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1.
We developed a decarboxylative aldol reaction using α,α-difluoro-β-ketocarboxylate salt, carbonyl compounds, and ZnCl2/N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine. The generation of difluoroenolate proceeded smoothly under mild heating to provide α,α-difluoro-β-hydroxy ketones in good to excellent yield (up to 99%). The α,α-difluoro-β-ketocarboxylate salt was bench stable and easy to handle under air, which realizes a convenient and environmentally friendly methodology for synthesis of difluoromethylene compounds.A ZnCl2/N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine complex promoted decarboxylative aldol reaction of α,α-difluoro-β-ketocarboxylate salt with carbonyl compounds has been developed. 相似文献
2.
A novel, efficient, catalyst-free and product-controllable strategy has been developed for the chemoselective α-sulfenylation/β-thiolation of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds. An aromatic sulfur group could be chemoselectively introduced at α- or β-position of carbonyls with different sulfur reagents under slightly changed reaction conditions. A series of desired products were obtained in moderate to excellent yields. Mechanistic studies revealed that B2pin2 played the key role in activating the transformation towards the β-thiolation of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds. This transition-metal-catalyst-free method provides a convenient and efficient tool for the highly chemoselective preparation of α-thiolation or β-sulfenylation products of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds.This catalyst-free method provides a useful and efficient tool for the highly chemoselective preparation of α-thiolation or β-sulfenylation products of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds. 相似文献
3.
Pin Liu Xiongmin Liu Tei Saburi Shiro Kubota Pinxian Huang Yuji Wada 《RSC advances》2021,11(33):20529
Turpentine is a renewable resource, has good combustion performance, and is considered to be a fuel or promising additive to diesel fuel. This is very important for the investigation of thermal stability and energy oxidation characteristics, because evaluation of energy or fuel quality assurance and use safety are necessary. The main components of turpentine are α-pinene and β-pinene, which have unsaturated double bonds and high chemical activity. By investigating their thermal stability and oxidation reaction characteristics, we know the chemical thermal properties and thermal explosion hazard of turpentine. In this present study, the thermal stability and oxidation characteristics of α-pinene, β-pinene and α-pinene/β-pinene mixture were investigated using a high sensitivity accelerating rate calorimeter (ARC) and C80 calorimeter. The important parameters of oxidation reaction and thermal stability were obtained from the temperature, pressure and exothermic behavior in chemical reaction. The results show that α-pinene and β-pinene are thermally stable without chemical reaction under a nitrogen atmosphere even when the temperature reaches 473 K. The initial exothermic temperature of the two pinenes and their mixture is 333–338 K, and the heat release (−ΔH) of their oxidation is 2745–2973 J g−1. The oxidation activation energy (Ea) of α-pinene, β-pinene and α-pinene/β-pinene mixture is 116.25 kJ mol−1, 121.85 kJ mol−1, and 115.95 kJ mol−1, respectively. There are three steps in the oxidation of pinenes: the first is the induction period of the oxidation reaction; the second is the main oxidation stage, and the pressure is reduced; the third is thermal decomposition to produce gas.Turpentine is a renewable resource, has good combustion performance, and is considered to be a fuel or promising additive to diesel fuel. 相似文献
4.
Junli Chang Hong Chen Guangzhao Wang Biao Wang Xiaorui Chen Hongkuan Yuan 《RSC advances》2019,9(12):7015
As outstanding light harvesters, solution-processable organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites (OIHPs) have been drawing considerable attention thanks to their higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) and cost-effective synthesis relative to other photovoltaic materials. Nevertheless, their further development is severely hindered by the drawbacks of poor stability and rapid degradation in particular. First-principles calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) are hence performed towards the perovskite compounds MA1−αFAαPbI3−βXβ (X = Cl, Br), with the aim of exploring more efficient and stable OIHPs. In addition to that, a hybrid density functional is adopted for exact electronic properties, and their band structures indicate that the doped series are all direct band-gap semiconductors. Moreover, the defect formation energies indicate that the stability of perovskite compounds can be significantly enhanced via ion doping. Meanwhile, it is unveiled that the optical performance of the doped perovskite series is also effectively improved through ion doping. Therefore, the investigated perovskite compounds MA1−αFAαPbI3−βXβ (X = Cl, Br) are promising candidates for enhancing solar-energy conversion efficiency. Our results pave a way in deeper understanding of the inherent characteristics of OIHPs, which is useful for designing new-type perovskite-based photovoltaic devices.The absorption performance of perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 can be significantly improved via mono-, or co-doping of organic cations and halide ions. 相似文献
5.
The Meyer–Schuster rearrangement of propargyl alcohols or alkynols leading to α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds is well known. Yet, electrophilic halogenations of the same alkynols and their alkoxy, ester and halo derivatives are inconspicuous. This review on the halogenation reactions of propargyl alcohols and derivatives intends to give a perspective from its humble direct halogenation beginning to the present involving metal catalysis. The halogenation products of propargyl alcohols include α-fluoroenones, α-chloroenones, α-bromoenones and α-iodoenones, as well as β-haloenones and symmetrical and mixed β,β-dihaloenones. They are, in essence, tri and tetrasubstituted alkenes carrying halo-functionalization at the α- or β-carbon. This is a potential stepping stone for further construction towards challenging substituted alkenones via Pd-catalysed coupling reactions.This review highlights the development of α-haloenone, β-haloenone and mixed β,β-dihaloenone formations from propargyl alcohols via direct electrophilic halogenations and metal catalysed-halonium interception rearrangements. 相似文献
6.
Muhammad Khalid Salma Naz Khalid Mahmood Shabbir Hussain Ataualpa Albert Carmo Braga Riaz Hussain Ahmed H. Ragab Saedah R. Al-Mhyawi 《RSC advances》2022,12(48):31192
The design of nonlinear optical (NLO) materials using conjugated molecules via different techniques is reported in the literature to boost the use of these systems in NLO. Therefore, in the current study, designed phenylene based non-fullerene organic compounds with a D–π–A framework were selected for NLO investigation. The initial compound (PMD-1) was taken as a reference and its seven derivatives (PMDC2–PMDC8) were made by introducing different acceptor moieties into the chemical structure of PMD-1. To explain the NLO findings, frontier molecular orbital (FMO), transition density matrix (TDM), density of states (DOS), natural bond orbital (NBO) and UV-Vis study of the title compounds was executed by applying the PBE1PBE functional with the 6-311G(d,p) basis set. The descending order of band gaps (Egap) was reported as PMDC7 (2.656) > PMDC8 (2.485) > PMD-1 (2.131) > PMDC3 (2.103) > PMDC2 (2.079) > PMDC4 (2.065) > PMDC5 (2.059) > PMDC6 (2.004), in eV. Global reactivity parameters (GRPs) were associated with Egap values as PMDC6 with the lowest band gap showed less hardness (0.0368 Eh) and high softness (13.5785 Eh). The UV-Vis investigation revealed that the maximum λmax (739.542 nm) was exhibited by PMDC6 in dichloromethane (DCM) as compared to other derivatives. Additionally, natural bond orbital (NBO) based findings revealed that PMDC6 exhibited the highest stability value (34.98 kcal mol−1) because of prolonged hyper-conjugation. The dipole moment (μ), average linear polarizability 〈α〉, first hyperpolarizability (βtot) and second hyperpolarizability (γtot) were evaluated for the reference and its derivatives. Consequently, among the designed compounds, the highest βtot (4.469 × 10−27 esu) and γtot (5.600 × 10−32 esu) values were shown by PMDC6. Hence, it''s concluded from said results that these structural modifications proved PMDC6 as the best second and third order NLO candidate for various applications like fiber optics, signal processing and data storage.The design of nonlinear optical (NLO) materials using conjugated molecules via different techniques is reported in the literature to boost the use of these systems in NLO. 相似文献
7.
N α-benzenesulfonylhistamine, a new semi-synthetic β-glucosidase inhibitor, was obtained by bioactivity-guided isolation from a chemically engineered extract of Urtica urens L. prepared by reaction with benzenesulfonyl chloride. In order to identify better β-glucosidase inhibitors, a new series of Nα,Nτ-di-arylsulfonyl and Nα-arylsulfonyl histamine derivatives was prepared. Biological studies revealed that the β-glucosidase inhibition was in a micromolar range for several Nα-arylsulfonyl histamine compounds of the series, Nα-4-fluorobenzenesulfonyl histamine being the most powerful compound. Besides, this reversible and competitive inhibitor presented a good selectivity for β-glucosidase with respect to other target enzymes including α-glucosidase.A selective β-glucosidase inhibitor was discovered using the chemically engineered extracts approach. 相似文献
8.
High-quality γ-In2Se3 thin films and a γ-In2Se3/p-Si heterojunction were prepared using pulse laser deposition (PLD). The band offset of this heterojunction was studied by XPS and the band structure was found to be type II structure. The valence band offset (ΔEv) and the conduction band offset (ΔEc) of the heterojunction were determined to be 1.2 ± 0.1 eV and 0.27 ± 0.1 eV, respectively. The γ-In2Se3/p-Si heterojunction photodetector has high responsivity under UV to visible light illumination. The heterojunction exhibits highly stable photodetection characteristics with an ultrafast response/recovery time of 15/366 μs. The ultrafast response time was attributed to type II structure band alignment, which was good for the separation of electron–hole pairs and it can quickly reduce recombination. These excellent properties make γ-In2Se3/p-Si heterojunctions a promising candidate for photodetector applications.High-quality γ-In2Se3 thin films and a γ-In2Se3/p-Si heterojunction were prepared using pulse laser deposition (PLD). 相似文献
9.
We describe copper-catalyzed cyanomethylation of imines and α,β-alkenes with a methylnitrile source and provide an efficient route to synthesize arylacrylonitriles and β,γ-unsaturated nitriles. This method tolerates aliphatic and aromatic alkenes substituted with a variety of functional groups such as F, Cl, Br, Me, OMe, tert-Bu, NO2, NH2 and CO2H with good to excellent yields (69–98%). These systems consist of inexpensive, simple copper catalyst and acetonitrile with its derivatives (α-bromo/α-iodo-acetonitrile) and are highly applicable in the industrial production of acrylonitriles.We describe copper-catalyzed cyanomethylation of imines and α,β-alkenes with a methylnitrile source and provide an efficient route to synthesize arylacrylonitriles and β,γ-unsaturated nitriles. 相似文献
10.
Development of γG, γA, γM, β1C/β1A, C′1 esterase inhibitor, ceruloplasmin, transferrin, hemopexin, haptoglobin, fibrinogen, plasminogen, α1-antitrypsin, orosomucoid, β-lipoprotein, α2-macroglobulin, and prealbumin in the human conceptus
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The synthesis of γG, γA, γM, β1C/β1A, C′1 esterase inhibitor, ceruloplasmin, transferrin, hemopexin, haptoglobin, fibrinogen, α1-antitrypsin, orosomucoid, β-lipoprotein, α2-macroglobulin, and prealbumin was studied in 15 normal human embryos and fetuses of 29 days to 18 wk gestation and in the yolk sacs of four embryos from 5.5 to 11.5 wk gestation using tissue culture in 14C-labeled amino acids followed by radioimmunoelectrophoresis. The human embryo as early as 29 day gestation synthesized β1C/β1A, C′1 esterase inhibitor, transferrin, hemopexin, α1-antitrypsin, β-lipoprotein, α2-macroglobulin, and prealbumin in culture. At 32 days gestation ceruloplasmin and orosomucoid were also synthesized, but synthesis of fibrinogen was not observed before 5.5 wk. Synthesis of γM occurred as early as 10.5 wk gestation, and γG synthesis was found in cultures as early as 12 wk gestation; γA synthesis was not detected in any of the tissue cultures. With the exception of the γ-globulins, each of the proteins studied was synthesized by the liver, but additional sites of synthesis for some of these proteins were also found. Synthesis of γG and γM occurred primarily in the spleen, but other sites of synthesis were noted as well. 相似文献
11.
Marie Malissen Pablo Pereira David J. Gerber Bernard Malissen James P. DiSanto 《The Journal of experimental medicine》1997,186(8):1277-1285
We have investigated the role of common γ chain (γc)-signaling pathways for the development of T cell receptor for antigen (TCR)-γ/δ T cells. TCR-γ/δ–bearing cells were absent from the adult thymus, spleen, and skin of γc-deficient (γc−) mice, whereas small numbers of thymocytes expressing low levels of TCR-γ/δ were detected during fetal life. Recent reports have suggested that signaling via interleukin (IL)-7 plays a major role in facilitating TCR-γ/δ development through induction of V-J (variable-joining) rearrangements at the TCR-γ locus. In contrast, we detected clearly TCR-γ rearrangements in fetal thymi from γc− mice (which fail to signal in response to IL-7) and reduced TCR-γ rearrangements in adult γc thymi. No gross defects in TCR-δ or TCR-β rearrangements were observed in γc− mice of any age. Introduction of productively rearranged TCR Vγ1 or TCR Vγ1/Vδ6 transgenes onto mice bearing the γc mutation did not restore TCR-γ/δ development to normal levels suggesting that γc-dependent pathways provide additional signals to developing γ/δ T cells other than for the recombination process. Bcl-2 levels in transgenic thymocytes from γc− mice were dramatically reduced compared to γc+ transgenic littermates. We favor the concept that γc-dependent receptors are required for the maintenance of TCR-γ/δ cells and contribute to the completion of TCR-γ rearrangements primarily by promoting survival of cells committed to the TCR-γ/δ lineage. 相似文献
12.
The β-selective asymmetric addition of γ-butyrolactam with cyclic imino esters catalyzed by a bifunctional chiral tertiary amine has been developed, which provides an efficient access to optically active β-position functionalized pyrrolidin-2-one derivatives in both high yield and enantioselectivity (up to 78% yield and 95 : 5 er). This is the first catalytic method to access chiral β-functionalized pyrrolidin-2-one via a direct organocatalytic approach.The asymmetric addition of γ-butyrolactam with cyclic imino esters catalyzed by (DHQD)2AQN has been developed, which provides an access to β-position functionalized pyrrolidin-2-one derivatives in high levels yield and enantioselectivity.Metal-free organocatalytic asymmetric transformations have successfully captured considerable enthusiasm of chemists as powerful methods for the synthesis of various kinds of useful chiral compounds ranging from the preparation of biologically important molecules through to novel materials.1 Chiral pyrrolidin-2-ones have been recognized as important structural motifs that are frequently encountered in a variety of biologically active natural and synthetic compounds.2 In particular, the β-position functionalized pyrrolidin-2-one backbones, which can serve as key synthetic precursors for inhibitory neurotransmitters γ-aminobutyric acids (GABA),3 selective GABAB receptor agonists4 as well as antidepressant rolipram analogues,5 have attracted a great deal of attention. Therefore, the development of highly efficient, environmentally friendly and convenient asymmetric synthetic methods to access these versatile frameworks is particularly appealing.As a direct precursor to pyrrolidin-2-one derivatives, recently, α,β-unsaturated γ-butyrolactam has emerged as the most attractive reactant in asymmetric organometallic or organocatalytic reactions for the synthesis of chiral γ-position functionalized pyrrolidin-2-ones (Scheme 1). These elegant developments have been achieved in the research area of catalytic asymmetric vinylogous aldol,6 Mannich,7 Michael8 and annulation reactions9 in the presence of either metal catalysts or organocatalysts (a, Scheme 1). These well-developed catalytic asymmetric methods have been related to the γ-functionalized α,β-unsaturated γ-butyrolactam to date. However, in sharp contrast, the approaches toward introducing C-3 chirality at the β-position of butyrolactam through a direct catalytic manner are underdeveloped (b, Scheme 1)10 in spite of the fact that β-selective chiral functionalization of butyrolactam can directly build up α,β-functionalized pyrrolidin-2-one frameworks.Open in a separate windowScheme 1Different reactive position of α,β-unsaturated γ-butyrolactam in catalytic asymmetric reactions.So far, only a few metal-catalytic enantioselective β-selective functionalized reactions have been reported. For examples, a rhodium/diene complex catalyzed efficient asymmetric β-selective arylation10a and alkenylation10b have been reported by Lin group (a, Scheme 2). Procter and co-workers reported an efficient Cu(i)–NHC-catalyzed asymmetric silylation of unsaturated lactams (b, Scheme 2).10c Despite these creative works, considerable challenges still exist in the catalytic asymmetric β-selective functionalization of γ-butyrolactam. First, the scope of nucleophiles is limited to arylboronic acids, potassium alkenyltrifluoroborates and PhMe2SiBpin reagents. Second, the catalytic system and activation mode is restricted to metal/chiral ligands. To our knowledge, an efficient catalytic method to access chiral β-functionalized pyrrolidin-2-one via a direct organocatalytic approach has not yet been established. Therefore, the development of organocatalytic asymmetric β-selective functionalization of γ-butyrolactam are highly desirable. In conjunction with our continuing efforts in building upon chiral precedents by using chiral tertiary amine catalytic system,11 we rationalized that the activated α,β-unsaturated γ-butyrolactam might serve as a β-position electron-deficient electrophile. This γ-butyrolactam may react with a properly designed electron-rich nucleophile to conduct an expected β-selective functionalized reaction of γ-butyrolactam under a bifunctional organocatalytic fashion, while avoiding the direct γ-selective vinylogous addition reaction or β,γ-selective annulation as outlined in Scheme 2. Herein we report the β-selective asymmetric addition of γ-butyrolactam with cyclic imino esters12 catalyzed by a bifunctional chiral tertiary amine, which provides an efficient and facile access to optically active β-position functionalized pyrrolidin-2-one derivatives with both high diastereoselectivity and enantioselectivity.Open in a separate windowScheme 2β-Selective functionalization of γ-butyrolactam via metal- (previous work) or organo- (this work) catalytic approach.To begin our initial investigation, several bifunctional organocatalysts13 were firstly screened to evaluate their ability to promote the β-selective asymmetric addition of γ-butyrolactam 2a with cyclic imino ester 3a in the presence of 15 mol% of catalyst loading at room temperature in CH2Cl2 (entries 1–6, Entry Cat. Solvent Yielde erf 1 1a CH2Cl2 70% 40 : 60 2 1b CH2Cl2 <5% 57 : 43 3 1c CH2Cl2 70% 65 : 35 4 1d CH2Cl2 68% 70 : 30 5 1e CH2Cl2 58% 63 : 47 6 1f CH2Cl2 71% 77 : 23 7 1f DCE 72% 80 : 20 8 1f CHCl3 70% 80 : 20 9 1f MTBE 68% 79 : 21 10 1f Toluene 63% 78 : 22 11 1f THF 45% 76 : 24 12 1f MeOH 32% 62 : 38 13b 1f DCE : MTBE 75% 87 : 13 14c 1f DCE : MTBE 72% 87 : 13 15d 1f DCE : MTBE 70% 85 : 15