硅酸盐/磷酸盐复合型骨水泥的研究现状及新进展

骨水泥广泛应用于骨科手术中,但临床使用较多的传统磷酸盐骨水泥具有机械强度低等缺陷。近年来硅酸盐/磷酸盐复合骨水泥的研究取得了重大进展且受到广泛关注。本文综述了国内外对该复合骨水泥的研究现状及新进展。研究表明硅酸盐/磷酸盐复合骨水泥不仅具有较高的机械强度,还具有良好的生物活性和生物相容性,同时加入其他物质对其进行的改性研究进一步优化了复合骨水泥的性质,相信其在将来可作为性质完美的骨水泥应用于临床。     

Effect of different forms of N fertilizers on the hyperaccumulator Solanum nigrum L. and maize in intercropping mode under Cd stress

In the present study, we investigated the effects of different forms of nitrogen fertilizers on the hyperaccumulator Solanum nigrum L. and maize in intercropping mode under cadmium (Cd) stress and explored the physiological response mechanism. This research lays the foundation for the appropriate use of nitrogen (N) fertilizer, reduced costs of ecological restoration, and phytoremediation of environmental pollution by using this intercropping system. The main greenhouse pot experiment was conducted using 1.92 mg kg⁻¹ Cd-contaminated soil. NH₄⁺–N fertilizer and NO₃⁻–N fertilizer treatments were performed along with no nitrogen fertilizer treatment as the control. The results indicate that intercropping could decrease the Cd uptake of maize compared with maize monocropping, but the biomass of maize would decrease under the intercropping mode. The application of N fertilizer to the maize–S. nigrum intercropping system could increase the total biomass of maize and S. nigrum. Compared with the NO₃⁻–N fertilizer treatment, the Cd content of stem, leaf and grain tissues of S. nigrum significantly increased by 9.43%, 22.2%, and 8.33%, respectively, under the NH₄⁺–N fertilizer treatment. The bioconcentration and translocation factors of S. nigrum significantly increased by 11.1% and 15.3%. Moreover, the Cd content of stem, leaf, and grain tissues of maize decreased by 26.5%, 21.2%, and 21.4%, respectively. The bioconcentration and translocation factors of maize significantly decreased by 38.8% and 46.7%. The application of N fertilizers promoted the accumulation of Cd in maize roots, while Cd content decreased in maize shoots. Compared with NO₃⁻–N fertilizer, NH₄⁺–N fertilizer can improve Cd accumulation in various S. nigrum tissues under intercropping, which could reduce Cd accumulation in maize under intercropping. Therefore, the application of NH₄⁺–N fertilizer is recommended for satisfactory bioremediation when using the Cd-hyperaccumulator S. nigrum and for supporting the safe production of maize in Cd-contaminated soil, thus enabling the goal of simultaneous agricultural production and remediation.

In the present study, we investigated the effects of different forms of nitrogen fertilizers on the hyperaccumulator Solanum nigrum L. and maize in intercropping mode under cadmium (Cd) stress and explored the physiological response mechanism.     

Analysis of rice and wheat flour by particle nebulization ICP-MS

Analysis of toxic elements in food samples (e.g., rice and wheat) is very important for human health. A direct nebulization of solid particles for inductively coupled plasma (ICP) ionization and subsequent analysis of toxic elements (i.e., As, Cd, Hg, and Pb) by mass spectrometry (MS) was developed. Dried and well-ground food particles (mean size of 0.9–1.0 μm) were stably dispersed in 0.5% polyethylene-imine (PEI) and the particle slurries were analyzed by ICP-MS using aqueous standard calibration. The transportation and ionization behaviors of particles with different particle sizes in ICP-MS were compared with those of aqueous standards containing equivalent concentrations of the analyte. The results indicated that the upper limits of particle sizes for the efficient transportation and complete ionization were 7.5–8.0 μm and 3.3–3.5 μm, respectively. Satisfactory recovery (94–107%), and precision (0.4–6.5%, RSD, n = 3) were verified by analyzing a series of rice and wheat standard reference materials (SRMs). The limits of quantitation (LOQs, 1.1 ng g⁻¹ (Hg) to 3.5 ng g⁻¹ (As)) are compared with the traditional microwave-assisted acid digestion ICP-MS method, however, the analysis throughput of the proposed method is improved by more than 10 times.

A simple and green particle nebulization ICP-MS method for the direct measurement of trace toxic elements in rice and wheat samples was developed.     

布鲁姆-特内教学提问模式在住院医师规范化培训超声教学出科考核中的应用

依据上海市住院医师规范化培训要求,针对到超声科轮转的不同专业背景学员,设计不同考核量表,应用布鲁姆-特内教学提问模式对其进行出科考核,改进并丰富住院医师规范化培训中超声教学的考核手段,提高培训质量。     

Reduction of Cd accumulation in pak choi (Brassica chinensis L.) in consecutive growing seasons using mercapto-grafted palygorskite

Cd contamination in agricultural fields poses a potential human health risk via food chain exposure. Proper remediation methods are critical to ensure the adequate safety of agricultural food products. In the current study, mercapto-grafted palygorskite (MP), a novel immobilization agent, was selected for the remediation of Cd-contaminated acid soils in pot experiments. Pak choi was used as the model plant. MP significantly reduced Cd accumulation in the shoots and roots of pak choi grown in Xiangtan and Guiyang soils in comparison to the control, in consecutive growing seasons, and the minimum Cd contents in shoots were less than the maximum permitted level proposed by the Codex Alimentarius Commission of FAO and WHO. Further, MP decreased the phytoavailable Cd content in soils determined using the diffusive gradient technique in thin-films in consecutive growing seasons with the maximum reductions of 86.26% and 89.51% respectively. These findings indicated that MP had a remarkable Cd immobilization efficiency in soils. MP had no obvious promotion impact on the pH value of either soil sample, but decreased the zeta potentials of both soil samples significantly, and then resulted in increases of the maximum sorption amounts of Cd of both soil samples. The results indicated MP could achieve remediation of Cd-contaminated soil by enhancing the sorption of Cd contaminants and the chemical sorption of Cd²⁺. The available sulfur content in both soils increased and soil enzyme activities, such as that of urease, were enhanced, thereby alleviating Cd-induced oxidation. These improvements of the index of soil environmental and biological qualities indicated that MP was environmentally friendly and compatible. The high performance of MP even at a small dosage suggested that when scaled up to agricultural operations over a large-area, MP had great potential to reduce Cd accumulation in vegetables, thereby ensuring the food safety of vegetables.

MP significantly reduced Cd accumulation in the shoots of pak choi in comparison to the control, in consecutive growing seasons, and the minimum Cd contents were less than the maximum permitted level proposed by the Codex Alimentarius Commission.     

Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans biofilm accumulation and polysaccharide production by apigenin and tt-farnesol

OBJECTIVES: Apigenin is a potent inhibitor of glucosyltransferases and tt-farnesol affects the membrane integrity of Streptococcus mutans. We investigated the influence of apigenin and tt-farnesol, alone and in combination, on the accumulation, polysaccharide composition and viability of S. mutans UA159 biofilms. METHODS: Initially, biofilms were grown for 54 h; then, the early-formed biofilms were treated for 1 min twice daily with one of the following: (i). 1.33 mM tt-farnesol; (ii). 1.33 mM apigenin; (iii). apigenin + tt-farnesol (1.33 mM each); (iv). vehicle control (20% ethanol with 0.75% dimethyl sulphoxide); (v). 0.12% chlorhexidine (1.33 mM); or (vi). physiological saline (145 mM NaCl). The procedure was repeated at biofilm ages of 78 and 102 h, and biofilms were harvested at 126 h. The dry weight, protein concentration, number of cfu, and polysaccharide composition per biofilm were determined. RESULTS: The dry weights of the biofilms treated with the test agents were significantly less (30-50%) than those treated with vehicle control (P < 0.05). Biofilms treated with the test agents also resulted in lower amounts of extracellular alkali-soluble glucans, intracellular iodophilic polysaccharides and, to a lesser extent, fructans. The fructosyltransferase activity was affected only by apigenin and apigenin + tt-farnesol. The recoverable viable counts of S. mutans were slightly lower (0.5 to 1 log10 decrease in cfu/biofilm) after apigenin and tt-farnesol treatments compared with the vehicle control. Chlorhexidine displayed potent bactericidal activity, and virtually halted the further accumulation of early-formed (54 h old) biofilms. CONCLUSIONS: Apigenin and tt-farnesol affected the accumulation and polysaccharide content of S. mutans biofilms without major impact on the bacterial viability.     

Heterogeneous catalytic ozonation of ciprofloxacin in aqueous solution using a manganese-modified silicate ore

Manganese modified silicate ore (MnSO) prepared using an impregnation method was used as a heterogeneous ozonation catalyst, and the catalytic activity was evaluated by the degradation of ciprofloxacin (CIP). The results showed that the manganese oxide was successfully loaded onto natural silicate ore (SO). The degradation and mineralization efficiencies of CIP were considerably improved in the presence of MnSO. Under optimal conditions, the CIP removal process followed the pseudo-first-order reaction model well. The degradation rate constant of MnSO/O₃ was 1.7 times and 3.3 times higher than those of SO/O₃ and only O₃, respectively. During the ozonation of the CIP aqueous solution in the presence of MnSO, the TOC removal rate reached 61.2% at 60 min, but was only 30.8% using ozonation alone. The addition of tert-butanol (TBA) significantly inhibited the degradation efficiency of CIP, which indicated that catalytic ozonation of MnSO followed a hydroxyl radical (·OH) reaction mechanism. Furthermore, MnSO showed great stability and durability over several reaction cycles.

Manganese-modified silicate ore showed remarkable catalytic oxidation activity for ciprofloxacin degradation and the corresponding mechanism was revealed.     

Removal of brilliant green dye from synthetic wastewater under batch mode using chemically activated date pit carbon

In this research, a single-stage batch adsorber was designed for removal of brilliant green dye (BG) from aqueous solutions using activated carbon derived from date pits (ADPC) based on the Freundlich isotherm which was the best-fitted isotherm model. Experimental work was carried out within the range of 10–50 ppm initial dye concentration to determine the optimum operating conditions which were 55 min contact time, 0.06 g adsorbent mass, 25 °C, and pH = 8. Process kinetics was best-fitted with the pseudo-second order model, which revealed that the intra-particle diffusion stage is the rate-controlling stage for the process. The process efficiency was assessed by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning microscopy (SEM), X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) where the latter showed that the specific surface area of the adsorbent is 311.38 m² g⁻¹, which gives a favorable maximum monolayer adsorption capacity (77.8 mg g⁻¹). The thermodynamic study proved that BG adsorption on ADPC was physiosorptive (ΔG = −5.86 kJ mol⁻¹) and spontaneous at low temperature (ΔH = −17.7 kJ mol⁻¹, ΔS = −0.04 kJ mol⁻¹ K⁻¹).

In this research, a single-stage batch adsorber was designed for removal of brilliant green dye from aqueous solutions using activated carbon derived from date pits based on the Freundlich isotherm which was the best-fitted isotherm model.     

网络环境下护理管理模式的转变与效果

随着医院信息系统（HIS）、图像存档、传输系统（PACS）、医生工作站、护士工作站和临床检验信息系统（LIS）的广泛应用,临床护理工作模式发生了一系列变化,从而导致了医院护理管理模式的不断更新与改变。我院从2006年开始,在医院信息化建设的基础上,改变固有的护理管理模式,开发应用护理效率评价系统、护理质量检测与反馈系统、     

网络环境下护理管理模式的转变与效果

随着医院信息系统(HIS)、图像存档、传输系统(PACS)、医生工作站、护士工作站和临床检验信息系统(LIS)的广泛应用,临床护理工作模式发生了一系列变化,从而导致了医院护理管理模式的不断更新与改变。我院从2006年开始,在医院信息化建设的基础上,改变固有的护理管理模式,开发应用护理效率评价系统、护理质量检测与反馈系统、护理人力资源管理系统和网     

输入输出轮动提升模式在心内科护士急救护理技能培训中的应用研究

目的观察输入输出轮动提升模式在心内科护士急救护理技能培训中的应用效果。方法选择输入输出轮动提升模式应用前(2016年7~12月)和应用后(2017年1~6月)在本院心内科工作的25名护理人员为研究对象,对该培训模式应用前后护理人员的急救技能考核成绩与对技能培训方式的满意度评分进行比较。结果应用后心内科护理人员的心肺复苏、基础抢救、电除颤、人工气道建立与呼吸气囊使用四大项目考核分别为(96.36±2.71)分、(95.20±2.66)分、(95.64±2.63)分和(95.36±2.69)分,显著高于应用前的(85.96±5.78)分、(85.88±6.09)分、(89.00±4.81)分和(85.00±3.85)分,应用后主动学习意识之激发、提升培训参与度、提高团队合作度、增进护理职业认可度、获取学习享受感、技能培训效果等急救技能培训方式满意度评分分别为(9.24±0.83)分、(9.20±0.71)分、(9.16±1.03)分、(9.32±0.85)分、(9.36±0.70)分和(9.36±0.70)分,显著高于应用前的(6.40±1.38)分、(6.28±1.17)分、(6.08±1.35)分、(6.36±1.80)分、(6.84±1.86)分和(6.08±1.00)分,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论采用输入输出轮动提升模式对心内科护理工作者实施急救护理培训,可显著提升该护理单元护士的专科急救技能水平,是一种深受心内科护士欢迎与认可的技能培训方式。     

Alleviation of cadmium phytotoxicity to wheat is associated with Cd re-distribution in soil aggregates as affected by amendments

Soil aggregates exert a significant influence on the retention and bioavailability of Cd in soil. This study investigated how applications of various soil amendments affected soil aggregation and Cd phytotoxicity. A staple crop, wheat (Triticum spp.), was grown in Cd-polluted soil amended with either clay mineral (CM), rock mineral (RM), humic substances (HS), biochar (BC) or iron-based biochar (Fe-BC). Results indicate that addition of soil amendments promoted the formation of large soil aggregates (0.2–2 mm and 0.02–0.2 mm) with greater mass loading of Cd (total Cd or DTPA-extractable Cd). Moreover, significant negative correlations between the mass loading of Cd in large aggregates and Cd accumulation in wheat tissues were observed. The effectiveness in mitigating Cd phytotoxicity was dependent on the type of amendment applied. Among them, addition of HS was most effective with the highest total Cd accumulation observed in the soil fraction of 0.2–2 mm (138.1% of the control) and lowest Cd concentration observed in wheat grain (56.9% of the control). The results suggest that the re-distribution of Cd among soil aggregates was the likely factor that controlled the quantity of plant available Cd in the soil-plant system.

Soil aggregates exert a significant influence on the retention and bioavailability of Cd in soil.     

The detoxification mechanisms of low-accumulating and non-low-accumulating medicinal plants under Cd and Pb stress

Recently, the levels of heavy metals in medicinal plants have aroused widespread concern because these elements usually enter the food chain through plants and are gradually passed to the final consumers, greatly threatening human health. To reduce heavy metal pollution, it is necessary to solve the problem from the source to ensure environmental quality during medicinal material production. We use low-accumulating and non-low-accumulating medicinal plants to remediate soil contaminated by Cd and Pb. This experiment aims to study the amino acid levels in root exudates, to study antioxidant enzymes and malondialdehyde (MDA) in leaves, and to discuss the detoxification mechanisms of low-accumulating and non-low-accumulating medicinal plants under Cd and Pb stress. In soil contaminated with Cd or Pb, catnip, thyme and Fineleaf Schizonepeta Herb were cultivated. Enrichment factor (EF) and translocation factor (TF) levels were calculated to determine which are low-accumulating medicinal plants with respect to Cd or Pb. The relationships between the amino acid levels in root exudates, the levels of antioxidant enzymes, the present heavy metal species, heavy metal concentrations, and plant species were discussed. Under Pb and Cd stress, the total amounts of amino acids secreted by plant roots and the level of each amino acid were associated with the heavy metal concentrations and plant species. Plants alleviate Pb and Cd stress via adding malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant enzymes. Thyme can be used as a low-accumulating medicinal plant with any concentration of the heavy metal Pb. These results are of great significance for understanding the chemical behaviors of heavy metals at the root/soil interface under Cd and Pb stress and the detoxification mechanisms of medicinal plants.

Recently, the levels of heavy metals in medicinal plants have aroused widespread concern because these elements usually enter the food chain through plants and are gradually passed to the final consumers, greatly threatening human health.     

Inhibition of vasopressin-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation by alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists in isolated papillary collecting ducts

The effects of selective alpha adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists on vasopressin (VP)-sensitive cyclic AMP (cAMP) formation in microdissected rat papillary collecting ducts were examined. In the presence of 10(-10) M VP, norepinephrine and the selective alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist, B-HT 933, produced almost total inhibition of VP-stimulated cAMP accumulation. Half-maximal inhibition occurred at 1 x 10(-8) M and 6 x 10(-7) M for norepinephrine and B-HT 933, respectively. Cirazoline, a selective alpha-1 adrenoceptor agonist, had no significant effect on VP-stimulated cAMP accumulation. The inhibitory effects of norepinephrine and B-HT 933 were antagonized by rauwolscine but not by prazosin. The antagonism of B-HT 933-induced inhibition of VP-stimulated cAMP accumulation was competitive with an antagonist dissociation constant (KB) of 10.9 x 10(-9) M. Preincubation of papillary collecting ducts with pertussis toxin (1 microgram/ml for 1 hr at 37 degrees C) attenuated, by 65%, the inhibitory effect of B-HT 933 on VP-stimulated cAMP levels. These results demonstrate that alpha-2 adrenoceptors capable of inhibiting VP action are present on the papillary collecting duct. Furthermore, the alpha-2 adrenoceptor-induced inhibition of VP-stimulated cAMP accumulation is pertussis-toxin sensitive. This suggests that alpha-2 adrenoceptors are coupled negatively to adenylate cyclase, via the guanine nucleotide binding protein, in the collecting tubule.     

网络模式下消毒供应管理系统的开发与应用

为了提升护理服务质量,保障护理成本核算精确、科学,研究设计了网络模式下消毒供应中心物品出入库管理及消毒灭菌物品发放、回收及灭菌追溯等最佳流程,研发了在医院局域网下运行的消毒供应管理系统,运行后使业务数据准确、无误,成本核算及时、精确。     

整体护理模式下手术室团队精神的培养

手术室是医护人员共同为病人进行手术、诊察、治疗、抢救的重要场所,是整体护理中的一个重要环节,所配合的是一个多层次、多学科、多专业人员的整体,工作量大,急重症病人多,手术室护理工作质量的优劣直接关系到手术病人的成败及抢救的质量。因此,成员之间的默契、团结协作等团队精神很重要。斯蒂芬.罗宾斯(1994)认为,团队是指一种实现某一目标而由相互协作的个体所组成的正式群体[1],贾砚林等[2]认为团队精神使其成员为了团队的利益与目标而相互协作,尽心尽力的意愿与作风,团队精神表现为团队成员对团队的强烈归属感与一体感,团队成员之间同…     

责任制护理模式下临床教学的改革与效果

目的探讨责任制护理模式下临床教学的改革方法及效果。方法在责任制护理模式下,对2012年7月—2014年6月在我院心内科病房实习的120名护理本科实习生进行临床教学,对实习生进行出科考核并调查患者对学生的满意度。结果学生理论考试成绩为(92.7±2.4)分,操作考试成绩为(86.2±3.9)分,患者对学生的满意度为(89.3±5.2)分。结论在责任制护理模式下的临床教学,护理本科实习生可以较好掌握护理理论和操作技能,并得到患者的认可。