Long-term levodopa therapy for torsion dystonia.

Observation of a 34-year-old woman receiving levodopa for familial torsion dystonia over a four-year period revealed that severe side effects (gastrointestinal problems, dyskinesias, cramps, anxiety) occurred with maximal dosage schedules during the first ten months of treatment. Thereafter, a gradual reduction of the daily dose to 1,500 mg of levodopa gave excellent relief of hypokinesia and rigidity with minimal adverse effects, including abolition of mild akinesia paradoxica which developed after 2 1/2 years of treatment.     

Brasofensine treatment for Parkinson's disease in combination with levodopa/carbidopa

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic properties of the dopamine transporter antagonist brasofensine (BMS-204756) in patients with Parkinson's disease receiving levodopa/carbidopa treatment. METHODS: A 4-period crossover study was performed in 8 men (mean age 66 y) with moderate Parkinson's disease (Hoehn-Yahr stage II-IV). A dose escalation study was used in which each patient was given a single oral dose of brasofensine 0.5, 1, 2, or 4 mg, which was coadministered with the patient's usual dose of levodopa/carbidopa. RESULTS: The maximum concentration (Cmax) values of brasofensine observed in plasma after oral administration were 0.35, 0.82, 2.14, and 3.27 ng/mL for the 0.5-, 1-, 2-, and 4-mg doses, respectively; these concentrations occurred 4 hours (time to Cmax) after administration in all cases. Exposure to brasofensine (based on AUC0-infinity) increased at a rate greater than proportional to dose. Based on the motor performance subscale of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, no change in patient disability was observed at any dose level. CONCLUSIONS: Brasofensine was safe and well tolerated in the patient cohort studied at daily doses of up to 4 mg. Adverse events were generally mild in intensity, and included headache, insomnia, phlebitis, dizziness, ecchymosis, and vomiting.     

Long-term treatment of myasthenia gravis with immunoadsorption

Acute treatment of myasthenic crisis with immunoadsorption (IA) or plasma exchange is well established. The efficiency of chronic apheresis therapy in myasthenia gravis (MG), however, and its efficacy in reducing concomitant potentially harmful immunosuppressive therapy, is unknown. We treated 13 patients with therapy-resistant MG or severe steroid or azathioprine therapy-related side effects, or both, with long-term IA [median, 38 (range: 16-59) months]. IA was performed every second day until partial remission was achieved (modified Osserman score <2). Subsequently, oral immunosuppressive therapy was reduced and the frequency of IA adapted to the clinical symptoms. After initiation of IA the mean (SEM) Osserman score decreased from 3.23 +/- 0.12 to 1.23 +/- 0.08 within 1 month (P < 0.01). Mean azathioprine dose was reduced concomitantly from 89 +/- 9.4 mg/day to 56 +/- 11 mg/day (P < 0.05), and mean prednisolone dose from 41 +/- 7.6 mg/day to 22 +/- 8.5 mg/day (P < 0.05). After 36 months the number of IA-sessions/month had been reduced from 4.81 +/- 0.24 to 2.64 +/- 0.4 (P < 0.05), the mean azathioprine dose to 25 +/- 17 mg/day and the mean prednisolone dose to 9 +/- 3.6 mg/day. Six out of thirteen patients were weaned from IA after a median of 33 (range, 16-50) months and a decrease of the Osserman score to 0.33 +/- 0.33. In these patients MG remained stable during a follow-up period of 28 (range, 16-38) months. We conclude that long-term IA enables the reduction of oral immunosuppressants in patients with contraindications or resistance to steroid and azathioprine therapy. Furthermore, almost 50% of the patients can be weaned from IA with then substantial lower need of further immunosuppressive therapy.