慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并慢性肾脏病危险因素分析

目的探讨住院COPD患者合并慢性肾脏病的患病率及危险因素。方法对2012年1月至2013年11月住院确诊的COPD患者进行慢性肾脏病的患病率及危险因素回顾性凋查。结果在资料完整的948例COPD患者人群中,慢性肾脏病总的患病率约为24．5％,COPD合并慢性肾脏病组PaCO2、吸烟指数、血尿酸水平、糖尿病及高血压病患病率较无合并慢性肾脏病组高,而PaO2、体质量指数较无合并慢性肾脏病组低,差异有统计学意义。COPD患者合并慢性肾脏病与COPD严重程度分级无明显的相关性。经多因素Logistic回归分析表明：低氧血症、高碳酸血症、糖尿病、高血压病是COPD合并慢性肾脏病的危险因素（OR值分别为2．34、3．25、2．67和1．8,9,5％（71分别为2．01～2．75、2．95～3．77、1．99～3．27、1．18～2．63,P值均〈0．05）。结论COPD合并慢性肾脏病的患病率高,低氧血症、高碳酸血症、糖尿病、高血压病是COPD合并慢性肾脏病的危险因素,应引起重视。     

广州市36762名健康体检公务员慢性肾脏病患病情况及危险因素分析

目的 分析广州市健康体检公务员慢性肾脏病的患病情况及危险因素.方法 收集2019-01～2019-12在广州市干部健康管理中心进行健康体检的36762名公务员(含部分已离退公务员)的体检资料,依据体格检查及实验室检查结果,统计蛋白尿、血尿及慢性肾脏病检出率,分析慢性肾脏病相关危险因素.结果 36762名健康体检公务员蛋...     

慢性肾脏病患者心脑血管并发症流行病学意义

目的 探讨慢性肾脏疾病（CKD）患者的心脑血管并发症的发生率,分析心脑血管并发症的危险因素。方法 采用专用调查表进行问卷调查的方式,研究CKD患者心脑血管并发症发生率,以及心脑血管并发症与CKD之间相互影响的情况。结果 CKDⅠ～Ⅴ期患者共129例,其中男性57例,女性72例。CKD主要并发疾病依次为高血压（69．0％）、贫血（44．2％）、高血脂（43．4％）、心脏疾病（41．9％）、糖尿病（30．2％）等。肾小球滤过率（GFR）水平降低和高血压为CKD并发CVD的危险因素;C反应蛋白（CRP）水平、高血脂、年龄增加皆为脑血管并发症的危险因素。结论 GFR水平降低、高血压、CRP水平升高、高血脂、年龄增加为CKD心脑血管并发症的主要危险因素。早发现CKD并发症和严重程度,重视各种危险因素对CVD和CKD的影响有重要意义。     

Pain in chronic kidney disease: prevalence, cause and management

Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience and is the most common symptom experienced by renal patients. It can be caused by primary co-morbid diseases, renal replacement therapies, medication or treatment side effects, and its intensity varies from moderate to severe. Pain management in renal patients is difficult, since the distance between pain relief and toxicity is very small. This paper will provide an algorithm for pain management proposed using paracetamol, nonsteroid anti-inflamatory drugs (NSAIDs), mild and stronger opioids as well as complementary techniques. Quality of Life (QoL) and overall enhancement of the patient experience through better pain management are also discussed. To improve pain management it is essential that nurses recognise that they have direct responsibilities related to pain assessment and tailoring of opioid analgesics and better and more detailed education.     

慢性肾脏病并发脓毒血症40例的临床分析

目的:分析慢性肾脏病(CKD)并发脓毒血症的临床特征,为临床诊治提供依据.方法:回顾性分析慢性肾脏病并发脓毒血症40例的临床病历资料.结果:在40例CKD的患者中,肾衰竭30例(75％),深静脉置管22例(55％),使用免疫抑制剂和糖皮质激素12例(30％),18例患者合并泌尿系统和呼吸系统感染.分离的病原菌中,大肠埃希菌13例,金黄色葡萄球菌(金葡菌)11例(60％),其它16例；有4例(10％)合并了真菌感染.金葡菌对青霉素G均耐药,对环丙沙星和克林霉素耐药＞50％.死亡8例,32例经有效抗生素治疗3～4周康复.结论:CKD患者易罹患脓毒血症,除与贫血、低蛋白血症和其它的感染因素有关外,与肾功能的下降、深静脉留置导管和免疫抑制剂的应用相关.     

我国长寿地区百岁老人慢性肾脏病的流行病学调查

目的 探讨我国长寿地区百岁老人慢性肾脏病(CKD)的患病情况及相关危险因素.方法 选取7个中国长寿之乡的所有百岁老人,以及在该地区按百岁老人编码尾数随机选取的40～、60～、80～和90～岁人群为研究对象,进行CKD及相关危险因素的问卷调查、体格检查和血尿检测,采用非条件Logistic回归分析CKD的影响因素.结果 在资料完整的363名百岁老人中,CKD患病率为50.41%(95%CI 45.27%～55.56%),女性患病率高于男性;各年龄组间比较,女性CKD患病率都随年龄增加而升高,而男性的CKD患病率随年龄增加先升高后下降.多因素Logistics回归提示高尿酸血症、高TG、女性、贫血、增龄和高血压为CKD的危险因素.结论 我国长寿地区百岁老人CKD患病率为50.41%,CKD的危险因素为高尿酸血症、高TG、女性、贫血、增年和高血压.     

冠心病合并轻中度慢性肾脏病患者PCI后支架内再狭窄的相关因素分析

目的 分析冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(冠心病)合并轻中度慢性肾脏病患者冠状动脉(冠脉)药物洗脱支架术后支架内再狭窄(ISR)的相关因素.方法 选择陕西省人民医院心内科自2015年11月至2018年9月行药物洗脱支架置入且合并轻中度慢性肾脏病的冠心病患者189例,术后9～15月复查冠脉造影后,分为支架术后再狭窄组和无再狭窄...     

Impact of chronic kidney disease definition on assessment of its incidence and risk factors in patients with newly diagnosed type 1 and type 2 diabetes in the UK: A cohort study using primary care data from the United Kingdom

AimTo estimate the incidence and risk factors of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with newly-diagnosed diabetes using different CKD definitions.MethodsUsing UK primary care data, patients with diabetes (type 1, 4691; type 2, 109,365) and no CKD were followed to identify newly-diagnosed CKD, classified by a broad and narrow CKD definition (to capture diabetes-induced CKD, termed diabetic kidney disease, DKD). Adjusted incidence rates of CKD/DKD were calculated, and risk factors identified using Cox regression.ResultsThere were 404 CKD cases and 147 DKD cases among patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D), and 29,104 CKD cases, 9284 DKD cases among patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Adjusted incidence rates of CKD per 100 years were 5.4 (T1D) and 5.5 (T2D); for DKD they were 1.9 and 1.5, respectively. Risk factors for CKD/DKD were older age, high social deprivation, obesity, cardiovascular disease, hypertension and smoking. Poor glycaemic control in the year after diabetes diagnosis was a strong predictor of CKD/DKD occurrence beyond this first year, and a risk factor for CKD/DKD in T2D.ConclusionsCKD and DKD remain common in diabetics in the decade after diagnosis. Early prevention of T2D and aggressive treatment of risk factors is urgent.     

Higher HDL cholesterol levels are associated with a lower incidence of chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes

Background and aimsType 2 diabetes is one of the most important risk factor for the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Recently, it has been shown that lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels predicted the development of microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetic individuals. We have prospectively assessed the effects of plasma HDL-C levels on the incidence of CKD in a large cohort of type 2 diabetic patients.Methods and resultsWe followed 1987 type 2 diabetic outpatients with normal or near-normal kidney function at baseline for 5 years for the occurrence of incident CKD defined as glomerular filtration rate ≤ 60 mL/min/1.73 m² (as estimated by the abbreviated Modified Diet and Renal Disease Study equation). Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the independent relationship between plasma HDL-C levels and incident CKD. During a median follow-up of 5 years, 11.8% (n = 234) of participants developed incident CKD. In multivariate regression analysis, higher HDL-C levels were associated with a lower risk of incident CKD (multiple-adjusted hazard ratio 0.76; 95% coefficient intervals 0.61–0.96; p = 0.025) independently of age, gender, body mass index, hypertension, smoking history, diabetes duration, hemoglobin A1c, plasma triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol, presence of diabetic retinopathy, baseline albuminuria, and current use of medications (anti-hypertensive, anti-platelet, lipid-lowering and hypoglycemic drugs).ConclusionsHigher plasma levels of HDL-C are associated with a lower risk of incident CKD in a large cohort of type 2 diabetic adults independently of numerous confounding factors.     

原发性高血压合并慢性肾脏病的危险因素分析

目的:探讨原发性高血压(EH)住院患者中慢性肾脏病(CKD)患病率及危险因素的分析. 方法:回顾性分析2011年2月至2012年2月新疆医科大学第一附属医院高血压科住院确诊的EH患者982例,探讨EH合并CKD的发生情况,对其危险因素分别进行单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析. 结果:(1)EH患者合并蛋白尿、估算的肾小球滤过率(eGFR)下降、CKD的患者构成比分别为20.3％、5.2％、23.5％,男性和女性EH中CKD构成比为26.6％vs20.2％(P＞0.05);汉族和维族EH合并CKD的构成比为22.7％ vs 26.0％ (P＞0.05).(2)收缩压每升高20 mmHg,CKD的构成比明显增加,差异有统计学意义.(3)多因素Logistic回归分析表明,收缩压≥140mmHg(OR=1.503,95％ CI 1.021 ～2.212)、糖尿病病史(OR=1.661,95％ CI 1.174 ～2.351)、高尿酸血症(OR=1.691,95％CI 1.194 ～2.395)是EH合并CKD的独立危险因素. 结论:控制血尿酸、血糖和血压水平可减少EH合并CKD的发生和发展.     

A comparative analysis of fructosamine with other risk factors for kidney dysfunction in diabetic patients with or without chronic kidney disease

BackgroundHyperglycemia is the driving force for the development of diabetic nephropathy leading to the end stage renal disease. It is well known that in hyperglycaemic condition, serum proteins become glycated through non-enzymatic glycation. With the other risk factors, serum fructosamine may be an important risk factor for kidney impairment. To assess coexistence of frequently documented risk factors of kidney dysfunction with serum fructosamine in diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).MethodsIn this study, total 150 individuals, as control, type2 diabetic patients without complication and with CKD were included. Blood samples were collected from all the samples to estimate blood glucose, HbA1c, serum creatinine, fructosamine levels and lipid profile. Statistical analysis i.e. regression and correlation between serum fructosamine and other documented risk factors for diabetic CKD has been done. P < 0.001 was considered significant.ResultsSerum fructosamine, HbA1c, creatinine levels, cholesterol and LDL were increased significantly (P < 0.001) in diabetic patients with CKD compared to without complications. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure and BMI were also significantly higher in diabetic patients compared to control. Serum creatinine, total cholesterol and LDL showed a significant positive correlation but HDL showed a negative correlation with fructosamine in CKD diabetic patients. No significant correlation was found with any risk factors in diabetic patients without complications expect HbA1c.ConclusionIt is concluded that elevated serum fructosamine level is strongly associated with kidney dysfunction in diabetic patients. As there is a significant link between serum fructosamine and other risk factors for CKD diabetic patients.     

Metabolic syndrome, C-reactive protein, and chronic kidney disease in nondiabetic, nonhypertensive adults

BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome has been suggested as a risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD). Inflammation is associated with both metabolic syndrome and CKD. We investigated inter-relationships between C-reactive protein (CRP), metabolic syndrome, and CKD among 9586 subjects without diabetes or hypertension. METHODS: Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the criteria of the revised Adult Treatment Panel III. CKD was defined as a glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) or as albuminuria. A CRP cutpoint of 3 mg/L was used to differentiate high and low CRP groups. RESULTS: Chronic kidney disease was present in 6.2% of subjects without metabolic syndrome and in 13.1% of subjects with the syndrome (P < .001). In a multivariate model, high blood pressure (BP) (odds ratio [OR], 1.55; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.24-1.95), high fasting glucose (OR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.19-1.81), abdominal obesity (OR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.22-1.81), and high CRP (OR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.18-1.98) were independently associated with prevalent CKD. Compared with low CRP/without metabolic syndrome, the multivariate-adjusted odds for CKD of high CRP/without metabolic syndrome and low CRP/with metabolic syndrome were 1.48 (95% CI, 1.10-2.0) and 1.90 (95% CI, 1.47-2.45), respectively. Subjects with high CRP and metabolic syndrome had a 3.26-fold greater odds of having CKD (95% CI, 2.00-5.31). CONCLUSIONS: Metabolic syndrome and high CRP were independently associated with increased prevalence of CKD. The odds of CKD increased in the setting of high CRP and metabolic syndrome.     

Physical inactivity and chronic kidney disease in Australian adults: The AusDiab study

Background and Aims

Physical inactivity is associated with cardiovascular risk however its relationship to chronic kidney disease is largely unknown. We examined the association between leisure-time physical activity and risk of chronic kidney disease in a prospective, population-based cohort of Australians aged ≥25 years (AusDiab).

Methods and Results

The baseline sample included 10,966 adults (4951 males and 6015 females). From this sample, 6318 participants with complete baseline and 5-year follow-up urinalysis and serum creatinine measurements formed the study population for longitudinal analysis. Self-reported leisure-time physical activity was measured using a validated, interviewer-administered questionnaire. Compared with sufficiently active individuals (≥150 min physical activity per week), those who were inactive (0 min/week) were more likely to have albuminuria at baseline (multivariate-adjusted OR = 1.34, 95% CI 1.10-1.63). Inactivity (versus sufficient physical activity) was associated with increased age- and sex-adjusted odds of an estimated glomerular filtration rate <3rd percentile (OR = 1.30, 95% CI 1.02-1.65), although this was not significant after multivariate adjustment (OR = 1.17, 95% CI 0.91-1.50). Obese, inactive individuals were significantly more likely to have albuminuria at baseline (multivariate-adjusted OR = 1.74, 95% CI 1.35-2.25), compared with sufficiently active, non-obese individuals. Baseline physical activity status was not significantly associated with longitudinal outcomes.

Conclusions

Physical inactivity is cross-sectionally associated with albuminuria prevalence, particularly when combined with obesity. Future studies are needed to determine whether this association is causal and the importance of physical activity in CKD prevention.     

Association of morning hypertension with chronic kidney disease progression and cardiovascular events in patients with chronic kidney disease and hypertension

Background and aimAssociations of morning hypertension with chronic kidney disease are rarely investigated in prospective studies. We aim to investigate the predictive value of uncontrolled morning hypertension (UMH) to chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression and cardiovascular (CV) events in patients with CKD and hypertension.Methods and resultsIn this prospective two-center observational study, 304 hypertensive patients with CKD were enrolled. Time to total mortality, CKD progression and CV events was recorded; Kaplan–Meier survival function estimates and Multivariable Cox proportional hazard model were used to investigate associations between UMH and outcomes. The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board (http://www.thaiclinicaltrials.org; TCTR20180313004). After a follow-up for median 30 months, 23 (7.6%) patients died, 34 (11.2%) had CKD progression, and 95 (31.3%) occurred new-onset CV events, respectively. UMH was shown to be a strong predictor of CKD progression [hazard ratio (HR) 2.46, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.22–4.94] and CV events (HR 1.69, 95% CI 1.12–2.53). When morning hypertension was analyzed as a continuous variable, morning systolic blood pressure (per 10 mmHg) was also shown to be predictive to CKD progression (HR 1.28, 95% CI 1.07–1.53, P < 0.01) and CV events (HR 1.15, 95% CI 1.03–1.28, P < 0.01).ConclusionsUMH is strongly associated with CKD progression and CV events in patients with CKD and hypertension. UMH in CKD patients deserves further attentions.