致心律失常性右心室心肌病的心电图进展

致心律失常性右心室心肌病（ARVC）为遗传性心肌病,1905年由Oslen首次报道;1978年由法国学者Frank Fontaine命名为致心律失常性右心室发育不良（ARVD）;1995年WHO正式归于心肌病范畴,命名为ARVC;2006年新颁布的心肌病分类将ARVC归属于遗传性原发性心肌病。     

致心律失常性右心室心肌病的进展

致心律失常性右心室心肌病 (ARVC) ,亦称致心律失常性右心室发育不良 (ARVD) ,最早于 1 961年由 Dalla Volta描述[1] ,但作为疾病由 Frank,Fontaine等于 1 978年首先定名 [2 ]。被定义为累及右心室的原因不明心肌病 ,右心室游离壁进行性地为纤维脂肪组织所取代 ;常发生继发于电不稳定的室性心律失常。本病于 1 995年被列入世界卫生组织和国际心脏病学会联合会的心肌病分类中。定义为右心室正常心肌进行性逐渐被纤维脂肪组织所取代。早期呈典型的区域性 ,晚期可累及整个右心室甚至部分左心室 ,累及室间隔相对较少。家族性发病常见 ,为常…     

致心律失常性右心室心肌病的流行病学研究和家系随访

目的　通过收集致心律失常性右心室心肌病 (arrhythmogenicrightventricularcardiomyopathy ,ARVC)的散发人群资料和随访ARVC家系 ,提供ARVC的流行病学资料并发现病情变化 ,寻找疾病规律。方法　统计就诊 33例ARVC患者的流行病学资料。分别随访 2个ARVC家系 3 5年和 4 5年。询问随访前后每一家系成员病史 ,做心电图、二维超声心动图和心室晚电位 ,必要时进行 2 4h动态心电图检查 ,了解病情变化。根据欧洲心脏病学会诊断标准作出诊断。结果　 33例ARVC患者中男性 18例 ,女性 15例 ,平均诊断年龄 (4 2 8± 14 9)岁 ,2 0～ 6 0岁者占 88%。随访的第 1个家系共有 2例患者 ,均猝死。另 1个家系随访结束后共发现 11例患者。随访中患者症状无明显变化 ,但 2名家系成员新确诊患病 ;1例患者心室晚电位变为阳性 ;1例患者心电图右胸前导联T波倒置导联数增加 ,3例T波倒置由右胸前导联向左胸前导联扩展 ,3例T波异常累及右胸前导联和左胸前导联 ;1例患者Epsilon波增宽 ,1例患者新出现Epsilon波 ;4例患者V1 导联QRS时限增加。扩展调查此家系又发现 2例患者和高度怀疑的 1例患者 ,先证者外祖父母为近亲结婚。结论　ARVC男女发病率相似 ,好发于青壮年 ;是一进展性疾病 ,虽是右心室疾病 ,可能多有侵犯左心室 ,易致猝死     

中国致心律失常性右心室心肌病患者常见基因突变检测及临床分析

目的：确定中国致心律失常性右心室心肌病（ARVC）患者相关基因突变的患病率,并探索潜在的基因型-表型关系。方法：根据2010年修订的国际专家组的ARVC诊断标准,对32例有症状且临床诊断为ARVC的汉族患者的基因型和表型进行研究。结果：18例（18/32,56.3%）患者中发现了4个桥粒基因PKP2、desmoplakin(DSP)、desmoglein-2 (DSG2)、desmocollin-2(DSC2)中17个突变,包括6个新突变（6/17,35.3%）;非桥粒基因未发现突变。32例患者检测到的突变中,PKP2突变11例（11/32,34.4%）,DSP突变3例（3/32,9.4%）,DSG2突变3例（3/32,9.4%）,DSC2突变4例（4/32,12.5%）。5例（5/32,15.6%）患者出现多个突变。基因型-表型分析未显示携带突变患者与未携带患者的任何差别。结论：PKP2突变是本组ARVC队列中最常见的突变基因,在本研究中未发现非桥粒基因突变。     

致心律失常性右心室心肌病室性心动过速的治疗进展

致心律失常性右心室心肌病(arrhythmogenic rightventricular cardiomyopathy,ARVC)是临床上最常见的可致猝死的器质性心脏病。该病曾被误认为是心肌发育不良而被称为致心律失常性右心室发育不良(ar-rhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia,ARVD)。随后的临床研究证实是右心     

致心律失常性右心室心肌病一家系报告

目的 探讨家族性致心律失常性右心室心肌病的心电图特点。方法报道致心律失常性右心室心肌病患者一家系并结合文献分析其特点。结果本家系中右心室心肌病的发病率很高,男女患病比例相仿,疾病的表现度有较大的可变性,有时可无症状。先证者心电图发现Epsilon波且以V3R最为明显,所有患者V1～V3QRS波群终末部均有挫折,QRS时间均〉110ms,V3～V4均有T波倒置现象。结论致心律失常性右心室心肌病存在明显的遗传倾向,临床上以室性心律失常及猝死为主要表现,心电图具有相对特征性改变。     

致心律失常性右心室心肌病的心电图特征

目的探讨国人致心律失常性右心室心肌病患者临床心电图特征。方法分析32例致心律失常性右心室心肌病患者体表心电图各项参数。结果心电图记录到Epsilon波12例,QRS时间（V1＋V2＋V3）／（V4＋V5＋V6）≥1.2共15例,终末激动时间延长17例,出现QRS波群碎裂23例,可见异常Q波8例,V1～V3T波倒置且不存在束支传导阻滞14例,完全性右束支传导阻滞3例,不完全性右束支传导阻滞1例。28例记录到室性心动过速。结论Epsilon波、QRS时间（V1＋V2＋V3）／（V4＋V5＋V6）≥1.2、终末激动时间延长≥55ms及QRS波群碎裂是致心律失常性右心室心肌病特征性的体表心电图改变。     

致心律失常性右心室心肌病患者桥粒斑蛋白基因突变和单核苷酸多态性检测

目的 调查致心律失常性右心室心肌病（ARVC）患者桥粒斑蛋白（DSP）基因突变和单核苷酸多态性（SNPs）发生率.方法 对初步诊断为ARVC的50例患者采用2010年新诊断标准予以重新评估.应用聚合酶链式反应（PCR）扩增DSP基因全部外显子片段并测序,病例组测序结果与198例正常对照组进行比对分析.结果 37例符合ARVC确诊病例,9例为临界诊断病例,另有4例为疑似诊断病例.确诊病例中有5例（14％）携带5种DSP基因突变,既往均未见报道,包括4种错义突变和1种无义突变,临界诊断与疑似诊断病例均未检出DSP基因突变.同时检出4个非同义SNPs位点,其等位基因频率在对照组和病例组间差异无统计学意义.结论 本组ARVC患者DSP基因突变检出率为14％,且均为新发现突变.DSP基因外显子区域的4个SNPs位点可能与ARVC的发病无相关性.     

致心律失常性右室心肌病新观点

随着对致心律失常性右室心肌病(arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy,ARVC)研究的进展,目前已不再认为ARVC只是桥粒蛋白基因突变引起的一种累及右室的遗传性心肌病.ARVC可以由非桥粒蛋白的多种基因突变或非遗传因素引起,并且可以首先累及左室.因此,2019年制定ARVC诊断标准的国际专家组提出了该病的新的临床分型,并对2010年的诊断标准作出了新的评价.本文就ARVC的临床分型、致病基因、诊断及治疗研究进展等方面进行综述.     

右心室壁传导阻滞在致心律失常性右心室心肌病诊断中的地位

目的 探讨右心室壁传导阻滞(parietal block)在致心律失常性右心室心肌病(arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia,ARVC)诊断标准中的适用性.方法 回顾性分析可疑ARVC先证者62例的临床评估资料,项目包括性别、心电图、24 h动态心电图、超声心动图.对比分析...     

Genetics of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy

Recent advances in molecular genetics of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVD) are reviewed. In particular, the finding of mutations in the gene coding for cardiac ryanodine receptor (hRYR2), both in patients affected with ARVD2 and in patients affected with catecholaminergic ventricular arrhythmias or with familial ventricular tachyarrhythmia, is discussed. Novel data support the hypothesis that apoptosis may be a key step in molecular pathogenesis of ARVDs. A series of studies on drugs with apparent protective effect against apoptosis in myocardial cells might open new perspectives in the therapeutic approach.     

致心律失常性右心室心肌病致病基因研究进展

致心律失常性右心室心肌病（arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy,ARVC）是一种遗传性心肌病,好发于青少年,国外报道发病率为0．2‰-4．4‰,男性居多。病理特征为右心室心肌逐渐被脂肪和纤维脂肪组织替代,导致右心室的结构和功能异常,尚可累及室间隔及左心室游离壁。     

Risk stratification in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is a genetic cardiomyopathy characterized by myocyte death and fibrofatty replacement mostly in the right ventricle. It is a leading cause of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in individuals under the age of 35 years. The main goal in the treatment of the disease is the prevention of SCD. An implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) is the only proven life-saving therapeutic option able to improve survival in ARVC patients. This therapy is not free from side effects and it accounts for a relatively high rate of morbidity because of the occurrence of inappropriate ICD interventions and of complications, both at implantation and during the follow-up. In recent years, the approach to ICD implantation has been changing on the basis of new emerging data on risk stratification. The usefulness of ICD implantation for secondary prevention has been definitively proven; the most challenging question is how to treat patients with no history of previous cardiac arrest or hemodynamically unstable ventricular tachycardia (VT). The value of ECG abnormalities, syncope, VT, and right/left ventricular involvement as predictors of SCD has been assessed in different studies with the purpose of better defining risk stratification in ARVC. Nevertheless, in spite of the growing amount of data, primary prevention in ARVC patients remains mostly an individual decision.     

A case of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy

The present report describes a 40-year-old woman with a long history of monomorphic ventricular tachycardia and left bundle branch block. She was treated with various antiarrhythmic agents; ventricular tachycardia ablation was attempted and an automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator was implanted. Three-dimensional echocardiography clearly demonstrated features of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, including marked right ventricular (RV) dilation, decreased RV systolic function and thinning of the RV free wall. Other RV morphological abnormalities included excessive trabeculations and a localized apical aneurysm. Two years later, the patient developed symptoms of congestive heart failure. Despite maximal medical therapy, her clinical condition continued to deteriorate and she was referred for heart transplantation. Results of the pathology of her explanted heart confirmed this rare diagnosis. She presented with an unusual clinical course for arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, which was complicated by progressive congestive heart failure and ultimately required heart transplantation. Three-dimensional echocardiography identified the structural abnormalities related to this rare disease.     

Echocardiographic assessment of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy

OBJECTIVE—To evaluate new echocardiographic modes in the diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC).
DESIGN—Prospective observational study.
SETTING—University Hospital.
SUBJECTS—15 patients with ARVC and a control group of 25 healthy subjects.
METHODS—Transthoracic echocardiography included cross sectional measurements of the right ventricular outflow tract, right ventricular inflow tract, and right ventricular body. Wall motion was analysed subjectively. M mode and pulsed tissue Doppler techniques were used for quantitative measurement of tricuspid annular motion at the lateral, septal, posterior, and anterior positions. Doppler assessment of tricuspid flow and systemic venous flow was also performed.
RESULTS—Assessed by M mode, the total amplitude of the tricuspid annular motion was significantly decreased in the lateral, septal, and posterior positions in the patients compared with the controls. The tissue Doppler velocity pattern showed decreased early diastolic peak annular (E_A) velocity and an accompanying decrease in early (E_A) to late diastolic (A_A) velocity ratio in all positions; the systolic annular velocity was significantly decreased only in the lateral position. Four patients had normal right ventricular dimensions and three were judged to have normal right ventricular wall motion. The patient group had also a significantly decreased tricuspid flow E:A ratio.
CONCLUSIONS—Tricuspid annular measurements are valuable, easy to obtain, and allow quantitative assessment of right ventricular function. ARVC patients showed an abnormal velocity pattern that may be an early but non-specific sign of the disease. Normal right ventricular dimensions do not exclude ARVC, and subjective detection of early changes in wall motion may be difficult.


Keywords: annular motion; diastolic dysfunction; right ventricular function; tissue Doppler     

致心律失常性右心室心肌病的造影诊断

目的 评价心血管造影术(angiocardiography,ACG)对致心律失常性右心室心肌病(arrhythmogenicright ventricular cardiomyopathy,ARVC)的诊断价值和限度.方法 对11例临床确诊ARVC的患者行左心室、右心室造影,观察其形态及运动功能(特别是漏斗流出道、心尖小梁部以及下壁).结果 11例均行右心室造影,形态上表现为漏斗流出道扩张,其中7例为局限性扩张,3例为局限性扩张并囊袋状突出,1例为局限性扩张并叠盘状影;心尖小梁部8例叠盘状影,2例囊袋状突出,1例叠盘状影并囊袋状突出;下壁9例囊袋状突出,1例叠盘状影,1例囊袋状突出并叠盘状影.在运动功能异常方面,运动减弱最明显,分别见于漏斗流出道8/11,心尖小梁部10/11,下壁10/11;其次为无运动,分别发生在漏斗流出道2/11,心尖小梁部1/11,下壁1/11.1例还另行左心室造影,表现为:小梁粗大,心尖囊袋状突起,切迹,室间隔光滑.结论 右心室造影,征象明确,只要抓住发育不良三角形态及功能变化,就能作出正确诊断.ACG是ARVC诊断和鉴别诊断的重要依据.