玻璃体切割联合内界膜剥除术治疗高度近视黄斑劈裂患者的临床研究

目的　观察玻璃体切割联合内界膜剥除术治疗高度近视黄斑劈裂的临床效果。方法　选择2016年1月至2017年5月在我院诊断为高度近视黄斑劈裂者23例（30眼）,所有患者均行23G玻璃体切割术,吲哚菁绿染色后剥除黄斑区内界膜2～3 PD。术后随访6个月,比较术前与术后最佳矫正视力、眼轴长度、黄斑区视网膜劈裂的最高值（MxFT）、b波振幅及黄斑区最小及最大视网膜厚度,评估手术效果。结果　23例（30眼）均顺利完成手术。术后6个月,30眼最佳矫正视力均较术前明显提高,差异具有统计学意义（P=0.006）。术后6个月患眼眼轴长度明显短于术前,差异有统计学意义（P=0.033）。与术前MxFT相比,术后6个月MxFT明显降低,差异具有统计学意义（P=0.001）,其中6眼（20.0％）基本恢复正常。术后6个月患眼b波振幅高于术前,差异具有统计学意义（P=0.040）,其中24眼（80.0％）较术前显著提高,三维地形图中央峰逐步恢复,位于旁中心凹区域的不规则低反应区变少或消失。与术前相比,术后6个月黄斑中心区最小、最大视网膜厚度均明显减小（均为P<0.05）。末次随访时,VFQ-25评分高于术前,差异具有统计学意义（P=0.021）。结论　玻璃体切割联合内界膜剥除术可显著提高高度近视黄斑劈裂患者视力及改善视物变形。     

高度近视黄斑劈裂的研究进展

黄斑劈裂是高度近视主要的病理改变之一,多伴有后巩膜葡萄肿、脉络膜萎缩和玻璃体视网膜交界面的异常改变,主要通过光学相干层析成像(OCT)诊断。其发病是眼球壁内层、外层病变共同作用的结果。目前主要的治疗方式是手术治疗,但具体术式的选择尚有争议。     

白内障摘除联合玻璃体切除内界膜剥除术治疗非黄斑裂孔超高度近视性黄斑劈裂

目的:评价白内障摘除联合玻璃体切除内界膜剥除术治疗非黄斑裂孔超高度近视性黄斑劈裂的疗效.方法:回顾性分析.选取我院收治的非黄斑裂孔超高度近视性黄斑劈裂患者32例32眼,屈光度为-12.00~-20.00(平均-15.78±2.16)D.平均最佳矫正视力(LogMAR) 4.1±0.4.所有患者均行白内障超声乳化吸出人工晶状体植入联合玻璃体切除内界膜剥除术,内界膜采用吲哚菁绿染色并顺利剥除,术毕进行气体填充.术后随访1~9(平均4.5)mo,观察术后视力及黄斑劈裂愈合效果.结果:共30例30眼(94%)患者劈裂腔消失,视力较术前提高,视物变形改善.手术前后最佳矫正视力比较,差异具有统计学意义(t=-7.91,P<0.05).结论:白内障超声乳化吸出人工晶状体植入联合玻璃体切除内界膜剥除术是治疗非黄斑裂孔超高度近视性黄斑劈裂安全有效的手术方法,可有效保存视功能,不同程度提高患者的视力.     

玻璃体切割联合内界膜剥除术治疗高度近视继发黄斑劈裂的观察

目的：探讨和评价玻璃体切割联合内界膜剥除治疗高度近视继发黄斑劈裂的疗效和安全性。
　　方法：将2011-03/2013-03高度近视继发黄斑劈裂患者30例30眼随机分为治疗组(16眼)和对照组(14眼),治疗组给予玻璃体切割联合内界膜剥除,对照组给予玻璃体切割但未联合内界膜剥除,观察术后2 mo视网膜复位率、视力提高率。
　　结果：治疗组视网膜复位率、视力提高率均高于对照组(P<0.05)。
　　结论：玻璃体切割联合内界膜剥除是治疗高度近视继发黄斑劈裂的有效手段。     

高度近视黄斑劈裂研究进展

黄斑劈裂（MF）是高度近视后巩膜葡萄肿的最常见并发症之一。本文主要对高度近视MF的发生机制、病理改变、合并病变、自然病程及手术治疗进行综述。     

玻璃体切除联合内界膜剥离术治疗高度近视黄斑裂孔的疗效

目的：比较经睫状体平坦部玻璃体切除术( pars plana vitrectomy, PPV )与 PPV 联合内界膜剥离术( internal limiting membrane peeling,ILMP)治疗高度近视黄斑裂孔的临床效果。
　　方法：回顾性分析高度近视黄斑裂孔患者(伴或不伴黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离)33例36眼的病例资料。根据手术方式不同,分为Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组。Ⅰ组15眼行玻璃体切除术(不剥离内界膜);Ⅱ组21眼行玻璃体切除联合内界膜剥离术,术中根据患者病情不同,给予不同的辅助方式,如行硅油填充、C3 F8填充、光凝、冷凝等。术后随访3~12mo,以术后最佳矫正视力( best corrected visual acuity,BCVA)、裂孔闭合及视网膜复位情况作为疗效观察指标,并将两组数据进行统计学分析。
　　结果：Ⅰ组15眼术后最佳矫正视力( LogMAR )较术前平均提高0.167,差异有统计学意义(t=2.46,P=0.027);Ⅱ组术后最佳矫正视力( LogMAR )较术前平均提高0 .456,差异有统计学意义(t=6.753,P=0.000);两组间术后视力提高程度比较,差异有统计学意义( t=-2.943, P=0.006)。Ⅰ组患者黄斑裂孔闭合率46.67%;Ⅱ组患者黄斑裂孔闭合率85 .71%;比较两组术后裂孔闭合率,差异有统计学意义(χ2=6.287,P=0.025)。Ⅰ组视网膜最终复位率91 .67%。Ⅱ组视网膜最终复位率94 .73%,比较两组患者视网膜复位情况,差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.856,P=0.418)。
　　结论：玻璃体切除联合内界膜剥离术可以显著提高高度近视黄斑裂孔的闭合率和术后视力,但对于视网膜的复位率较不剥膜者无明显区别。     

高度近视黄斑劈裂研究进展

黄斑区视网膜劈裂是高度近视后巩膜葡萄肿常见并发症之一,光学相干断层成像(optical coherence tomography OCT)技术能直观的显示其特征。近年来随着OCT技术的广泛应用,高度近视黄斑劈裂的研究也备受关注,本文主要就其发生机制和目前治疗方法进展作一综述。     

高度近视黄斑劈裂的研究进展

视网膜劈裂是高度近视常见并发症之一。发生在中心凹处的劈裂称为黄斑劈裂。如在其病程中同时合并有视网膜脱离、黄斑裂孔、视网膜前膜、玻璃体视网膜牵拉等疾病可导致视力下降。临床上主要借助OCT来观察其形态特征。目前有许多治疗黄斑劈裂的方法,包括玻璃体手术、巩膜手术、激光治疗等,各有优缺点。本文主要对高度近视黄斑劈裂的病因、转归及治疗新进展作一综述。     

微创玻璃体切割联合内界膜剥除术治疗高度近视黄斑裂孔

目的　观察微创玻璃体切割联合内界膜剥除术治疗高度近视黄斑裂孔的临床效果。方法　回顾性非随机临床对照研究。收集２０１０年１月至２０１５年１月高度近视性黄斑裂孔患者２４例２４眼,同期收集特发性黄斑裂孔患者４３例４３眼作为对照组,两组均行标准三通道经睫状体平坦部２３Ｇ微创玻璃体切割联合内界膜剥除术。观察两组术前及术后最佳矫正视力（ｂｅｓｔｃｏｒｒｅｃｔｅｄｖｉｓｕａｌａｃｕｉｔｙ,ＢＣＶＡ）及光学相干断层扫描检查黄斑裂孔封闭情况。结果　高度近视性黄斑裂孔组与特发性黄斑裂孔组的解剖闭合率（７９．２％ 和８８．４％）及术后ＢＣＶＡ（ＬｏｇＭＡＲ）（０．５６±０．４２和０．６３±１．３８）比较,差异均无统计学意义（均为Ｐ＞０．０５）,两组末次随访时ＢＣＶＡ（ＬｏｇＭＡＲ）分别与治疗前比较,差异均有统计学意义（ｔ＝４．８８６、６．７３５,均为Ｐ＜０．００１）。两组术中均未见医源性裂孔形成,术后无眼内出血或眼内炎等严重并发症发生。结论　玻璃体切割联合内界膜剥除术是修复高度近视眼解剖和功能的有效方式。     

玻璃体切割联合内界膜剥除术治疗高度近视黄斑劈裂的疗效及与视觉相关生存质量的评估

目的评估玻璃体切割联合内界膜剥除术对高度近视黄斑劈裂的疗效,并比较术前、术后与视觉相关生存质量的变化。方法研究设计为非对照病例观察研究。采用闭合式经睫状体平坦部三切口玻璃体切割联合内界膜剥除术治疗高度近视黄斑劈裂患者19例20眼。术前及术后6个月对黄斑区视网膜进行光学相干断层扫描（OCT）检查,记录黄斑中心凹最小厚度和黄斑区90°方位视网膜劈裂处的最大厚度。术后6个月检查双眼最佳矫正视力（BCVA）并与术前进行比较;应用视力相关生存质量量表-25（VFQ-25）对与视觉相关生存质量进行评价,并与术前进行比较。结果术后随访超过6个月,手术眼黄斑中心凹厚度和黄斑区视网膜平均最大厚度分别从术前的（360.7±183.7）μm、（483.0±138.3）μm减小到术后的（180.2±75.2）μm、（328.1±82.2）μm,差异均有统计学意义（u=-3.211,P=0.001;u=-3.472,P=0.001）。术后BCVA提高2行以上者14眼（70%）。术后LogMAR视力平均值为0.59±0.46,明显好于术前的0.87±0.61,差异有统计学意义（u=-2.223,P=0.026）。患者VFQ-25评估统计表明,术后患者的总体视力、近距离活动、远距离活动、社会功能、精神健康、依赖程度、周边视力（视野）这7项维评分以及VFQ-25总分与术前相比明显改善,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;而术后整体健康、眼痛、社会角色限制、驾车、色觉这5项维评分与术前相比差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。术后8例（42.1%）患者视力较好眼为手术眼。结论玻璃体切割联合内界膜剥除术治疗高度近视黄斑劈裂安全、有效,手术治疗可明显改善患者的与视觉相关生存质量。     

Long-term follow-up of vitrectomy in patients with pathologic myopic foveoschisis

AIM: To report the long-term surgical outcomes of pathologic myopic foveoschisis (MF) following vitrectomy. METHODS: We performed a retrospective case series analysis of 50 consecutive patients diagnosed with MF who experienced vision loss due to progression of foveoschisis. The 50 patients (67 eyes) were treated in our hospital with vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling from December 2004 to September 2010. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), refractive error, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and routine examination results were analysed. The changes of BCVA, foveal anatomical features on OCT scan, and complications were the main outcome measures. RESULTS: The mean follow-up duration was 42±17mo (range 24 to 93mo). BCVA improved significantly postoperatively (0.76±0.65 logMAR) compared with preoperative baselines (1.31±0.78 logMAR, P<0.0001), and in 53 eyes (79%) including 3 lines gain in 44 eyes (66%) at the last follow-up visit. OCT scans showed that central retinal thickness decreased from 580.0±270.0 μm preoperatively (n=67) to 179.7±84.7 μm postoperatively (n=58, P<0.0001). Total resolution of foveoschisis occurred in 41 eyes (61%). Preoperative BCVA correlated well with postoperative BCVA, whereas other factors such as age, axial length, and refractive error were not correlated. The most common complications were cataract and full-thickness macular hole formation in 14 and 9 cases, respectively. CONCLUSION: Patients with progressive vision loss due to MF who were treated with vitrectomy with ILM peeling show favourable outcomes. In most eyes, visual acuity and foveal structure remain stable during long-term observation.     

Long-term outcome of highly myopic foveoschisis treated by vitrectomy with or without gas tamponade

AIM: To evaluate the long-term safety and efficacy of vitrectomy and internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling with or without gas tamponade for highly myopic foveoschisis. METHODS: We performed an open-label, observer-blinded clinical trial of 85 patients with myopic foveoschisis between 2000 and 2012. Patients were randomly allocated to one of two groups, those who received vitrectomy and ILM peeling without gas tamponade (no-gas group) or those who with gas tamponade (gas group) and follow up at least 5y. RESULTS: Visual acuity of gas group improved from 0.82±0.33 to 0.79±0.73 in 6mo, improved to 0.71±0.67 in 1y and within this range in the following 4y. Visual acuity of no-gas group improved from 0.81±0.46 to 0.78±0.66 in 6mo, improved to 0.70±0.65 in 1y. The finial visual acuity of two groups were significantly increased compared with the baseline (P<0.05). The visual acuity was improved in 35 of 40 eyes (87.5%) in gas group and 29 of 33 eyes (87.9%) in no-gas group, while there were no significant differences between gas group and no-gas group in the visual acuity. The foveoschisis on optical coherence tomography (OCT) completely resolved in 5 of 40 eyes in 1mo, 14 eyes in 6mo and 40 eyes in 1y in the gas group. While the foveoschisis completely resolved in 4 of 33 eyes in 1mo, 10 eyes in 6mo and 33 eyes in 1y in the no-gas group. CONCLUSION: Vitrectomy and ILM peeling without gas tamponade appears to be as effective in the treatment of myopic foveoschisis as vitrectomy and ILM with gas tamponade. However, eyes treated with no-gas tamponade showed more rapid resolution of myopic foveoschisis.     

Treatment of myopic foveoschisis via macular buckling and vitrectomy

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the treatment of myopic foveoschisis patients using the macular buckling with L-shaped titanium plate and silicon sponge combined with vitrectomy. The data of the patients who underwent macular buckling combined with vitrectomy was collected. The study recorded the following parameters: best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), axial length, intraocular pressure, central macular thickness, and the position of the titanium plate. Following the surgery, the BCVA of the included patients were improved, whereas the axial lengths were reduced followed by resolution of the foveoschisis compared with that noted prior to the operations. All patients had orbital CT examination and the results indicated that the titanium plates were appropriately placed and were not in contact with the optic nerve. Therefore, it is effective to treat myopic foveaschisis by macular buckling using the L-shaped titanium plate and silicon sponge in the presence of vitrectomy.     

Internal limiting membrane peeling combined with silicone oil or air tamponade for highly myopic foveoschisis

AIM: To compare the efficacy of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) combined with internal limiting membrane (ILM) and silicone oil or sterile air tamponade for the treatment of myopic foveoschisis (MF) in highly myopic eyes. METHODS: This retrospective study included 48 myopic eyes of 40 patients with MF and axial lengths (ALs) ranging from 26-32 mm treated between January 2020 and January 2022. All patients were underwent PPV combined with ILM peeling followed by sterile air or silicone oil tamponade and followed up at least 12mo. Based on the features on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), the eyes were divided into the MF-only group (Group A, n=15 eyes), MF with central foveal detachment group (Group B, n=20 eyes), and MF with lamellar macular hole group (Group C, n=13 eyes). According to AL, eyes were further divided into three groups: Group D (26.01-28.00 mm, n=12 eyes), Group E (28.01-30.00 mm, n=26 eyes), and Group F (30.01-32.00 mm, n=10 eyes). The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central foveal thickness (CFT), and complications were recorded. RESULTS: The patients included 16 males and 24 females with the mean age of 56±9.82y. The BCVA and CFT improved in all groups after surgery (P<0.01), while there was no significant difference of the CFT in Group A, B, and C postoperatively (P>0.05). The intergroup differences of BCVA and CFT postoperatively were statistically significant in Group D, E, and F. Twenty eyes were injected with sterile air, and 28 eyes were injected with silicone oil for tamponade based on the AL. However, there was no statistically significant difference among Groups D, E, and F in terms of the results of sterile air or silicone oil tamponade. The mean recovery time was 5.9mo for MF patients subjected to silicone oil tamponade and 7.7mo for patients subjected to sterile air tamponade, and the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: PPV and ILM peeling combined with silicone oil or sterile air tamponade can achieve good results for MF in highly myopic eyes with ALs≤32 mm.     

Long-term outcome of pathologic myopic foveoschisis treated with posterior scleral reinforcement followed by vitrectomy

AIM: To report the long-term outcome of posterior scleral reinforcement (PSR) followed by vitrectomy for pathologic myopic foveoschisis (MF).METHODS: The records of 27 patients (44 eyes) treated with posterior scleral reinforcement (PSR) followed by vitrectomy for pathologic MF were retrospectively reviewed. The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), refractive error, axial length, and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography findings and complications were analyzed.RESULTS: Forty-four eyes of 27 patients were included in this study. The follow-up period was 47.98±18.23mo (24-83mo). The mean preoperative BCVA (logMAR) was 1.13±0.63, and the mean postoperative BCVA was 0.30±0.33 at the last visit. There showed a significant improvement in BCVA postoperatively (P<0.001). Postoperative BCVA in 41 eyes (93%) was improved compared with the preoperative one. Forty-two eyes (95.45%) got total resolution of the MF after surgery. The remaining two eyes (4.55%) got partial resolution of foveoschisis. The preoperative foveal thickness was 610.45±217.11 μm and the postoperative foveal thickness at the last visit was significantly reduced to 177.64±55.40 μm (P<0.001). The preoperative axial length was 29.60±1.71 mm, and the postoperative axial length was 29.74±1.81 mm at the last visit. There was no significant increase in axial length within 47.98±18.23mo of follow-up (P=0.562). There was no recurrence of foveoschisis or occurrence of full-thickness macular hole during the whole follow-up period.CONCLUSION: For pathologic MF, PSR followed by vitrectomy is an effective procedure to improve the visual acuity and the anatomical structure of macula. It can also stabilize the axial length for a long time.     

Posterior scleral reinforcement combined with vitrectomy for myopic foveoschisis

AIM: To investigate the effects of posterior scleral reinforcement (PSR) combined with vitrectomy for myopic foveoschisis. METHODS: Thirty-nine highly myopic eyes of 39 patients with myopic foveoschisis underwent PSR combined with vitrectomy. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), refraction error, and the foveal thickness by optical coherence tomography (OCT) were recorded before and after the surgery, and complications were noted. RESULTS: The follow-up period was 12mo, and the main focus was on the results of the 12-month follow-up visit. The mean preoperative BCVA was 0.96±0.43 logMAR. At the final follow-up visit, the mean BCVA was 0.46±0.28 logMAR, which significantly improved compared with the preoperative one (P=0.003). The BCVA improved in 33 eyes (84.62%), and unchanged in 6 eyes (15.38%). At the end of follow-up, the mean refractive error was -15.13±2.55 D, and the improvement was significantly compared with the preoperative one (-17.53±4.51 D) (P=0.002). Twelve months after surgery, OCT showed complete resolution of the myopic foveoschisis and a reat¬tachment of the fovea in 37 eyes (94.87%) and partial resolution in the remained two eyes (5.13%). The foveal thickness was obviously reduced at 12-month follow-up visit (196.45±36.35 μm) compared with the preoperative one (389.32±75.56 μm) (P=0.002). There were no serious complications during the 12mo follow-up period. CONCLUSION: PSR combined with vitrectomy is a safe and effective procedure for myopic foveoschisis with both visual and anatomic improvement.     

A novel surgical technique of internal limiting membrane peeling for high myopic foveoschisis: a wide range of whole piece consecutive peeling without preservation of epi-fovea

AIM:To demonstrate an improved surgical technique of whole piece consecutive internal limiting membrane(ILM) peeling without preservation of the epi-fovea to treat high myopic foveoschisis(MF).METHODS:A 23-gauge 3-port pars plana vitrectomy was performed on 16 patients with high MF.A parallel arc line along the vascular arcades was scraped out with a curved membrane scraper DSP.Next,an ILM forceps was used to catch hold of the incisal edge of the ILM flap,and the action of releasing and separating was subsequently taken toward the direction of the macular fovea.Next,the ILM forceps was used to grasp the released area,and the whole area coherent ILM peeling covering the macular fovea was implemented thereafter.Finally,the ILM was folded backwards and peeled off in the arc direction.RESULTS:At the final visit,the average central macular thickness decreased remarkably from 423.76±177.67 to 178.24±66.21 μm.The mean logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution best-corrected visual acuity of 1.37±0.59 was significantly alleviated to 0.74±0.59.CONCLUSION:The wide range of whole piece consecutive ILM peeling without preservation of the epifovea is proven to be effective and significantly reduced the occurrence of retinal tear and macular hole.     

Foveal anatomical status and surgical results in vitrectomy for myopic foveoschisis

PURPOSE: Myopic foveoschisis (MF), a major cause of visual loss in highly myopic patients, shows varied foveal anatomic characteristics. We determined how the foveal status is related to surgical results in MF. METHODS: Forty-four eyes underwent vitrectomy for MF, including internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling and gas tamponade. The eyes were divided into three groups depending on the preoperative foveal anatomy: foveal detachment (FD, n = 17), retinoschisis (RS, n = 16), and macular hole (MH, n = 11). Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and optical coherence tomographic findings preoperatively and 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively were obtained and compared. RESULTS: BCVA improved two lines or more in 81% of the FD group, 50% of the RS group, and 45% of the MH group 12 months postoperatively. The FD group had significantly improved vision (P < 0.01). Visual improvement was borderline in the RS group (P = 0.057) and not significant in the MH group. Visual improvement was significantly better in FD eyes than in RS (P < 0.05) or MH (P < 0.01) eyes. In FD and RS eyes, the postoperative BCVA was significantly correlated with age (P < 0.05) and preoperative BCVA (P < 0.01), whereas visual improvement was correlated with symptom duration (P < 0.05) and preoperative BCVA (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Vitrectomy including ILM peeling and gas tamponade is safe and effective for MF. Patients with FD showed the most visual improvement postoperatively and therefore can obtain the most benefit from the surgery. Surgery also benefits RS and MH patients by preserving vision. The foveal status, age, duration of symptoms, and preoperative BCVA are key factors determining postoperative visual outcome in MF.     

Removal of internal limiting membrane for recurrent myopic traction maculopathy

A 63‐year‐old man presented with a foveal detachment and retinoschisis associated with myopic traction maculopathy of his left eye with a refractive error of ?12.0 dioptres. Both the retinoschisis and foveal detachment were initially successfully treated with vitreous surgery that was limited to the induction of a posterior vitreous detachment beyond the areas of retinoschisis over the posterior staphyloma. Three years later, the macula re‐detached and further surgery was performed, which involved peeling the internal limiting membrane (ILM). Following the second vitreous surgery the macula reattached within one month of the surgery and this success has been sustained for 2 years, suggesting that peeling the ILM may be an effective treatment for recurrent myopic traction maculopathy.