Pregnant woman presenting with a gross retroperitoneal mass: surgical treatment with caval replacement

A 40-year-old woman in the twenty-fifth week of pregnancy presented with a gross retroperitoneal mass. At the end of the pregnancy, the patient was submitted to surgery, and the gross infiltration of the inferior vena cava wall required the resection of the vena cava with its prosthetic substitution. The histopathological examination demonstrated the presence of a leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cava. An electronic video supplement showing the most important intraoperative passages is available online at doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2008.06.074.     

Squamous cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis with inferior vena caval extension

BACKGROUND: We report here on a third case of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the renal pelvis extending to the inferior vena cava. METHODS/RESULTS: A 48-year-old man was diagnosed with an advanced left renal pelvic tumor on computed tomography. He had undergone extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for left staghorn calculi 10 years ago. An inferior vena cavagram showed tumor thrombus extending to the inferior vena cava. Percutaneous left renal biopsy revealed SCC. The patient received three courses of combination chemotherapy with cisplatin, bleomycin and etoposide. However, 1 month after the last course of chemotherapy, he died of cancer progress. CONCLUSION: This is the third case of SCC of the renal pelvis extending to the inferior vena cava in the world.     

Laparoscopic nephrectomy in patients with renal vein and/or inferior vena cava anomalies: Video presentation

Abstract:   Laparoscopic nephrectomy is a standard surgery for the treatment of many types of renal tumor, renal pelvic tumor, and benign disease. Renal vein and inferior vena cava anomalies are not uncommon, having been detected at an incidence of 2–17%. With the increasing number of patients undergoing laparoscopic nephrectomy, surgeons have more opportunities to encounter major anomalies of the renal vein and inferior vena cava. This video presents images of the management of the renal pedicle in laparoscopic nephrectomy in cases where there were anomalies of the renal vein and inferior vena cava.
Patient 1 had left renal tumor with the left inferior vena cava, patient 2 had left ureteral tumor with double inferior vena cava, patient 3 had left renal tumor with double inferior vena cava and a circumaortic renal vein, patient 4 had left renal tumor with a retro-aortic renal vein, and patient 5 had left renal tumor with a circumaortic renal vein. Multiple renal arteries were present in patients 3, 4, and 5.
In laparoscopic nephrectomy complicated by anomalies of the renal vein and inferior vena cava, (i) surgical staff should be alert for the potential presence of aberrant veins and multiple renal arteries that may not be visualized in preoperative imaging. (ii) An anterior transperitoneal approach is well-suited in the understanding of positional relationships of vessels and anatomical landmarks in cases of vascular anomalies. (iii) With recent advances in diagnostic imaging modalities, such as multislice computed tomography (CT) and 3-D CT, it has become easier to identify the major arterial and venous anomalies. However, intraoperative observation and assessment remain important and mandatory in the management of smaller anomalous vessels accompanied by major anomalies.     

达芬奇机器人手术系统辅助下腔静脉滤器取出术的临床疗效

目的达芬奇机器人手术系统辅助下下腔静脉滤器取出术的临床疗效。 方法采用回顾性描述性研究方法,收集2019年7月陆军军医大学西南医院血管外科收治的亚洲首例行达芬奇机器人手术系统辅助下下腔静脉滤器取出术患者的临床资料。患者下腔静脉滤器置入术后2个月余,血管腔内技术无法取出下腔静脉中的滤器,在达芬奇机器人手术系统辅助下取出下腔静脉滤器。观察指标：术中及术后情况;随访及生存情况。采用门诊进行随访,了解患者术后生存情况。随访时间截至2019年8月。 结果患者成功行达芬奇机器人手术系统辅助下下腔静脉滤器取出术。手术时间326 min,术中出血量100 ml,完成下腔静脉滤器取出术后,下腔静脉切口吻合良好,无出血及狭窄,无术中并发症发生。患者术后住院时间3 d。随访及生存情况：患者术后随访1个月,腹部穿刺套管孔愈合良好,患者生存良好。 结论达芬奇机器人手术系统辅助下下腔静脉滤器取出术安全可行。     

The use of natural veno-venous bypass during surgical treatment of renal cell carcinoma with inferior vena cava thrombus

Renal cell carcinoma associated with inferior vena cava thrombus complicates radical nephrectomy. Various approaches have been used to deal with this problem including veno-venous and cardiopulmonary bypass. Using natural veno-venous bypass may prevent the use of another type of bypass. A total of 16 patients underwent removal of renal cell carcinoma and an intracaval tumor thrombus without using veno-venous bypass. One of the natural veno-venous bypasses consisted in the mobilization of the liver off the retrohepatic inferior vena cava to allow enhanced access, vascular control, and hepatic venous drainage. The other natural bypass involved the preservation and use of collateral veins created by the longstanding obstruction of the inferior vena cava. In all 16 patients surgery was successful. Inferior vena cava clamping above and below the tumor thrombus did not result in systemic hypotension. There was no intraoperative mortality. There were no other complications. Mobilization of the liver off the retrohepatic inferior vena cava and preservation of collateral drainage (right testicular or ovarian veins and/or lumbar veins) were useful techniques in dealing with renal cell carcinoma with intracaval thrombus. These natural veno-venous bypasses allow vascular isolation of the inferior vena cava without disturbing the venous return to the heart and thereby help to prevent hemodynamic instability.     

Vena cava stenting and portorenal shunt in Budd-Chiari syndrome: combination of the 'modern' and the 'classical'.

We have treated a 33-year-old Budd-Chiari patient (due to antiphospholipid syndrome) with a history of myocardial infarction by placing a vascular stent in the inferior vena cava and performing a portorenal shunt with three objectives: (1) to perform a shunt operation on a Budd-Chiari patient with good hepatic functional reserve, (2) to avoid a thoracotomy and manipulation of the heart in a patient with a cardiac thrombus and a history of myocardial infarction and (3) to avoid a synthetic graft in a patient with antiphospholipid syndrome. Vena cava stenting and portorenal shunt make a useful combination which should be included in the armamentarium of the hepatobiliary surgeon.     

经皮肾镜术中误入下腔静脉伴血栓形成一例并文献复习

目的探讨经皮肾镜碎石取石术（percutaneous nephrolithotomy, PCNL）中穿刺误入下腔静脉,留置肾造瘘管后出现下腔静脉血栓的处理办法。 方法结合文献复习,回顾性分析2017年5月我院收治的1例左肾铸型结石患者的临床资料。患者男,59岁,于全麻下行左PCNL。术中穿刺建立通道后出血汹涌,视野不清,中止手术,留置并夹闭肾造瘘管。术后第3日复查CT提示肾造瘘管经左肾静脉、下腔静脉至肝脏,下腔静脉内血栓形成。行经皮下腔静脉及左肾动脉造影,置入下腔静脉滤器及溶栓导管,透视监视下拔出左肾造瘘管。 结果拔出肾造瘘管后,患者无不良反应,血流动力学状态稳定,反复经导管造影,未见造影剂外溢。经溶栓治疗后,术后第11日再次行下腔静脉造影未见充盈缺损,顺利回收滤器。 结论PCNL术中穿刺误入下腔静脉,留置肾造瘘管伴下腔静脉血栓形成时,在血管造影辅助下分步缓慢拔出肾造瘘管并行溶栓治疗的方法安全、可靠,可避免外科手术的二次伤害及血栓相关并发症的发生。     

球囊辅助阻断下腔静脉治疗肾肿瘤合并下腔静脉瘤栓

目的探讨球囊辅助阻断下腔静脉治疗肾肿瘤伴下腔静脉瘤栓的疗效。方法总结2005年5月至2006年5月收治的肾肿瘤伴下腔静脉瘤栓患者9例,其中男性6例,女性3例;年龄20—76岁,平均年龄53岁;右肾肿瘤8例,左肾肿瘤1例。对患者在球囊辅助下阻断下腔静脉,行患肾切除下腔静脉取栓。结果手术均单纯经腹切口完成,取出下腔静脉内瘤栓平均长度5．0cm（3．0～6．7cm）,术中血压、心率平稳,术后无并发症,随访6～18个月,死亡1例,存活8例。结论应用球囊辅助阻断下腔静脉,极大地方便了Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型瘤栓手术的操作,降低了手术创伤和风险,具有临床推广价值。     

A case of thoracic esophageal cancer with an unusual type of duplicated inferior vena cava

We describe here a thoracic esophageal cancer with an unusual type of duplicated inferior vena cava. A 58-year-old man was referred to our hospital because a tumor in his lower esophagus had been identified by endoscopy and radiology. Computed tomography scans showed an unusual type of duplicated inferior vena cava characterized by both common iliac veins flowing back into the left-sided inferior vena cava, which drained into the azygos vein, whereas the right-sided one had no drainage. Esophagectomy was performed 3 weeks later after preoperative chemotherapy. Because the patient could have developed thrombosis of the left-sided inferior vena cava and severe hypotension caused by decreased venous return to the heart if the azygos vein had been severed, the azygos vein was preserved. Thus, when performing surgery for thoracic esophageal cancer, the surgeon should check for a duplicated inferior vena cava and preserve the azygos vein if necessary.     

终未期肝硬化肝移植术中凝血功能的调控

目的 探讨终末期肝硬化肝移植术中如何进行合理的凝血系统调控.方法 15例终末期肝硬化肝移植患者,肝功能Child-Pugh评分C级,术前均有不同程度凝血障碍,6例入院时国际标准化比值(INR)＞3.0患者等待肝源期间曾行数次人工肝治疗.术中主要以血液制品进行调控,并注意保温和Ca2 的补充.分别于麻醉后术前、无肝期(下腔静脉阻断后5 min)、新肝期(下腔静脉开放后5 min)、关腹时经中心静脉抽取血标本,进行常规凝血项、血生化、血常规及血栓弹力图(TEG)测定.结果 与术前相比无肝期、新肝期、关腹时白蛋白显著降低(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),其余各项检测指标均无显著改变.结论 终末期肝硬化肝移植术中凝血调控应以新鲜冰冻血浆、血小板为主,必要时补充冷沉淀和纤维蛋白原,加强凝血功能监测,保持适度低凝状态满足临床止血要求即可,切忌盲目追求凝血"正常"而过度治疗,以避免术后血栓栓塞相关并发症的发生.     

Segmental resection of tumoral invasion of the inferior vena cava without reconstruction

STUDY AIM: Oncological complete surgery of retroperitoneal tumours may require segmental resection of part of the invaded inferior vena cava. The aim of this retrospective study was to assess whether reconstruction of the inferior vena cava is necessary and presents any advantage. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study included four patients who underwent partial resection of the inferior vena cava invaded by a retroperitoneal tumour, without reconstruction. Tumours were one renal cancer, one malignant phaeochromocytoma, one malignant retroperitoneal histiofibroma and one undifferentiated retroperitoneal carcinoma. The resection was located at the level of the renal confluence, associated with right nephrectomy, in 3 patients, and above this confluence, at the level of the retrohepatic inferior vena cava in 1 patient. RESULTS: Only one case of transient acute renal failure was observed during the postoperative course. One patient developed right deep vein thrombosis after three months and another one after 30 months. One patient died from cancer recurrence after 19 months. The other 3 patients were alive with anticoagulant therapy and without sequelae after 3, 6 and 15 years.     

腹腔镜下微创手术治疗肾癌合并高位肝后下腔静脉癌栓

目的探讨腹腔镜下微创手术治疗肾癌合并高位肝后下腔静脉癌栓的临床经验和文献分析。 方法女性患者,61岁,临床诊断：右肾癌合并高位肝后下腔静脉癌栓。术前全面评估手术风险,组织多学科会诊为患者制定详尽的围手术期治疗与护理方案,拟行腹腔镜下右侧肾癌根治性切除+高位肝后下腔静脉癌栓取出+腹膜后淋巴结清扫术。术后医护密切配合严密观察患者病情变化,进行围手术期观察处理与护理。 结果手术顺利完成,手术时间390 min,无中转开放手术。术中完全游离右侧和左侧肾静脉、肝后下腔静脉直达第二肝门水平远端,近右肾静脉处下腔静脉内侧壁剪开静脉壁,癌栓下部小灶性侵犯静脉壁,切除部分腔静脉壁完整取出癌栓,恢复左侧肾静脉、腔静脉血流回流无障碍。术后病理提示符合透明细胞癌,癌组织侵犯肾窦脂肪,腹膜后淋巴结（-）。术后随访6个月未见肿瘤复发。 结论腹腔镜下微创手术治疗肾癌合并高位肝后下腔静脉癌栓安全可行,多学科协助模式为疑难复杂病例提供了一种新的选择,值得临床进一步推广。     

Intravenous leiomyomatosis of the uterus with extension into the heart

A case was reported concerning a successful removal of a leiomyoma with extension into the right atrium through the right ovarian vein and the inferior vena cava. The patient was a 72 year-old woman who had suddenly suffered dyspnea and palpitation. She was hospitalized, and a mass in the right atrium and the inferior vena cava was discovered using echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging. A myxoma in the right atrium with a thrombus in the inferior vena cava was diagnosed preoperatively. The operation was performed in July 1987 by means of cardio-pulmonary bypass. During atriotomy of the right atrium, a large sausage-shaped mass of milky-pinkish color was found. Though the root of the mass was centered beyond the periphery of the inferior vena cava, most of it was removed through the right atrium. Immediately after extirpation of the tumor, hypotension and abdominal distention occurred in the patient, and emergency laparotomy was carried out. Retroperitoneal bleeding from the right ovarian vein occurred and the similar tumors were observed in the right ovarian vein. Intravenous leiomyomatosis of the uterus with extension into the heart is very rare, this being only the seventeenth case reported in literature. To the best of our knowledge, this was also the oldest patient on record. The good surgical method for this tumor seems to be total removal using cardio-pulmonary bypass and laparotomy at the same time.     

Systemic and renal fibrinolytic activity in a patient with anticardiolipin syndrome and renal thrombotic microangiopathy

A 24-year-old white woman with a past history of recurrent venous thromboses of the lower extremities was admitted for hypertension and renal failure. She had a chronic cutaneous ulcer on the anterior side of the left leg and oral ulcers of the palatum. Laboratory tests demonstrated rapidly progressive renal failure and the presence of an anticardiolipin antibody (ELISA). Thrombosis of the inferior vena cava was shown by phlebocavography. Renal biopsy revealed typical thrombotic microangiopathy. Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) was visualized by immunofluorescence in endothelial cells of renal arterioles and glomeruli. Normal plasma levels of tPA, urokinase and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 were found by ELISA, and tPA antigen levels rose after desmopressin acetate infusion. Thus, in this case, the diffuse thrombotic process was not related to defective circulating or renal fibrinolytic systems and could be promoted by the procoagulant effect of antiphospholipid antibodies.     

Surgery insight: management of renal cell carcinoma with associated inferior vena cava thrombus

Renal cell carcinoma with inferior vena cava thrombus can be a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge; however, the surgical resection of these tumors can be facilitated by appropriate preoperative imaging and planning. First and foremost, we believe that this procedure should be considered an operation on the inferior vena cava rather than on the kidney. The level and extent of the tumor thrombus dictates the surgical approach used. Although the patient should be given an appropriate explanation of the procedure and its risks, the surgeon needs to be adequately prepared and have intraoperative versatility in order to maintain the safety of this operation. In this Review, we describe our approach to surgical resection in patients who have renal cell carcinoma with inferior vena cava thrombus, and outcomes for the management of patients with this disorder.     

A case report of intraoperative ultrasonic exploration for an inferior vena cava thrombectomy of the right wilms' tumor

The intraoperative ultrasonic explorations for a case of right Wilms' tumor with inferior vena cava thrombosis are reported. This method of assessment is most appropriate for cases of inferior vena cava thrombectomy of malignant tumors either with or without an inferior vena cava resection.     

经腹肝上下腔与肝后下腔静脉人工血管架桥术治疗Budd-Chiari综合征

目的:探讨治疗Budd-chiari综合征有效的手术方式。方法:肝后下腔静脉短节段闭塞型Budd-chiari综合征,16例采用经腹行肝上下腔静脉与肝后下腔静脉人工血管架桥术(改良手术组),相同病理类型18例应用开胸行右心房与肝后下腔静脉人工血管架桥术(传统手术组),进行疗效对比研究。结果:改良手术组16例中,术中1例急性右心衰,15例术中经过顺利。人工血管长度6~8cm,随访6~55个月人工血管内无血栓形成。传统手术组18例中,术中急性心包填塞1例。术后发生胸腔积液3例,肺部感染与急性心包炎各1例。人工血管长度12~14cm。术后随访60个月,有3例分别于术后37、42、58个月出现人工血管内血栓。结论:经腹腔行肝上下腔静脉与肝后下腔静脉人工血管架桥术临床效果优于传统的开胸行下腔静脉右心房人工血管架桥术,该手术是治疗肝后下腔静脉短节段闭塞型Budd-chiari综合征安全有效的手术方式。     

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??Objective:To evaluate the clinical characteristics of leiomyosarcoma of inferior vena cava and to summarize the experience on the treatment of leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cava. Methods:The clinical data of 14 patients with leiomyosarcoma of inferior vena cava admitted between 1986 and 2006 in the General Hospital of PLA was analyzed retrospectively. Results:The diagnosis of the 12 patients was certained by pathology.Eleven cases were resected successfully with necessary reconstruction of inferior vena cava and only one patient was performed laparotomy.Two patients were not operated because of distant metastases. Conclusion:The en bloc resection with necessary reconstruction of inferior vena cava is an effective method to treat leiomyosarcoma of inferior vena cava.     

Venacavoscopy during nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma with inferior vena caval thrombus

PURPOSE: Renal cell carcinoma with inferior vena caval thrombus remains a complex challenge for the urologist. Aggressive surgery to remove all tumor can result in long-term survival. Liver transplant techniques, assistance from cardiac surgeons and bypass techniques can yield optimal vascular control but there is still a blind element inside the inferior vena cava when the thrombus is evacuated. We present data on a technique using a flexible cystoscope to evaluate the lumen of the intrahepatic and suprahepatic inferior vena cava after nephrectomy and tumor thrombectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seven patients underwent radical nephrectomy and tumor thrombectomy for renal cell carcinoma with inferior vena caval thrombus. During surgery and after removal of the tumor thrombus a flexible cystoscope was inserted into the venacavotomy for direct inspection of the inferior vena caval lumen. Any residual tumor was manipulated out of the lumen and removed. Patient records were reviewed for data on the time of this procedure, estimated blood loss, residual tumor, postoperative complications and survival. RESULTS: Venacavoscopy required an average additional 5.6 minutes and residual tumor was found in 3 of 7 patients. Average estimated blood loss was 1,170 cc and it was not affected by venacavoscopy. One patient experienced acalculous cholecystitis, possibly as a result of this procedure. Mean followup was 17.6 months with 5 of 7 patients alive. CONCLUSIONS: Venacavoscopy is a safe, reliable method of intraoperative inspection of the inferior vena cava that uses equipment and techniques familiar to every urologist. This can help prevent incomplete thrombectomy and disastrous pulmonary embolus.     

Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy with level II vena caval thrombectomy: survival porcine study

PURPOSE: Inferior vena caval tumor thrombus due to renal cell carcinoma generally precludes laparoscopic techniques for radical nephrectomy. We developed the technique of laparoscopic infrahepatic (level II) inferior vena caval thrombectomy in a survival porcine model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Of the 7 female pigs used in the study 2 were acute and 5 were chronic animals which were allowed to survive for 6 weeks postoperatively. Laparoscopic right radical nephrectomy and inferior vena caval thrombectomy were performed in accordance with established open surgical principles, including vascular control and intracorporeal reconstruction of the vena cava and left renal vein. RESULTS: Complete removal of the simulated caval thrombus was successful in each case without intraoperative or postoperative complications. Average operative time was 160 minutes. Postoperatively inferior venacavography showed a patent vena cava and left renal vein in all animals. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy was successful in an animal model simulating renal cell carcinoma with infrahepatic vena caval tumor thrombus. Clinical application of this technique appears possible.