭患者超声心动图参数差异分析

目的:研究不同左心室舒张末压（LVEDP）慢性射血分数保留性心力衰竭（HFpEF）患者超声心动图参数变化情况,进一步探讨不同测量方法预测LVEDP升高的效能。方法:纳入2018年7月至2020年4月收治的96例HFpEF患者为研究对象,均接受左心导管检查,于舒张末期测量LVEDP。按照LVEDP实时测值,将入选患者分为A组（35例,LVEDP正常,实时测值≤15 mmHg）和B组（61例,LVEDP升高,实时测值>15 mmHg）。比较两组超声心动图参数差异,包括左心室射血分数（LVEF）、左心房容积指数（LAVI）、三尖瓣反流最大流速（TRmax）、二尖瓣口舒张早期血流速度（E）/二尖瓣口舒张晚期血流速度（A）、E峰减速时间（DT）、A峰持续时间（A-dur）、肺静脉收缩期S波流速（PVs）、舒张早期D波流速（PVd）、PVs/PVd、心房收缩期肺静脉逆向A波流速（PVa）、心房收缩期肺静脉逆向A波血流时间（Pva-dur）、心房收缩期肺静脉逆向血流时间与二尖瓣心房收缩期血流时间的差值（PvaD-AD）、二尖瓣环舒张早期平均运动速度（e）、二尖瓣环侧壁舒张早期运动速度（elat）、二尖瓣环间隔处舒张早期运动速度（esep）、E/e、E/elat、E/esep。将超声心动图中有统计学意义的参数按测量方法的不同分为LAVI、频谱多普勒相关参数（TRmax、PVa、Pva-dur、PvaD-AD）及组织多普勒相关参数（e、elat、esep、E/e、E/elat、E/esep）3个组。采用受试者工作特性曲线（ROC）对比分析这3组参数独立预测LVEDP升高的效能,且进一步对比分析LAVI联合频谱多普勒相关参数及LAVI联合频谱多普勒相关参数预测LVEDP升高的敏感度和特异度。结果:A组LAVI、TRmax、PVa、Pva-dur、PvaD-AD、E/e、E/elat、E/esep显著低于B组（P<0.05）,e、elat、esep显著高于B组（P<0.05）,LVEF、E/A、DT、A-dur、PVs、PVd、PVs/PVd与B组比较差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。经ROC曲线分析,预测LVEDP升高的效能最高的是频谱多普勒相关参数（TRmax、PVa、Pva-dur、PvaD-AD）诊断,其次是组织多普勒相关参数（e、elat、esep、E/e、E/elat、E/esep）,最后是LAVI。对比LAVI与频谱多普勒各参数联合诊断及LAVI与组织多普勒各参数联合诊断,以LAVI与频谱多普勒各参数联合诊断LVEDP升高的效能更高。结论:超声心动图多参数的综合应用对HFpEF患者LVEDP升高具有一定预测效能。     

The role of non-invasive positive pressure ventilation in post-extubation respiratory failure: An evaluation using meta-analytic techniques

Background:

The use of non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) in post-extubation respiratory failure is not well-established. Meta-analytic techniques were used to assess the effects of prophylactic application of NIPPV (prior to the development of respiratory failure) and therapeutic application of NIPPV (subsequent to the development of respiratory failure).

Materials and Methods:

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from 1966 to May 2010 were identified using electronic databases. RCTs, which reported the use of NIPPV in post-extubation respiratory failure with defined assessable endpoints: reintubation, mortality and length of stay, were included.

Results:

Reintubation was the primary outcome, mortality and lengths of stay were the secondary outcomes. Risk ratios (RR) were calculated for discrete outcomes and weighted mean differences (WMD) for continuous measures. There were 13 trials with 1420 patients; 9 prophylactic with 861 patients and 4 therapeutic with 559 patients. In the prophylactic group, NIPPV was associated with lower rates of reintubation: RR 0.53 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.28-0.98), P = 0.04. In the therapeutic group, NIPPV showed a null effect on reintubation: RR 0.79 (95% CI, 0.50-1.25), P = 0.31. The analysis on the secondary outcomes suggested significant reduction of hospital mortality with prophylactic application of NIPPV: RR 0.62 (95% CI 0.4-0.97), P = 0.03, with no effect on the other outcomes. Therapeutic application of NIPPV reduced intensive care unit length of stay: WMD −1.17 (95% CI −2.82 to −0.33), P = 0.006, but no effect on the other secondary outcomes.

Conclusions:

The results of this review suggested prophylactic NIPPV was beneficial with respect to reintubation and the therapeutic use of NIPPV showed a null effect.     

Prospective population studies of incident heart failure without data on baseline left ventricular ejection fraction

Introduction

Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is a predictor of incident heart failure (HF). However, baseline LVEF is often unavailable in population studies of HF.

Meterial and methods

Of the 5324 Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) participants free of baseline HF, 143 (3%) had LVEF < 45% and 1091 (21%) developed HF during 13 years of follow-up. Using public-use copies of the CHS data, we compared two predictor models of incident HF, with and without adjustment for baseline LVEF.

Results

Baseline impaired LVEF was a strong independent predictor of incident HF (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.78; P < 0.001) but had no impact on the direction, magnitude or significance of independent associations of the other predictors of incident HF such as age, sex, race, coronary artery disease, hypertension and diabetes.

Conclusion

Baseline LVEF is an important predictor for incident HF but is not essential in population studies of risk factors for incident HF.     

Increased brain natriuretic peptide and atrial natriuretic peptide plasma concentrations in dialysis-dependent chronic renal failure and in patients with elevated left ventricular filling pressure

Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) plasma concentrations were measured in patients with dialysis-dependent chronic renal failure and in patients with coronary artery disease exhibiting normal or elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) (n = 30 each). Blood samples were obtained from the arterial line of the arteriovenous shunt before, 2 h after the beginning of, and at the end of hemodialysis in patients with chronic renal failure. In patients with coronary artery disease arterial blood samples were collected during cardiac catheterization. BNP and ANP concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay after Sep Pak C₁₈ extraction. BNP and ANP concentrations decreased significantly (P < 0.001) during hemodialysis (BNP: 192.1 ± 24.9, 178.6 ± 23.0, 167.2 ± 21.8 pg/ml; ANP: 240.2 ± 28.7, 166.7 ± 21.3, 133.0 ± 15.5 pg/ml). The decrease in BNP plasma concentrations, however, was less marked than that in ANP plasma levels (BNP 13.5 ± 1.8%, ANP 40.2 ± 3.5%; P < 0.001). Plasma BNP and ANP concentrations were 10.7 ± 1.0 and 60.3 ± 4. 0 pg/ml in patients with normal LVEDP and 31.7 ± 3.6 and 118.3 ± 9.4 pg/ml in patients with elevated LVEDP. These data demonstrate that BNP and ANP levels are strongly elevated in patients with dialysis-dependent chronic renal failure compared to patients with normal LVEDP (BNP 15.6-fold, ANP 2.2-fold, after hemodialysis; P < 0.001 or elevated LVEDP (BNP 6.1-fold, ANP 2.0-fold, before hemodialysis; P < 0.001), and that the elevation in BNP concentrations was more pronounced than that in ANP plasma concentrations. The present results provide support that other factors than volume overload, for example, decreased renal clearance, are also involved in the elevationin BNP and ANP plasma levels in chronic renal failure. The stronger elevation in BNP concentrations in patients with chronic renal failure and in patients with elevated LVEDP and the less pronounced decrease during hemodialysis suggest a different regulation of BNP and ANP plasma concentrations.[/ p]Abbreviations ANP atrial natriuretic peptide - BNP brain natriuretic peptide - LVEDP left ventricular end-diastolic pressure Correspondence to: C. Haug     

卡维地洛对慢性心力衰竭患者血清脂联素表达及心功能的影响

目的探讨卡维地洛对慢性心力衰竭（CHF）患者血清脂联素（APN）、有关心衰标志物表达及心功能的影响。方法选择行常规治疗的60例CHF患者为对照组,同期60例加用卡维地洛治疗的CHF患者为实验组,疗程6个月。观察治疗前后患者的心功能分级、超声心动图下左心室舒张末期内径（LVEDD）、左心室收缩末期内径（LVESD）和左心室射血分数（LVEF）及酶联免疫法测定的血清APN、氨基末端脑钠肽前体（NT—proBNP）、心肌肌钙蛋白T（cTnT）水平变化。结果心衰患者的血清APN、NT．proBNP、cTnT水平随着NYHA分级增加而明显升高。治疗6个月后,实验组和对照组治疗总有效率分别为91．7％和7313％,差异有统计学意义（P〈O．01）。治疗后两组患者LVEDD、LVESD均缩小．LVEF明显提高。治疗后,两组血清APN、NT．proBNP、cTnT水平均降低（P〈0．05）,且实验组以上指标较对照组下降更为显著,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论卡维地洛可以显著降低慢性心力衰竭患者的血清APN、NT-proBNP、cTnT水平,明显改善心功能。     

Role of adrenergic innervation in distribution of systemic and coronary fractions of left ventricular ejection with raised intraaortic pressure

Laboratory of Physiology of the Circulation, I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR I. K. Shkhvatsabaya [deceased]. Translated from Byulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 107, No. 4, pp. 387–390, April, 1989.     

慢性心力衰竭患者左心房功能和不同步性的初步研究

目的运用实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)技术定量评价慢性心力衰竭患者左心房容积和功能,并对其不同步性作初步研究。方法选择30例健康受试者和32例慢性心力衰竭患者,分为对照组和心力衰竭组。心力衰竭组:男性18例,女性14例;年龄42~65岁,平均年龄58岁。对照组:男性17例,女性13例;年龄45~60岁,平均年龄54岁。用RT-3DE进行左心房时间-容积曲线分析,获取容积指标:最大容积(LAVmax)、最小容积(LAVmin)、主动收缩前容积(LAVp),计算左心房总射血分数(LATEF)、被动射血分数(LAPEF)及主动射血分数(LAAEF)。同时获得左心房不同步性参数:达最小容积时间标准差Tmsv-16-SD、Tmsv-12-SD、Tmsv-6-SD和最大时间差Tmsv-16-Dif、Tmsv-12-Dif、Tmsv-6-Dif。容积指标用体表面积进行标化,时间参数用R-R间期校正。并分析校正后的不同步性指标Tmsv-16-SD%、Tmsv-16-Dif%与容积指数LAVmaxI等的相关性。结果①各容积指标校正前后,心力衰竭患者左心房容积均增大,左心房射血分数LATEF、LAPEF和LAAEF均减小,差异有显著统计学意义(P<0.01)。②不同步性指标Tmsv-16-SD%、Tmsv-16-Dif%等在心力衰竭组增大,差异均有显著统计学意义(P<0.01)。③Tmsv-16-SD%、Tmsv-16-Dif%与各容积指数呈正相关关系,与各射血分数呈负相关关系,其中与LAVmaxI相关性最强,r分别为0.73、0.75(均为P<0.01)。结论慢性心力衰竭患者左心房功能减低,存在着不同步性。RT-3DE可以较好地评价左心房功能和不同步性。     

Time course of continuous positive airway pressure effects on central sleep apnoea in patients with chronic heart failure

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) causes a variable immediate reduction in the frequency of central apnoeas and hypopnoeas in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) and central sleep apnoea (CSA), but has beneficial mid-term effects on factors known to destabilize the ventilatory control system. We, therefore, tested whether CPAP therapy leads, in addition to its short-term effects on CSA, to a significant further alleviation of CSA after 12 weeks of treatment on the same CPAP level in such patients. CPAP therapy was initiated in 10 CHF patients with CSA. During the first night on CPAP, the pressure was stepwise increased to a target pressure of 8–12 cmH₂O or the highest level the patients tolerated (<12 cmH₂O). Throughout the second night (baseline CPAP), the achieved CPAP of the first night was applied. After 12 weeks of CPAP treatment, we performed a follow-up polysomnography (12 weeks CPAP) on the same CPAP level (8.6 ± 1.1 cmH₂0). We found a significant reduction of the apnoea-hypopnoea index (AHI) between the diagnostic polysomnography and baseline CPAP night (41.8 ± 19.2 versus 22.2 ± 12.6 events per hour; P  = 0.005). The AHI further significantly decreased between the baseline CPAP night and the 12 weeks CPAP night on the same CPAP level (22.2 ± 12.6 versus 12.8 ± 11.0 events per hour; P  = 0.028). We conclude that, in addition to its immediate effects, CPAP therapy leads to a time-dependent alleviation of CSA in some CHF patients, indicating that in such patients neither clinical nor scientific decisions should be based on a short-term trial of CPAP.     

无创正压通气对睡眠状态下COPD患者呼吸力学和中枢驱动的影响

目的: 探讨无创正压通气(NIPPV)对睡眠状态下慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者呼吸力学和中枢驱动的影响。方法: 选择南方医科大学珠江医院呼吸内科自2010年10月至2011年10月收治的COPD急性加重期住院患者16例,常规肺通气功能测定,经过NIPPV治疗病情稳定后,分别在患者自主呼吸和NIPPV时清醒和睡眠状态下进行呼吸力学、膈肌肌电图和多导睡眠图的监测,连续采集并计算各项生理参数30 min。结果: COPD患者自主呼吸时睡眠与清醒状态比较,呼吸频率(RR)和吸气时间占呼吸周期比值(T_i/T_tot)差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);潮气量(V_T)、分钟通气量(V_E)、平均吸气流量(V_T/T_i)、动态肺顺应性(C_Ldyn)、膈肌电电压的均方根(RMS)和脉搏血氧饱和度(SpO₂)均有显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01);气道阻力(R_aw)、压力-时间乘积(PTP)和呼气末二氧化碳分压(P_ETCO₂)则有显著增高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05, P<0.01)。COPD患者清醒状态下, NIPPV与自主呼吸相比较,RR、V_T和V_E差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);V_T/T_i、C_Ldyn和SpO₂显著增高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05, P<0.01);T_i/T_tot、R_aw、PTP、RMS和P_ETCO₂有显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05, P<0.01)。COPD患者睡眠状态下,NIPPV与自主呼吸相比较,RR和RMS差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);V_T、V_E、V_T/T_i、C_Ldyn和SpO₂显著增高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05, P<0.01);T_i/T_tot、R_aw、PTP、P_ETCO₂有显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05, P<0.01)。结论: 呼吸力学异常变化和中枢驱动降低是COPD患者发生夜间睡眠低通气和低氧血症的主要原因。NIPPV可显著改善清醒和睡眠状态下COPD患者的呼吸力学异常,降低了气道阻力和呼吸做功,改善了通气应答,增加了通气输出。NIPPV可显著降低清醒状态下COPD患者的中枢驱动,对睡眠状态下中枢驱动的影响不显著。