Evaluation of IgG4 response in ascariasis by ELISA for serodiagnosis

The excretory/secretory (ES) antigen(s) of Ascaris lumbricoides was fractionated into 10 fractions by gel chromatography on a Suparose 12 column in FPLC. Of these, the third fraction (Al III), showing binding activity with both IgE and IgG antibodies of A. lumbricoides infected patients' sera, was further resolved into 2 fractions (Al IIIa and Al IIIb) on passage through a Mono Q column. Al IIIb was found to be the most potent antigen due to its high binding affinity with IgE and IgG antibodies of Ascaris infected patients as evidenced by ELISA inhibition. Although a two to five-fold increase of serum IgE level was observed in all helminthic parasite infected patients studied compared to control subjects, Al IIIb specific IgE was detected in sera of all Ascaris infected and only 40% of hookworm infected patients. When Al IIIb was tested by ELISA with sera of control subjects, Ascaris, hookworm, Strongyloides and Trichuris infected patients, strong binding was observed with the IgE and also IgG of all the Ascaris infected patients; however, it cross-reacted with IgG in 50% of hookworm, 28.6% of Trichuris trichura and 22.2% of Strongyloides infected patients' sera; but with IgE only in 40% of hookworm infected patients' sera. Further study showed specific detection of IgG₄ in all the serum samples of 65 Ascaris infected patients when Al IIIb antigen was allowed to react with different subclasses of IgG by ELISA, giving a sensitivity of 100%. Reactivities of Al IIIb with IgG₁, and IgG₃, were only 47.6 and 11.8% respectively and there was no reactivity with IgG₂, subclass. No IgG₄ reactivity against Al IIIb was observed in the sera of hookworm, Trichuris or Strongyloides infected patients and was similar to that observed with control subjects showing the 100% specificity of the test system. This study may therefore be regarded as a novel technique for serodiagnosis of ascariasis by measuring Ascaris specific IgG₄.     

肺炎支原体感染与过敏性紫癜患儿免疫功能的关系研究

目的探讨肺炎支原体(Mycoplasma pneumoniae,MP)感染与过敏性紫癜患儿免疫功能的关系。方法选择2014年1月至2019年1月期间秦皇岛市第一医院住院及门诊就诊及复诊的过敏性紫癜患儿145例作为研究对象。根据MP-IgM水平将患儿分为MP感染组(MP-IgM≥1:80,)和非MP感染组(MP-IgM<1:80)。采用被动凝集法测定MP-IgM水平,采用流式细胞术测定外周血淋巴细胞亚群(CD3^+、CD4^+、CD8^+、CD19^+、CD16^+56),采用免疫散射比浊法测定免疫球蛋白(IgA、IgM、IgG)和血清补体C3、C4水平,比较两组免疫功能的差异。结果MP感染组CD3^+、CD4^+、CD4^+/CD8^+、CD^+明显低于非MP感染组,CD8^+、CD16^+56明显高于非MP感染组,P<0.05。MP感染组IgA、IgM、IgG、C3、C4水平明显低于非MP感染组,P<0.05。结论MP感染与过敏性紫癜患儿免疫功能具有紧密的关系,其是导致过敏性紫癜患儿免疫功能降低的主要原因之一。     

Infection by Ascaris lumbricoides and bronchial hyper reactivity: an outstanding association in Venezuelan school children from endemic areas

Asthma and other respiratory diseases have increased in the last years among Venezuelan children from helminthic endemic areas where the infection by Ascaris lumbricoides has been associated to bronchial airway inflammation in parasitized individuals. The aim of this work was to investigate the possible associations between the development of bronchial hyper reactivity and the immune response against A. lumbricoides in urban and rural children. We evaluated 470 school children from rural and urban communities. Pulmonary function tests were performed and >or=20% PC(20) changes were considered as a positive diagnostic of bronchial hyper reactivity. The prevalence and intensity of A. lumbricoides infection was determined by faecal examination. Specific serum IgE levels using a modified ELISA and skin prick tests against A. lumbricoides and the common allergen Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus were done. The number of circulating lymphocyte sub populations was determined by flow cytometry analysis. In rural children, bronchial hyper reactivity was associated with increased specific levels of anti-A. lumbricoides IgE (p<0.0001) and skin test positivity for A. lumbricoides (p<0.0001). The percentage of FEV1 predictive values correlated inversely (p<0.0001) with anti-A. lumbricoides IgE levels. Elevated numbers of circulating CD3+CD4+ and CD20+CD23+ cells were found in rural children with bronchial hyper reactivity compared to their asymptomatic counterparts. They correlated positively with anti-A. lumbricoides IgE levels (p<0.005 and <0.0001, respectively). In contrast, in urban children, bronchial hyper reactivity was associated with elevated anti-D. pteronyssinus IgE levels (p=0. 0089), skin hyper reactivity towards this aero allergen (p=0.003) and to an increase in the number of CD3+CD8+ (p<0.0001). Our results suggest that the IgE response against A. lumbricoides infection may be involved in the development of bronchial hyper reactivity among rural children from endemic areas and also that improved hygienic conditions in the urban environment is associated with increased responses to airborne allergens.     

蠕虫感染与哮喘关系的研究进展

Strachan提出的卫生学假说认为：卫生条件的改善使人们在儿童期接触感染性疾病的机会减少，使哮喘等过敏性疾病的发病率上升。近年来，蠕虫感染与哮喘之间的关系已引起研究者的广泛关注。该文就蠕虫感染与哮喘之间IgE水平的变化及细胞因子的关系进行综述。     

Beta-adrenergic receptors of lymphocytes in children with allergic respiratory diseases

The beta-adrenergic receptor binding sites on peripheral lymphocytes in children with bronchial asthma (n = 16) and seasonal allergic rhinitis (n = 8) were examined in comparison with normal controls (n = 18) by means of 124I-cyanopindolol. The number of beta-adrenergic receptors was significantly lower in the asthmatic group (858 +/- 460/lymphocyte) than in the controls (1564 +/- 983/lymphocyte). The value (1891 +/- 1502/lymphocyte in children with allergic rhinitis was slightly higher than that in healthy controls. Of the 24 patients suffering from allergic diseases of the lower or upper airways, the bronchial histamine provocation test was performed in 21; 16 gave positive results, while 5 were negative. No difference in beta-adrenergic receptor count was found between the histamine-positive and negative patients. Neither was there any correlation between the number of beta-adrenergic receptors and the high (16/24) and low (8/24) serum IgE concentrations found in allergic patients. The significant decrease in beta-adrenergic receptor count in asthmatic children lends support to Szentiványi's concept. Further qualitative and quantitative analysis of lymphocyte beta-adrenergic receptors may provide an individual approach to the treatment of bronchial asthma with beta-sympathomimetic drugs.     

IL-5及其在过敏性疾病和寄生虫感染免疫中的作用

IL-5是一种T细胞产生的细胞因子,它可以激活可转化为终末细胞的B细胞成为免疫球蛋白产生细胞.IL-5除了由抗原刺激的Th2细胞产生外,也可以由过敏原或IgE复合物刺激的肥大细胞产生.IL-5与抗CD38结合作为B细胞增殖时的共刺激分子发挥促进B细胞分化作用.IL-5对嗜酸性粒细胞的影响主要表现在分化、迁移、活化和存活等4个方面.在过敏性疾病及寄生虫感染造成的病理损伤中,IL-5也发挥重要作用,因此,以IL-5为靶标的治疗手段也日益受到重视,并已获得初步成果.     

IgE cross-reactivity between Ascaris lumbricoides and mite allergens: possible influences on allergic sensitization and asthma

Nematode infections such as Ascariasis are important health problems in underdeveloped countries, most of them located in the tropics where environmental conditions also promote the perennial co-exposure to high concentrations of domestic mite allergens. Allergic diseases are common, and most of patients with asthma exhibit a predominant and strong IgE sensitization to mites. It is unknown whether co-exposure to Ascaris lumbricoides and the domestic mites Blomia tropicalis and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus potentiates Th2 responses and IgE sensitization, thereby modifying the natural history of allergy. Recently, we obtained experimental evidence of a high cross-reactivity between the allergenic extracts of these invertebrates, involving well-known allergens such as tropomyosin and glutathione transferases. There is indirect evidence suggesting that the clinical impact of these findings may be important. In this review, we discuss the potential role of this cross-reactivity on several aspects of allergy in the tropics that have been a focus of a number of investigations, some of them with controversial results.     

日本血吸虫感染对OVA诱导的小鼠过敏反应的影响

目的研究蠕虫感染对过敏性哮喘的影响。方法将15只BALB/c小鼠随机分成3组,每组5只。Ⅰ组为血吸虫感染后OVA致敏组,Ⅱ组为单纯OVA致敏组,Ⅲ组为正常对照组。Ⅰ组小鼠首先建立日本血吸虫感染模型,于感染后第57~84d,与Ⅱ组小鼠一起以OVA(卵清白蛋白)诱导建立过敏性哮喘模型,第85d剖杀全部小鼠,收集脾脏、肺脏和支气管肺泡灌洗液。制备支气管肺泡灌洗液涂片以计数其中各类细胞;制备肺组织切片以检查肺部病理变化;培养脾细胞以检测培养上清中相关细胞因子水平。另外,还要检测支气管肺泡灌洗液中相关细胞因子水平。结果与Ⅱ组相比,Ⅰ组小鼠肺部嗜酸粒细胞数量显著减少(P<0.05),肺部炎症明显减轻(P<0.05),支气管肺泡灌洗液和脾细胞培养上清中IL-4和IL-5水平均降低(P<0.05),而IFN-γ水平无明显改变(P>0.05)。结论日本血吸虫感染对OVA诱导的过敏性哮喘有抑制作用。     

蠕虫感染与过敏性和自身免疫性疾病

许多研究发现蠕虫感染后虫源性分子诱导免疫细胞形成免疫调节网络,介导免疫抑制,从而抑制过敏性和自身免疫性疾病。寄生虫可以通过诱导免疫调节细胞活化和产生细胞因子发挥抑制效应,从而影响其他免疫相关疾病。然而,蠕虫感染与免疫相关疾病之间的调节机制尚无明确的结论。一些蠕虫感染可以保护和控制过敏性疾病,而另一些蠕虫却加剧疾病的免疫病理损害。     

变应性鼻炎鼻黏膜组织中长链非编码RNA-RTL1表达及临床意义

目的 探讨变应性鼻炎(allergic rhinitis,AR)鼻黏膜组织中长链非编码RNA-RTL1(long non-coding RNA-RTL1,lnc-RTL1)的表达水平及其与AR患者各项临床指标的相关性.方法 收集48例患者的血液样本与鼻黏膜组织标本,其中AR患者(AR组)25例,对照组(单纯患有鼻中隔偏...     

Parasite-specific IL-4 responses in Ascaris suum and Trichuris suis-infected pigs evaluated by ELISPOT

The objective of the present study was to develop an ELISPOT method to measure parasite-specific IL-4 producing cells during experimental Ascaris suum and Trichuris suis infections in pigs. In many experimental settings it is useful to be able to measure changes in specifically induced cytokines over time at post-mRNA level; in particular, specific measurement of IL-4 is important for studies on nematodes due to the key function of IL-4 in driving the Th2 response. Two separate experiments were carried out, one with A. suum and other with T. suis infection in which we were able to measure statistically significant increases in specific IL-4 production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells over time in parallel to an increase in blood eosinophils. Furthermore, IL-4 was measured in the colon lymph node of T. suis-infected pigs. Egg excretion and worm burdens at necropsy were measured. The ELISPOT method is a valuable tool for future experimental settings as it enables repeated and parasite-specific measurement of IL-4 at protein level when investigating, for example, immunomodulatory properties of helminths. Furthermore, the method could be used to identify specific parasite antigens inducing IL-4 production.     

过敏性输血反应的原因分析及检测方法

<正>免疫相关非溶血性输血反应包括过敏反应、发热反应、输血后紫癜、输血相关移植物抗宿主病,输血相关急性肺损伤等。其中过敏反应发生率在近年来国内外报道中均高于其他种类输血反应。输血相关过敏反应(allergic transfusion reactions,ATRs)的临床表现症状有:荨麻疹、瘙痒、皮肤红斑、潮红、血管性水肿、支气管痉挛、肺水肿、血压下降以及过敏性休克等,一些症状主要累及局部组织器官发生过敏性炎症,药物治疗有效,但也会存在     

Schistosoma haematobium infection levels determine the effect of praziquantel treatment on anti-schistosome and anti-mite antibodies

Field studies show an association between schistosome infection and atopy, but the effects of anti-helminthic treatment on this association have not yet been investigated in human populations with different schistosome endemicity levels. This study aimed to compare the effects of anti-helminthic treatment on responses directed against the house dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Derp1) and Schistosoma haematobium in Zimbabwean populations living in high and low schistosome infection areas. Derp1- and schistosome-specific IgE and IgG4 antibodies were quantified by ELISA before and 6 weeks after anti-helminthic treatment. Following treatment, there were changes in the immune responses, which varied with place of residence. After allowing for the effects of sex, age and baseline infection intensity, there was no significant treatment effect on the change in anti-schistosome IgE and IgG4 in the high infection area. However, the anti-schistosome IgE/IgG4 ratio increased significantly, while anti-Derp1 IgE responses decreased as a result of treatment. In the low infection area, treatment resulted in a significant increase in anti-worm IgE levels, but there was no significant treatment effect on anti-schistosome or anti-Derp1 IgE/IgG4 ratios. Thus, the study shows that the level of schistosome endemicity affects the host responses to schistosome and mite antigens following anti-helminthic treatment.     

Immuno-epidemiology of Ascaris lumbricoides infection in a high transmission community: antibody responses and their impact on current and future infection intensity

The role of the humoral immune system in human infection with Ascaris lumbricoides remains unclear. This study documents an epidemiological investigation in a highly endemic community in Vietnam, whereby serum antibody levels were assessed before treatment and after a 6-month reinfection period. These data were examined by correlation with infection status using an age-structured approach in an attempt to help shed light on the role of the humoral immune response. The first part of this study characterized levels of all serum antibody isotypes from the community in response to antigens of both adult and larval A. lumbricoides. Data were assessed in terms of their relation to host age and infection intensity with the aim to provide a broadly detailed account of immune responses to the parasite. In the second part, antibody responses to both life-stages of A. lumbricoides in serum samples collected before anthelmintic chemotherapy were analysed in relation to intensity of re-infection with the parasite 6 months following treatment. The results suggest that antibody responses may not confer protection from current infection or re-infection with A. lumbricoides and may not serve as reliable indicators of future infection intensity. Our results thereby lend support to the theory that immunity to A. lumbricoides may not be based on the humoral immune system.     

Association of serum specific IgE levels with asthma in autumn pollen-induced allergic rhinitis: A retrospective analysis

Background: Artemisia and Humulus pollen are the two most important aeroallergens of autumn allergies in North China. Cross-sectional data in 2001 have shown that allergic rhinitis often preceded or occurred at the same time as asthma in patients with autumn pollinosis in North China. Objective: We used this cross-sectional data to investigate the association of serum specific IgE (sIgE) levels to Humulus and/or Artemisia pollen with the onset of asthma in patients with autumn pollen-induced allergic rhinitis. Methods: 1096 patients with autumn pollinosis were face-to-face interviewed and underwent sIgE tests to Artemisia and Humulus. The temporal sequence of allergic rhinitis and asthma was documented. 1013 patients were positive to Artemisia and/or Humulus by sIgE. Multinomial logistic regression and survival analysis were used to examine the potential implication of sIgE levels for the progression of asthma in autumn pollen-induced allergic rhinitis. Results: Of the 1013 participants with a positive sIgE test to Artemisia and/or Humulus, 563 (55.6%) had a history of allergic rhinitis which preceded or occurred at the same time as asthma. 450 (44.4%) had allergic rhinitis alone. After controlling of sex, age at onset of allergic rhinitis, and parental asthma, the risk of developing asthma increased with the levels of sIgE to both Artemisia and Humulus (p < 0.05). In Kaplan–Meier analysis, IgE classes 5–6 to Humulus or Artemisia increased the risk of asthma development (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Autumn pollen-induced allergic rhinitis often coexists with seasonal asthma. The incidence of asthma is more pronounced when the sIgE level was higher.     

Treatment of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) in CF with anti‐IgE antibody (omalizumab)

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) results from IgE induced pulmonary response to aspergillus species. Recognition and management of ABPA is challenging in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients because changes in symptoms, lung function and chest radiograph are similar to that seen in CF related pulmonary infection. Standard therapy for ABPA includes systemic steroids and adjunctive use of antifungal agents. Little has been published regarding the use of monoclonal anti‐IgE antibody in those with ABPA. We report a CF patient with her third exacerbation of ABPA who was treated with monoclonal anti‐IgE (omalizumab) antibody; she had unfavorable side effects with prednisone therapy. This therapy resulted in improvement of pulmonary symptoms and lung function not achieved with antibiotics or prednisone alone. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2008; 43:1249–1251. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

IFN-γ和IL-4抗卡氏肺孢子虫感染作用的研究

目的研究细胞因子IFN-γ和IL-4的抗卡氏肺孢子虫感染作用.方法分别用IFN-γ或IL-4基因敲除的C57BL/6小鼠(各15只作为动物模型)与未经基因敲除的C57BL/6小鼠(15只作感染对照组),以密切接触的方式,使小鼠自然感染卡氏肺孢子虫;同时设非感染组15只小鼠作阴性对照.分别于3、5和7 wk后观察各组小鼠肺内虫体数量、肺部CD4+、CD8+T细胞反应以及血清中卡氏肺孢子虫特异性IgG抗体滴度.分析基因敲除鼠对卡氏肺孢子虫的易感性.结果IFN-γ基因敲除小鼠肺内虫体数量明显高于IL-4基因敲除小鼠(P＜0.05)和对照组小鼠,而IL-4基因敲除小鼠肺内虫体数量与对照组无显著性差异(P＞0.05).T细胞亚群分析表明,两种基因敲除小鼠的CD4+和CD8+T细胞反应曲线与感染度呈正相关.而IgG抗体滴度,3组接触感染鼠均逐渐呈不同程度上升.结论IFN-γ在小鼠抗卡氏肺孢子虫中起重要作用,但缺少IL-4基因的小鼠对肺孢子虫感染的影响不明显.