上海市闵行区65479例0～3岁婴幼儿智能发育筛查结果分析

目的 了解上海市闵行区0～3岁婴幼儿智能发育情况和影响小儿智能发育的相关因素,为今后的早期干预及保健指导提供相关依据。方法 研究对象为2018年9月1日—2019年8月31日期间在闵行区各社区卫生服务中心进行0～3岁系统保健并接受过12月龄、24月龄及36月龄丹佛智能发育筛查(DDSD)量表筛查的儿童,分析筛查结果及其相关影响因素。结果 上海市闵行区接受DDSTⅡ筛查的65 479例婴幼儿中,筛查正常者64 565例(占98.6%),可疑569例(占0.87%),异常345例(占0.53%)。筛查结果显示,男童DDSTⅡ测试可疑/异常结果是女童的1.842倍(χ²=48.182,P<0.01),24月龄、36月龄婴幼儿DDSTⅡ测试可疑/异常检出率分别是12月龄婴幼儿的1.006倍和1.002倍(24月龄vs. 12月龄,χ²=26.838,P<0.01;36月龄vs. 12月龄,χ²=4.044,P<0.05)。单因素分析结果显示,DDSTⅡ筛查阳性与父母亲的生育年龄、文化程度、母亲的分娩方式以及婴幼...     

昆明市4611例0～6岁儿童丹佛发育筛查结果分析

目的 分析昆明市0～6岁儿童智能发育状况,探究影响儿童智能发育的相关因素。方法 选取2019年1月—2020年1月在昆明市妇幼保健院进行儿童丹佛发育筛查(DDST)的0～6岁儿童4 611例为研究对象,收集其DDST结果,通过问卷调查分析影响智能发育的相关因素。结果 昆明市4611例0～6岁儿童丹佛筛查阳性209例,阳性率为4.53%。不同年龄、性别及胎次儿童筛查阳性率比较,差异均无统计学意义(χ²=5.569、0.562及1.033,均P>0.05)。不同出生体质量、不同分娩方式、出生时是否发生窒息、是否伴有先天缺陷及是否发生惊厥儿童筛查阳性率比较,差异均有统计学意义(χ²=44.324、5.613、9.264及22.444,均P<0.05);不同的分娩方式儿童筛查阳性率比较,差异无统计学意义(χ²=4.495,P>0.05)。结论 DDST能够发现早期的儿童智能发育异常,分析影响儿童智能发育的因素有利于进行预防控制,从而降低儿童智能发育障碍产生率。     

精液参数及精子来源对妊娠结局的影响

目的探讨精液参数及精子来源对卵胞浆内单精子注射(ICSI)妊娠结局的影响。 方法选择2009年1月至2013年12月,在内蒙古医科大学附属医院妇产科生殖医学中心接受ICSI治疗的303对不育夫妇,共计324个周期的临床病历资料为研究对象。根据取卵当日精液参数及精子来源不同,将这324个ICSI周期分为正常精液组(精液参数及精子来源正常,56个周期)和研究组(精液参数或精子来源异常,268个周期),其中精液参数异常包括极度少精子症亚组(43个周期),极度弱精子症亚组(21个周期),极度少、弱精子症亚组(33个周期)及中/重度少、弱精子症亚组(113个周期);精子来源异常包括睾丸穿刺精子亚组(25个周期)及附睾穿刺精子亚组(33个周期),共计6个研究亚组。回顾性分析324个周期的临床病历资料,分别将上述6个研究亚组的受精率,正常受精率,卵裂率、可移植胚胎率、优质胚胎率、临床妊娠率及胚胎种植率与正常精液组进行统计学分析。7组(6个研究亚组及正常精液组)受试者之间年龄、不孕年限、获卵数、MⅡ卵率及平均移植胚胎数等一般资料比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。本研究遵循的程序符合内蒙古医科大学附属医院人体试验委员会所制定的伦理学标准,得到该委员会批准,分组征得受试对象本人的知情同意,并与之签署临床研究知情同意书。 结果①受精率比较：极度少精子症亚组,极度少、弱精子症亚组,睾丸穿刺精子亚组及附睾穿刺精子亚组分别为65.1%,78.4%,71.8%及76.6%,均显著低于正常精液组的81.0%,且差异均有统计学意义(χ²＝48.349,P＝0.000;χ²＝5.800,P＝0.016;χ²＝19.884,P＝0.000;χ²＝9.570,P＝0.002)。②正常受精率比较：极度少精子症亚组,极度少、弱精子症亚组,睾丸穿刺精子亚组及附睾穿刺精子亚组分别为60.0%,72.0%,65.6%及69.0%,均显著低于正常精液组的79.0%,且差异有统计学意义(χ²＝38.945,P＝0.000;χ²＝6.109,P＝0.013;χ²＝17.315,P＝0.000;χ²＝11.107,P＝0.001)。③6个研究亚组的卵裂率、可移植胚胎率、优质胚胎率、临床妊娠率及胚胎种植率分别与正常精液组比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结论极度少精子、睾丸穿刺精子及附睾穿刺精子,虽然可显著降低卵子受精率,但对胚胎种植率及临床妊娠率影响不显著。故通过ICSI治疗,可使因男性因素导致的不孕患者达到妊娠目的。     

早孕期颈项透明层增厚胎儿染色体异常的临床研究

目的探讨早孕期颈项透明层(NT)增厚胎儿染色体异常的发生情况。 方法选择2016年1月至2019年1月，于广州市妇女儿童医疗中心进行早孕期胎儿NT检查时，发现NT增厚(NT值≥3.0 mm)的1 261例胎儿为研究对象。回顾性分析其临床病例资料。根据胎儿超声诊断结果，将其分为单纯组(n＝1 017，单纯NT增厚胎儿)和合并组(n＝244，NT增厚合并其他结构畸形胎儿)。其中，1 164例胎儿接受介入性产前诊断，以明确胎儿染色体病发生情况，按照其分属的单纯组与合并组，将其分别纳入单纯亚组(n＝965)与合并亚组(n＝199)。对单纯亚组及合并亚组胎儿染色体病发生率，以及这2个亚组胎儿不同NT值范围的染色体病发生率，采用χ²检验进行统计学比较。本研究遵循的程序符合2013年修订的《世界医学协会赫尔辛基宣言》。 结果①合并组244例胎儿中，合并的其他结构畸形前3位依次为：囊性淋巴管瘤45例(18.4%)、心脏发育畸形44例(18.0%)及脐膨出23例(9.4%)。②接受介入性产前诊断的合并亚组胎儿染色体病发生率为52.8%(105/199)，显著高于单纯亚组的16.9%(163/965)，并且差异有统计学意义(χ²＝123.900，P<0.001)。③接受介入性产前诊断的合并亚组胎儿，NT值范围分别为3.0～3.9 mm、4.0～4.9 mm、5.0～5.9 mm、≥6.0 mm的染色体病发生率分别为34.8%、60.9%、56.3%、67.3%，均分别高于单纯亚组胎儿的10.8%、20.9%、31.4%、42.9%，并且差异均有统计学意义(χ²＝31.400、P<0.001, χ²＝29.453、P<0.001，χ²＝5.676、P＝0.028，χ²＝6.854、P＝0.014)。 结论早孕期NT增厚合并其他结构畸形胎儿，或者NT值≥6.0 mm胎儿，其发生染色体病的风险均较大。早孕期发现胎儿NT增厚时，应进行胎儿心脏结构筛查。     

中孕期孕妇的碘营养状态对心脏电信号的影响

目的探讨中孕期孕妇碘营养状态对其心脏电信号的影响。 方法2015年7月至2017年7月，采取方便抽样法，于山东省海阳市某2家二级医院，选取1 600例中孕期孕妇为研究对象，纳入观察组。按照年龄匹配原则，采取同样的方法，选择同期在这2家医院进行健康体检，碘含量检测结果正常的非妊娠女性800例，纳入对照组(C组)。对观察组受试者进行尿碘含量检测，同时对观察组及C组受试者进行心电图检查。根据观察组中孕期孕妇碘含量检测结果，将其分为碘营养缺乏亚组(G1亚组)，碘营养过量亚组(G2亚组)和碘营养正常亚组(G3亚组)。对于观察组3个亚组与C组的心电图检查结果正常和大致正常率、窦性心律不齐等异常结果发生率的比较，采用χ²检验，进一步两两比较，采用调整检验水准后进行比较。本研究遵循的程序符合2013年修订的《世界医学协会赫尔辛基宣言》的要求。本研究分组，均征得受试者本人的知情同意，并签署临床研究知情同意书。 结果①观察组进一步分组及组间一般临床资料比较结果：观察组中，G1、G2及G3亚组孕妇分别为502、179及919例。观察组3个亚组孕妇的年龄、孕龄分别总体比较，差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。这3个亚组孕妇与C组受试者年龄总体比较，差异亦无统计学意义(P>0.05)。②心电图检查结果正常和大致正常率比较：观察组3个亚组与C组总体比较，差异有统计学意义(χ²＝79.889，P<0.001)；G1与G2亚组孕妇心电图正常和大致正常率分别为72.71%(365/502)与70.95%(127/179)，均显著低于G3亚组(86.51%，795/919)与C组(88.25%，706/800)，并且差异均有统计学意义(均为P<0.001)。③G1、G2及G3亚组孕妇心电图检查异常结果中，窦性心律不齐发生率最高。G1、G2及G3亚组与C组窦性心动过缓、窦性心动过速、窦性心律不齐、室性早搏、短P-R间期、ST-T改变发生率分别整体比较，差异均有统计学意义(χ²＝38.423、37.687、296.887、20.933、50.112、30.783，均为P<0.001)；而电轴左偏或右偏、QRS低电压、传导阻滞分别总体比较，差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。④G1、G2及G3亚组与C组心电图检查异常结果两两比较，差异有统计学意义的为窦性心动过缓(G1亚组vs C组：χ²＝19.659，G2亚组vs C组：χ²＝17.409，G1亚组vs G3亚组：χ²＝20.592，G2亚组vs G3亚组：χ²＝17.703，均为P<0.001)；窦性心动过速(G1亚组vs C组：χ²＝17.433，G2亚组vs C组：χ²＝35.622，G2亚组vs G3亚组：χ²＝16.992，均为P<0.001)；窦性心律不齐(G1亚组vs C组：χ²＝178.673，G2亚组vs C组：χ²＝110.717，G1亚组vs G3亚组：χ²＝168.011，G2亚组vs G3亚组：χ²＝93.579，均为P<0.001)；室性早搏(G1亚组vs C组：χ²＝14.593，G1亚组vs G3亚组：χ²＝13.472，均为P<0.001)；短P-R间期(G1亚组vs C组：χ²＝43.563，G2亚组vs C组：χ²＝19.291，G1亚组vs G3亚组：χ²＝20.191，均为P<0.001)；ST-T改变(G1亚组vs C组：χ²＝19.796，G2亚组vs C组：χ²＝23.314，G2亚组vs G3亚组：χ²＝10.630，均为P≤0.001)。 结论中孕期孕妇体内碘营养状态失衡，可增加异常心电图的发生。     

过敏性紫癜患儿外周血25-(OH)D3、CD4+/CD8+、免疫球蛋白水平与疾病复发的关系研究

目的 探讨过敏性紫癜(HSP)患儿外周血25-羟基维生素D₃[25-(OH)D₃]、白细胞分化抗原4/白细胞分化抗原8(CD4⁺/CD8⁺)、免疫球蛋白水平(IgA、IgG)与疾病复发的关系。方法 选取2019年5月至2022年4月无锡市儿童医院收治的100例HSP患儿为研究对象,根据患儿病情严重程度分为轻度组(n=43)、中度组(n=32)和重度组(n=25),比较三组外周血25-(OH)D₃、CD4⁺/CD8⁺、免疫球蛋白水平;随访6个月后,采用多因素Logistic回归分析25-(OH)D₃、CD4⁺/CD8⁺、免疫球蛋白与疾病复发的关系。结果 重度组外周血IgA水平高于轻度组和中度组,25-(OH)D₃、CD4⁺/CD8⁺、IgG水平低于轻度组和中度组,差异具有统计学意义(F值介于9.127～24...     

农村婴幼儿DDST筛查1201例结果分析

目的分析0~3岁儿童智能发育状况。方法采用美国丹佛发育筛查量表(DDST)进行儿童发育筛查,并对可疑、异常儿童进行追踪调查。结果筛检婴幼儿1 201例,正常率为87.34%(1 049例),可疑率为9.41%(113例),异常率为1.25%(15例)。异常和可疑儿童的主要看护人为祖母外祖母占58.59%,主要看护人文化程度为初中及以下的占75.78%,职业为农民的占69.53%。DDST筛查的4个能区中,精细动作—适应性和大运动的发育迟缓项目明显多于个人—社会能力和语言能区。0~6月组和7~12月组儿童的可疑+异常发生率明显高于13~24月组和25~36月组,差异有统计学意义(χ2=90.6,P0.05)。结论农村开展DDST筛查十分必要,可对正常儿童进行预见性指导,发挥其发育潜能;对可疑和异常儿童能及早发现发育偏离,进行及时有效的个性化指导和干预。     

妊娠期糖尿病孕妇阴道微生态变化及其对妊娠结局的影响

目的探讨妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)孕妇发生阴道微生态变化及其对妊娠结局的影响。 方法选取2017年1月至2018年12月,在上海健康医学院附属第六人民医院东院妇产科门诊就诊的132例GDM孕妇为研究对象,纳入研究组。选取同期于本院进行产前检查的132例正常妊娠孕妇作为对照,纳入对照组。根据阴道分泌物6联检查结果,将研究组GDM孕妇,进一步分为阴道微生态失衡亚组(n＝54)与阴道微生态正常亚组(n＝78)。研究组与对照组孕妇阴道微生态失衡率比较,采用χ²检验。2个亚组孕妇孕前体重、孕期体重增加值、空腹血糖、口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT) 2 h血糖、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)及糖化白蛋白(GA)水平比较,采用成组t检验。2个亚组孕妇及其分娩新生儿不良妊娠结局发生率比较,采用χ²检验。研究组与对照组孕妇,2个亚组孕妇年龄、孕龄、经产妇与初产妇构成比等一般临床资料分别比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结果①研究组与对照组细菌性阴道病(BV)孕妇分别为7例与2例,BV＋滴虫性阴道炎(TV)分别为1例与0例,BV＋外阴阴道念珠菌病(VVC)分别为3例与0例,TV分别为2例与0例,VVC分别为10例与4例,其他类型阴道炎分别为31例与7例。研究组孕妇阴道微生态失衡率为40.9%(54/132),显著高于对照组的9.8%(13/132),并且差异有统计学意义(χ²＝33.623、P<0.001)。②阴道微生态失衡亚组GDM孕妇孕期体重增加值为(19.5±2.7) kg、HbA1c为(9.5±1.3)%、GA为(11.2±1.2)%,均分别显著高于阴道微生态正常亚组的(14.3±1.4) kg、(7.3±1.1)%、(8.6±0.9)%,2组分别比较,差异均有统计学意义(t＝3.406、P＝0.020,t＝3.313、P＝0.026,t＝3.014、P＝0.039)。③阴道微生态失衡亚组GDM孕妇早产、产褥期感染发生率分别为22.2%(12/54)与25.9%(14/54),其分娩新生儿的低出生体重儿、感染发生率分别为20.4%(11/54)、9.3%(5/54),均分别显著高于阴道微生态正常亚组的9.0%(7/78)、11.5%(9/78)、7.7%(6/78)及2.6%(2/78),并且差异均有统计学意义(χ²＝4.545、P＝0.008,χ²＝4.591、P＝0.032,χ²＝4.571、P＝0.033,χ²＝4.525、P＝0.033)。 结论GDM孕妇阴道微生态失衡率显著高于正常妊娠孕妇。孕期体重增加值、HbA1c和GA是影响GDM孕妇发生阴道微生态失衡的重要因素,其异常增高,可使其不良妊娠结局发生率增高。     

急性呼吸道感染患儿中肺炎支原体感染的流行病学分析

目的探讨广西南宁地区急性呼吸道感染(ARI)患儿中肺炎支原体(MP)感染现状及流行病学特征。 方法选择2011年3月至2016年2月于广西壮族自治区妇幼保健院住院治疗的111 321例ARI患儿为研究对象。采用被动凝集法或免疫荧光法对其血清MP抗体进行检测。采用回顾性分析方法分析不同ARI类型,不同发病年份、季节,不同年龄及性别患儿的MP感染情况,并进行统计学分析。 结果①本研究111 321例ARI患儿中,MP感染率为39.0%(43 417/111 321)。不同ARI类型患儿的MP感染率比较,差异有统计学意义(χ²＝1 197.0,P＝0.000)。其中,肺炎患儿MP感染率最高,为44.5%(18 839/42 291),上呼吸道感染患儿MP感染率最低,为33.8%(17 965/53 158)。MP感染患儿中,肺炎和上呼吸道感染患儿所占比例最高,分别为43.4%(18 839/43 417)和41.4%(17 965/43 417)。②本研究2015年ARI患儿的MP感染率为44.0%(16 922/38 479),显著高于2011、2012、2013及2014年的39.4%(4 521/11 466)、34.1%(5 521/16 192)、36.9%(7 329/19 881)及36.1%(9 124/25 303),并且差异有统计学意义(χ²＝694.7,P＝0.000)。2011－2015年,ARI患儿每年春、夏、秋、冬季的MP感染率分别比较,差异均有统计学意义(χ²＝63.5,P＝0.000;χ²＝80.2,P＝0.000;χ²＝33.4,P＝0.000;χ²＝176.3,P＝0.000;χ²＝124.7,P＝0.000),并且均以冬季的MP感染率最高,分别为46.0%(1 207/2 622)、38.6%(1 638/4 246)、39.7%(1 950/4 914)、40.3%(2 643/6 562)与47.6%(4 945/10 399)。③本研究6～14岁ARI患儿中MP感染率为61.5%(6 704/10 902),显著高于<28 d患儿的2.2%(49/2 214)、28 d至1岁患儿的13.8%(3 858/27 949)、1～3岁患儿的43.1%(15 087/34 996),以及3～6岁患儿的50.3%(17 719/35 260)。不同年龄段ARI患儿中,MP感染率比较,差异有统计学意义(χ²＝13 179.1,P＝0.000)。④本研究女性ARI患儿的MP感染率为45.8%(20 017/43 746),显著高于男性的34.6%(23 400/67 575),二者比较,差异有统计学意义(χ²＝1 400.2,P＝0.000)。 结论广西南宁地区ARI患儿中,MP感染全年均有发生,以冬季最为高发,女性ARI患儿MP感染率高于男性患儿,6～14岁学龄期ARI患儿MP感染率高于<6岁者。MP感染临床表现以肺炎和上呼吸道感染为主。     

围生期窒息新生儿有核红细胞计数与早期脑损伤的关系

目的探讨有核红细胞(NRBC)计数与围生期窒息新生儿早期脑损伤的关系。 方法选择2011年5月1日至2013年10月1日在南华大学附属郴州市第一人民医院产科分娩的足月新生儿共计140例为研究对象,根据有无围生期窒息将其分为围生期窒息组(n＝55)及正常组(n＝85)。根据新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)诊断标准,将围生期窒息组进一步分为4个亚组：重度脑病亚组(n＝6)、中度脑病亚组(n＝7)、轻度脑病亚组(n＝12)及无脑病亚组(n＝30)。采集新生儿脐动脉血及生后1～4 d足跟末梢血,测定NRBC计数,并于随访至出生3个月时测定Gesell发育商。采用统计学方法比较各组及各亚组NRBC计数差异,并分析脐动脉血NRBC计数与Gesell发育商的相关性。围生期窒息组与正常组新生儿性别构成比、分娩方式构成比、出生体质量、胎龄及母亲年龄比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。本研究遵循的程序符合南华大学附属郴州市第一人民医院人体试验委员会制定的伦理学标准,得到该委员会批准,分组征得受试对象监护人知情同意,并与监护人签署临床研究知情同意书。 结果①围生期窒息组患儿脐动脉血NRBC计数较正常组显著升高,而血气分析pH值则较正常组显著降低,且差异均有统计学意义(t＝5.52,7.18;P<0.001)。②围生期窒息各亚组(无脑病亚组及轻、中、重度脑病亚组)脐动脉血NRBC计数除轻度脑病亚组与中度脑病亚组间比较,差异无统计学意义(t＝1.44,P＝0.172)外,其余亚组间两两比较,均为脑病程度重亚组较程度轻亚组显著升高,且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。③生后1～4 d足跟末梢血的NRBC计数平均值,除轻度脑病亚组与中度脑病亚组比较,差异无统计学意义(t＝0.36,P＝0.985)外,其余组间(包括围生期窒息各亚组与正常组)两两比较,均为脑病程度重亚组较程度轻亚组显著升高,且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);围生期窒息各亚组与正常组同组患儿生后不同时间足跟末梢血NRBC计数比较,则均为后1 d日龄较前1 d日龄显著下降,且差异亦有统计学意义(P<0.05),即NRBC计数随生后日龄增加呈下降趋势。④随访至生后3个月时,围生期窒息组Gesell发育商显著低于正常组,且差异有统计学意义(t＝4.52,P<0.001),发育商与脐动脉血NRBC计数存在负相关关系(r＝－0.85,P<0.05)。 结论NRBC计数与围生期窒息新生儿早期脑损伤程度存在相关性,对评估新生儿脑损伤预后有一定价值。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.