颞下锁孔入路内镜下基底动脉分叉部的解剖学研究

目的探讨神经内镜下经颞下锁孔入路到达基底动脉分叉部的可行性及优缺点,为该部位病变提供神经内镜下手术的解剖学基础。方法经福尔马林固定汉族成人尸头9具,在神经内镜下模拟颞下锁孔入路经各正常解剖间隙到达基底动脉分叉部区域,观察神经内镜下手术入路中的显露视野及其通道的解剖结构和相互关系,并测量手术入路相关重要解剖结构的数据。结果颧弓中后1/3处颅骨内板至同侧后床突的距离为(57.7±2.7)mm、至鞍背中线的距离为(69.2±1.1)mm、至同侧小脑幕游离缘的距离为(39.3±3.2)mm、至同侧中脑外侧沟的距离为(48.2±2.5)mm。模拟经颞下锁孔入路手术中,神经内镜下可清楚地观察到基底动脉分叉部和基底动脉分叉部后方区域,但对于较高位的基底动脉分叉部病变的处理仍需对颞叶有一定的牵拉。结论神经内镜下经颞下锁孔入路手术对组织损伤小,是到达基底动脉分叉部良好手术入路。     

侧脑室、三脑室神经内镜应用解剖

目的：了解神经内镜下脑室的解剖特点和重要解剖标志及比较不同脑室入路的特点。方法：10例成年国人尺头、10例脑积水患者。用内镜分别从侧脑室的额角、枕角、三角区和颞角进入,观察镜下所见和脑室内各组织的毗邻关系。结果：（1）进入脑室的穿刺点有四个：额角、枕角、三角区、颞角穿刺点;（2）经额角入路暴露范围最大,前至额角,后至枕角,下至三脑室及导水管;（3）从枕角入咱可借助脉络丛定位;（4）经三角区入路既可向前进入额角,双可向后下方进入颞角,脉络从和室间孔是重要的标志。结论：（1）侧脑室形态固定,解剖标志明确,应用神经内窥镜可使脑室内的部分病变在直视下切除,并且创伤较小;（2）大多数病变采用额角、枕角入路,三角区和颞角入路可用为补充。     

内镜造瘘术治疗手术后局限性脑积水4例

目的涉及脑室系统的颅内肿瘤术后有部分病例发展成为局限性颞角脑积水,我们探索一种不同于分流手术更安全可靠的内镜手术治疗方法。方法侧脑室肿瘤术后局限性脑积水4例,行内镜下探查脑室,于三角区粘连处造瘘,重建侧脑室脑脊液通路,将脉络丛电凝烧灼。结果随访1年以上3例恢复良好,颞角未见脑积水,1例复发,行分流手术缓解。结论内镜治疗颞角脑积水效果明显,远期疗效尚待观察     

侧脑室颞角显微解剖与相关手术入路的研究

目的 研究侧脑室颞角显微手术解剖.方法 结合侧脑室颞角手术入路对13个成人尸头进行侧脑审颞角及脉络膜裂显微镜下解剖,获取图像资料.结果 打开侧脑室颞角后海马及侧副隆起为主要标志.颞角脑室壁与丘脑、尾状核、胼胝体及穹窿等神经结构相关,进一步打开颞角脉络膜裂可暴露环池和大脑脚池内的脉络膜前动脉及脉络膜后外侧动脉.结论 组成颢角的神经结构重要,暴露颢角时应注意保护神经功能区,打开脉络膜裂可治疗累及颢叶内侧及环池的病变.     

经胼胝体侧脑室入路至丘脑区域的显微镜与内镜解剖学研究

目的观察经胼胝体侧脑室入路至丘脑的相关解剖标志,比较显微镜与內镜在暴露方面的互补性,为临床应用提供解剖学基础。方法 6具(12侧)红、蓝色乳胶灌注的头颅标本,模拟经胼胝体侧脑室入路暴露丘脑,显微镜联合内镜依次交替观察纵裂、透明隔间腔、侧脑室、三脑室四个阶段的解剖结构,并测量相应数据。结果纵裂阶段:胼缘动脉、扣带回、胼周动脉和胼胝体为主要解剖标志。透明隔间腔阶段:透明隔和穹窿体为主要解剖标志。显微镜和內镜均能较好的暴露纵裂和透明隔间腔内的解剖结构。侧脑室阶段:室间孔、透明隔静脉、丘纹静脉、脉络丛、穹窿体、尾状核体部为主要解剖标志。内镜可以弥补显微镜下额角前部(25.7mm±1.7mm vs.14.2mm±1.2mm,P0.05)、丘脑外侧1/3(12.1mm±0.7mm vs.7.0mm±0.9mm,P0.05)和后侧2/5(28.8mm±1.4mm vs.18.7mm±1.4mm,P0.05)的视野死角。三脑室阶段:由于受穹窿体和大脑内静脉的限制,显微镜和内镜都不足以有效暴露丘脑内侧面。结论经胼胝体侧脑室入路暴露丘脑的过程中解剖标志明确,显微镜和内镜的配合有助于辨认重要解剖结构、弥补术野死角。     

岛叶与侧脑室的显微解剖关系及临床意义

目的探讨岛叶与侧脑室的解剖对应关系,为该部位病变的手术治疗提供显微形态学基础及术中标志性解剖学参数。方法收集国人成人完整头颅湿标本10例(20侧),显微镜下解剖岛叶和侧脑室区,观察岛叶与侧脑室的解剖对应关系,测量相关数据并拍照。结果岛叶前界沟深部与侧脑室额角相对应;上界沟由前至后分别与侧脑室额角、体部、三角部相对应,并由岛叶深部的基底核、内囊所分隔;下界沟分别与后方的侧脑室三角部和下方的颞角相对应。前岛点至侧脑室额角外侧壁的垂直距离为(11.56±2.52) mm,后岛点至侧脑室三角部外侧壁的垂直距离为(10.94±2.65) mm。下界沟下缘终点至侧脑室颞角外侧壁的垂直距离为(9.36±1.67) mm。结论岛叶与侧脑室各部间存在相对固定的对应关系,熟练掌握解剖对应关系,有利于岛叶病变准确切除,同时尽量减少手术的副损伤。     

经胼胝体前部入路的侧脑室和第三脑室显微和内镜解剖研究

目的探讨经胼胝体前部入路侧脑室和第三脑室显微镜和内镜解剖特点,为微创切除侧脑室和第三脑室病变减少并发症、提高手术效果提供解剖学依据。方法应用5具新鲜尸头模拟经胼胝体前部入路,在显微镜及神经内镜下观察侧脑室及第三脑室的重要解剖标志及其毗邻关系,测量重要解剖标志的间距。结果显微镜下侧脑室内可观察到脉络丛、隔静脉、丘纹静脉、室间孔、透明隔,内镜可进一步观察部分额角、枕角及三角区;神经内镜下第三脑室底壁从前向后依次可见视交叉、漏斗隐窝、灰结节、乳头体和中脑导水管。结论经胼胝体前部入路手术,通过颅内自然裂隙进入,直视下操作,解剖标志清楚;神经内镜辅助显微镜,可进一步扩大视野,减少对周围重要结构损伤;熟悉该入路的解剖标志及相关解剖有助于提高手术效果。     

神经内镜基础与临床应用

目的旨在解决神经内镜临床应用中的实际问题.方法针对神经内镜临床应用中的问题,如手术适应证、手术途径、手术方法和手术并发症等问题进行了应用基础和68例手术的临床研究.结果(1)神经内镜解剖学作为一门应用的解剖学分支,重点研究神经内镜的路标与路径.其中蝶骨嵴入路优于额底入路.经特定的锁孔入路,内镜可以达到许多深部结构并可以观察显微手术的“盲区”.(2)半导体激光是神经内镜辅助工具,可以用来穿通、切割、汽化、凝固或止血,主要取决于使用的强度.(3)第三脑室底造瘘部位以穿通乳头体前膜为佳,其锁孔在头皮上的定位鼻根后127.7±9.9mm或冠矢点前17.1±5.6mm,中线旁20.3±4.7mm,与矢状面呈12.3±1.9度夹角,从头皮穿刺点经大脑皮层到达侧脑室前角的深度55.2±6.5mm,到达室间孔的深度74.9±8.9mm,到达第三脑室底乳头体前膜的深度为89.3±10.4mm;依据头面部软组织复原技法校正后,锁孔穿刺点到鼻根的距离为118.3±9.1mm,或位于冠状缝前15.9±5.2mm.(4)术中使用37℃人工脑脊液代替生理盐水可以显著降低神经内镜术后发热的频度和程度.结论作为神经外科诊断和手术的工具之一,可以以纯内镜手术辅助手段的形式灵活使用,并可以配合导航、超声、激光等应用,以便更好地发挥微创的优势.手术适应证的选择仍是神经内镜手术成功的前提.神经内镜在处理梗阻性脑积水、颅内的囊性病变和血肿等方面有其独到的价值在大于2cm的实体瘤切除的应用中主要作为视觉辅助手段应用.随着器械的改进和经验的积累,神经内镜的应用将有更好的发展前景.     

经胼胝体-脉络膜裂入路的显微解剖学研究

目的 探讨经胼胝体-脉络膜裂入路的显微解剖学特征和临床应用价值.方法 显微镜下对12例成人尸头湿标本进行侧脑室、第三脑室区显微解剖,观察侧脑室、脉络丛、脉络膜裂及第三脑室顶的解剖学特点;在3例成人尸头新鲜标本上模拟经胼胝体-脉络膜裂入路手术,观察与本人路相关的重要解剖结构并测量相关距离.结果 脉络丛位于侧脑室底部内侧,脉络膜裂位于丘脑和穹窿之间,可借助与之相连的脉络丛进行辨认.切开脉络膜裂穹窿带到达第三脑室顶中间帆后,于两侧大脑内静脉间分离打开第三脑室顶即到达第三脑室腔.经测量,大脑内侧缘冠状缝处至胼胝体沟的距离为(39.12±3.94)mm,大脑内侧缘冠状缝处至室间孔的距离为(61.53±4.02)mm,室间孔后缘至穹窿与胼胝体融合处的距离为(28.65±2.23)mm,前后连合的距离为(25.94±2.16)mm,室间孔至乳头体的长度为(19.62±1.79)mm.结论 与其他手术人路相比,经胼胝体-脉络膜裂入路循自然裂隙进入第三脑室,具有路径直接、术野暴露广泛等特点,值得临床推广应用.     

经脉络膜裂相关手术入路

脉络膜裂是胚胎发育过程中脉络襞突入侧脑室构成脉络丛时形成的,是脑室的自然裂隙。经脉络膜裂的相关手术入路利用该裂隙,分别经脉络膜裂体部至三脑室,经三角部至四叠体池、松果体区以及经颞部至环池、脚池等脑深部结构,在充分处理病灶的前提下,将手术损伤降至最低。本文就相关手术入路作一概述。     

Choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle: Review and anatomic study highlighting anatomical variations

Relatively few studies have been performed that analyze the morphology of the choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle. Due to the importance of this tissue as a landmark on imaging and during surgical intervention of the fourth ventricle, the authors performed a cadaveric study to better characterize this important structure. The choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle of 60 formalin fixed adult human brains was examined and measured. The horizontal distance from the midline to the lateral most point of the protruding tip of the horizontal limbs was measured. In the majority of the 60 brain specimens, right and left horizontal limbs of the choroid plexus were seen extending from the midline and protruding out of their respective lateral apertures of the fourth ventricle and into the subarachnoid space. However, on 3.3% of sides, there was absence of an extension into the foramen of Luschka and in one specimen, this lack of extension into the foramen of Luschka was bilateral. On two sides, there was discontinuity between the midline choroid plexus and the tuft of choroid just outside the foramen of Luschka. For specimens in which the choroid plexus did protrude through the foramen of Luschka (96.7%), these tufts were located anterior to the flocculus and inferolateral to the facial/vestibulocochlear nerve complex and posterosuperior to the glossopharyngeal/vagal/accessory complex. A thorough understanding of the normal and variant anatomy of the fourth ventricular choroid plexus is necessary for those who operate in, or interpret imaging of, this region.     

Transcortical selective amygdalohippocampectomy technique through the middle temporal gyrus revisited: An anatomical study laboratory investigation

The anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL) and selective amygdalohippocampectomy (SelAH) have been used for surgical treatment of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. We examined the comprehensive white matter tract anatomy of the temporal lobe to gain an insight into the trans-middle temporal gyrus, a lateral approach which has been commonly used. The transmiddle temporal gyrus approach was performed in a stepwise manner on cadaveric human heads to examine the traversing white matter pathways through it and the structures located in the temporal horn. We reviewed the literature to compare the trans-middle temporal gyrus approach with other SelAH techniques based on surgical outcomes. There does not appear to be a significant difference in seizure outcome between SelAH and ATL. However, the SelAH provides a better neuropsychological outcomes than the ATL in selected patients. Each SelAH approach has individual advantages and disadvantages. Based on our anatomical study, in the transcortical amygdalohippocampectomy technique through the middle temporal gyrus the white matter pathways to be encountered. In the temporal horn, the collateral eminence, hippocampus, lateral ventricular sulcus, choroidal fissure, inferior choroidal point, choroid plexus, fimbria of the fornix, and amygdala are exposed. The subpial dissection is performed along the lateral ventricular sulcus from the collateral eminence on lateral side and from the choroidal fissure on medial side by microdissector for en bloc resection of the hippocampus proper. The trans-middle temporal gyrus approach is commonly used in treatment of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy patients. A better anatomical and functional understanding of the structures of the temporal lobe is crucial for safer and more accurate surgery.     

Tumors in the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle as a cause of epilepsy

Three neoplastic lesions located in the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle were diagnosed after the onset of seizures. Neither hydrocephalus nor temporal horn entrapment were present. The complete surgical removal of the tumor resulted in the disappearance of the epileptic episodes in 2 cases; the third patient refused surgery, and his lesion appears unmodified after a 3-year follow-up. Histological examination led to a diagnosis of choroid plexus papilloma in 1 case and of neurocytoma in the other; in the third case, the nonextracted lesion was presumed to be a partially calcified choroid plexus papilloma. The mechanism underlying the seizures in the 2 operated children is speculated to be a compression exerted upon the mesial temporal structures that form the medial wall of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricles; this compressive activity was resolved by removal of the tumor, and the epileptic episodes consequently disappeared in the 2 operated children; seizures were controlled by drugs in the third child.     

阿尔茨海默病和多发梗死性痴呆患者脑影像学改变与认知水平关系的分析研究

目的：研究AD和MID患者脑影像学改变与认知障碍之间的关系。方法：调查134例门诊和住院AD和MID患者，测定脑CT9项指标和MMSE11项因子，结果：AD组三，四脑室，基底池，外侧裂，前后角，脑沟及侧脑室的宽度大于MID组，时间地点定向力，语言即刻记忆，注意和计算及图形描画等5项因子分明低于MID组，AD组三，四脑室，前角和侧脑室宽度分别与地点定向，注意计算，阅读和语言理解因子分呈显著负相关；MID组后角，三脑室，侧脑室及脉络丛球部宽度分别与时间定向，阅读理解及图形描画因子分呈显著负相关，结论：AD患者脑室系统扩大和认知损害程度比MID患者严重而广泛。     

扩大经蝶窦入路颈内动脉海绵窦段显微镜、内镜下的解剖学研究

目的研究扩大经蝶窦入路颈内动脉海绵窦段的显微镜及内镜下的解剖特点。方法在10具动静脉灌注染料的成人新鲜尸头上模拟扩大经蝶窦手术入路，在显微镜及内镜下观察颈内动脉海绵窦段的走行特点，及颈内动脉海绵窦段与垂体的关系，测量双侧颈内动脉海绵窦段在不同水平的距离。结果颈内动脉海绵窦段分为5段，有3个动脉分支，其在蝶窦外侧壁上形成颈内动脉隆突，与视神经隆突形成视神经-颈动脉凹陷，是内镜手术中确定中线的标志。颈内动脉前曲段的内侧缘距垂体中线的距离为（11．94±1．90）mm（9．02～14．86mm），后曲段的内侧缘距垂体中线的平均距离为（7．96±2．07）mm（5．64～11．58mm）。结论颈内动脉海绵窦段是扩大经蝶窦手术入路中最重要的解剖结构。内镜下扩大经蝶窦手术可清晰显示海绵窦内的颈内动脉及其分支血管和神经等重要的组织结构，是处理由鞍内侵犯海绵窦内侧壁病变的良好手术方式。     

The angioarchitecture of the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle of the rabbit: A scanning electron microscopic study of vascular corrosion casts

The vascularization of the choroid plexus of the rabbit's lateral ventricle has been studied by scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts. Based on the vascular patterns discerned, the plexus was subdivided into 6 different parts: the inferior, lateral, central and superior parts, the free margin and the lingula. These differ in structure and localization. While the arterial supply of the inferior part is via the anterior choroidal artery, the central and superior part are supplied by the posterior choroidal arteries. Three main veins leave the plexus and drain to the basilar vein from the inferior part and to the internal cerebral vein from the inferior, central and superior part. Capillary diameters were typically 10-15 micron. Regular nodular thickenings up to 24 micron in diameter were seen in the free margin and the superior, lateral and inferior parts. 'Garland' shaped capillary configurations sheathing arteries as well as veins were found all over the plexus. It is suggested that these 6 different parts of the plexus described here may reflect functionally different areas.     

侧脑室内肿瘤显微手术治疗(附65例报告)

目的 总结侧脑室内肿瘤显微手术治疗的方法特点和所遇到的问题。方法 回顾分析近7年收治的65例侧脑室内肿瘤的病变特征、显微手术方法与问题、辅助治疗和结果等。结果 全切除52例，次全切除9例，部分切除4例。术后手术相关并发症：视野缺损8例、丘脑与基底节区水肿5例、暂时性不全偏瘫3例、失联系症状2例、平衡障碍2例、注意力缺损1例、暂时语言障碍1例。术后非手术入路相关并发症：脑积水11例，脑室内血肿6例，短暂意识障碍6例，脑室内感染3例，硬膜下血肿2例。手术死亡2例，长期昏迷1例。辅助治疗：放疗12例、化疗10例，放疗 化疗14例。随访6个月～8年，失访7例。术后6个月采用Kamofsky评分，80～90分42例，60～70分13例，40～50分2例，10～20分1例。结论 侧脑室内肿瘤以室管膜瘤、脑膜瘤、中枢神经细胞瘤、脉络丛乳头状瘤和星形细胞瘤多见，但各有好发的具体部位。多数起源位于脑室内，也可为脑室周围的结构向脑室突入所致。生长缓慢且发现时体积较大。显微手术为主要治疗方法，各手术入路都有手术难点和内在的并发症，其选择应根据病变的特征做决定。手术中争取全切，但不可强行全切，残留部分可接受放疗和／或化疗。     

Hydrocephalus due to cerebrospinal fluid overproduction by bilateral choroid plexus papillomas

Case report A 10-month-old boy, with congenital deafness and blindness associated with chromosomal deletion [46XY, del(13)(q32)], presented with intractable ascites 9 months after ventriculo-peritoneal shunting for congenital hydrocephalus. Revision of the ventriculo-atrial shunt resulted in shunt failure 1 month later. External ventricular drainage revealed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) overproduction (2,000 ml/day). Magnetic resonance imaging showed marked lobular enlargement of the bilateral choroid plexuses extending from the trigone to the body and inferior horn of the lateral ventricle. Multi-staged resection was performed via bilateral temporo-occipital transcortical approaches, and CSF production significantly decreased to 100 ml/day postoperatively. Histological assessment of the villous surface suggested villous hyperplasia of the choroid plexus and thorough evaluation including the proximal portion of the lobular lesion near the attachment revealed choroid plexus papilloma. He was discharged after ventriculo-peritoneal shunting without additional neurological deficits except for hyperreflexia of the left extremities.Conclusion CSF overproduction caused by bilateral choroid plexus papillomas can result in hydrocephalus. Radical resection of the bilateral ventricular lesions should be considered for this entity. Thorough evaluation of the surgical specimen is recommended because histological examination of only the lobular surface of the choroid plexus lesion may fail to identify choroid plexus neoplasm.     

环池的显微解剖和临床价值

目的探讨环池的显微解剖及其临床价值。方法利用20具（40侧）尸头标本,动、静脉分别用红蓝色乳胶灌注,模拟颞下入路,了解环池的显微解剖。对环池内的血管和神经走行及毗邻关系进行观察、测量。结果环池内的主要结构脉络膜前动脉、基底静脉、大脑后动脉及滑车神经。主要对基底静脉和滑车神经进行了观察和测量。在外侧膝状体处,基底静脉和大脑后动脉之间的距离为（4．86±1．25）mm。基底静脉大多位于大脑后动脉的上内侧,附于中脑的外侧,直径1．0～4．2mm。基底静脉在中脑外侧面的前缘、外侧膝状体、中脑外侧沟处基底静脉到小脑幕切迹的平均直线距离分别为（9．04±0．68）mm、（4．08±1．25）mm、（6．02±2．01）mm。滑车神经穿入处在后床突后外方（12．88±3．25）mm,在幕中潜行（6．78±1．88）mm。结论熟悉环池内的解剖结构,了解环池中的血管和神经走行,手术的过程中可以更好的保护血管、神经,减少出血及术后并发症。