预防性切断髂腹下神经对Lichtenstein手术术后疼痛影响的分析

目的:研究预防性切断髂腹下神经对于腹股沟疝修补术后慢性疼痛的影响。方法:对100例原发单侧腹股沟疝病人采用单盲法进行此项研究,将病人随机分为两组,实施Lichtenstein平片式无张力疝修补术,一组预防性切断髂腹下神经,另一组保留髂腹下神经。在术后3、6、12个月进行随访,对比两组病人的疼痛及其他不适感。结果:两组病人术后3、6、12个月时慢性疼痛发生率无统计学差异,术后6个月切断神经组病人局部麻木的发生率较高。结论:为预防术后慢性疼痛,应当规范手术操作,术中注意辨认、保护腹股沟区神经。常规切断髂腹下神经不能降低术后慢性疼痛的发生率。     

Neurectomy to Prevent Persistent Pain after Inguinal Herniorraphy: A Prospective Study Using Objective Criteria to Assess Pain

Background Although tension-free mesh repair has markedly improved the outcome of inguinal hernia surgery, it has only minimally reduced the incidence of persistent postoperative pain. The pathogenesis of this complication and treatment remain unclear. Study design In order to objectively assess whether iliohypogastric neurectomy reduces the incidence and intensity of persistent postoperative pain, we prospectively studied 100 male patients with bilateral inguinal hernia who underwent tension-free surgical repair, combined with iliohypogastric neurectomy on the right side alone. Pain was evaluated postoperatively on days 1 and 7 and at 1 and 2 years by means of a visual analog scale. Patients were given a questionnaire including coded terms for describing pain. These terms were designed to compare pain on the neurectomized and non-neurectomized sides and assess altered sensation (hypoesthesia and paresthesia) on both sides. Results There were differences in the incidence and intensity of pain between the neurectomized and non-neurectomized sides, though these differences were not significant. Individual patient assessment showed that from postoperative day 7 onward patients had on average less pain on the neurectomized side. Pain reduction was more prominent in patients who scored 4 or more on the visual analog scale. No significant difference was found in the incidence of sensory alterations between the two sides. Two years after inguinal hernia repair, only one of the 100 patients studied still had persistent pain (>4 on the visual analog scale); this pain was on the non-neurectomized side. Conclusions Our prospective data do not reach statistical significance to claim that iliohypogastric neurectomy reduces the incidence and intensity of persistent postoperative pain after tension-free inguinal hernioplasty. Studies on larger patient samples are warranted to provide definitive, statistically supported conclusions.     

Iliohypogastric neurectomy in the prevention of postoperative pain following inguinal hernioplasty

Chronic postoperative pain is a common complication of inguinal hernia repair. An important Danish study revealed that 28.7% of patients undergoing hernioplasty suffered a varying degree of chronic pain, severe enough to interfere with normal daily activities in 11% of cases. The difficulty in treating this complication has led numerous surgeons to complete the surgical procedure ilioinguinal or iliohypogastric neurectomy. This method is proving effective in preventing the onset of chronic postoperative pain. We report the results obtained in patients undergoing neurectomy of the iliohypogastric nerve during anterior inguinal hernioplasty.     

Causes,prevention, and surgical treatment of postherniorrhaphy neuropathic inguinodynia: Triple neurectomy with proximal end implantation

The recommended surgical treatment for chronic neuropathic pain after herniorrhaphy has been a two-stage operation including: (a) ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric neurectomies through an inguinal approach and (b) genital nerve neurectomy through a flank approach. Two hundred twenty-five patients underwent triple neurectomies with proximal end implantation to treat chronic postherniorrhaphy neuralgia. Four patients reported no improvement. Eighty percent of patients recovered completely, and 15% had transient insignificant pain with no functional impairment. These results are comparable to the results of the two-stage operation. Simultaneous neurectomy of the ilioinguinal, iliohypogastric, and genital nerves without mobilization of the spermatic cord is an effective one-stage procedure to treat postherniorrhaphy neuralgia. It can be performed under local anesthesia and avoids testicular complications. Proximal end implantation of the nerves prevents adherence of the cut ends to the aponeurotic structures of the groin, which can result in recurrence of the pain. A one-stage surgical procedure resecting all three nerves from an anterior approach avoids a second operation through the flank and successfully treats chronic neuralgia.This paper was presented at the meeting of the American Hernia Society in Orlando, Fla. USA, on February 2004     

A 1-stage surgical treatment for postherniorrhaphy neuropathic pain: triple neurectomy and proximal end implantation without mobilization of the cord

BACKGROUND: The recommended surgical treatment for chronic neuropathic pain after herniorrhaphy has been a 2-stage operation including: (1) ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric neurectomies through an inguinal approach and (2) genital nerve neurectomy through a flank approach. HYPOTHESIS: A 1-stage surgical procedure resecting all 3 nerves from an anterior approach avoids a second operation through the flank and successfully treats chronic neuralgia. SETTING: A private practice dedicated to abdominal wall hernia surgery in general community hospitals. PATIENTS: Between 1995 and 2001, 49 patients underwent triple neurectomies with proximal end implantation to treat chronic postherniorrhaphy neuralgia. INTERVENTION: Triple neurectomy of the ilioinguinal, iliohypogastric, and genital nerves performed under local anesthesia with implantation of their proximal ends and without mobilization of the spermatic cord. RESULTS: Two patients (4%) reported no improvement. Eighty percent of patients recovered completely, and 16% had transient insignificant pain with no functional impairment. These results are comparable to the results of the 2-stage operation. CONCLUSIONS: Simultaneous neurectomy of the ilioinguinal, iliohypogastric, and genital nerves without mobilization of the spermatic cord is an effective 1-stage procedure to treat postherniorrhaphy neuralgia. It is performed under local anesthesia and avoids testicular complications. Proximal end implantation of the nerves prevents adherence of the cut ends to the aponeurotic structure of the groin, which can result in recurrence of the pain.     

髂腹下神经切除术对腹股沟疝术后慢性疼痛患者的影响

目的探讨髂腹下神经切除术对腹股沟疝修补术后慢性疼痛患者的影响。 方法收集2014年7月至2016年7月,广东省人民医院640例腹股沟疝患者的临床资料,运用腹股沟前入路行Lichtenstein无张力疝修补术,以手术日期确定是否切除髂腹下神经并将入组患者均分为试验组和对照组。试验组患者在术中接受髂腹下神经切除术,而对照组未行神经切除,2组术后治疗及护疼痛水平。 结果本组患者均顺利完成手术。术中试验组切除髂腹下神经患者348例,对照组未切除髂腹下神经患者292例。试验组的患者平均手术时间为（50±12.5）min,平均住院时间为（1.8±0.6）d;理方法相同。随访6个月后应用疼痛数字评价量表（numerical rating scale,NRS）,比较2组患者的对照组平均手术时间为（49±14.3）min,平均住院时间为（1.9±0.8）d,2组在住院平均手术时间和住院时间比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。2组术后随访6个月,试验组NRS评分0分214例,1分53例,2分54例,3分25例,4分2例,5分及5分以上0例。对照组NRS评分0分93例,1分86例,2分32例,3分68例,4分9例,5分及5分以上4例。以3分为界试验组≤3分346例,>3分2例;对照组≤3分279例,>3分13例,2组以3分为界NRS评分比较,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论髂腹下神经切除能够在不增加手术时间及住院时间的情况下,显著减少术后慢性疼痛的发生。     

Diagnosis and treatment of genitofemoral and ilioinguinal entrapment neuralgia

During the past 7 years 30 patients were diagnosed as having either ilioinguinal or genitofemoral entrapment neuralgia. A multidisciplinary approach (surgeon, neurologist, and anesthesiologist), as well as local blocks of the ilioinguinal nerve and/or paravertebral blocks of L-1 and L-2 (genitofemoral nerve), were essential to determine accurately which nerve was specifically involved. Fifteen of the 17 patients (88%) diagnosed as having ilioinguinal neuralgia after previous inguinal herniorrhaphy are pain free after resection of the entrapped portion of the nerve. Thirteen patients were diagnosed as having genitofemoral neuralgia after previous inguinal herniorrhaphy, blunt abdominal trauma, or other surgery. Neurectomy of the genitofemoral nerve proximal to the entrapment controlled the persistent pain in 10 of 13 (77%) of these patients. Ilioinguinal or genitofemoral nerve entrapment neuralgias are rare complications of surgery in the inguinal region. When accurately diagnosed, neurectomy of the specific nerve is highly successful in relieving severe pain and paresthesia without significant morbidity.     

Neuropathy After Herniorrhaphy: Indication for Surgical Treatment and Outcome

Background  Chronic neuropathy after hernia repair is a neglected problem as very few patients are referred for surgical treatment. The aim of the present study was to assess the outcome of standardized surgical revision for neuropathic pain after hernia repair. Methods  In a prospective cohort study we evaluated all patients admitted to our tertiary referral center for surgical treatment of persistent neuropathic pain after primary herniorrhaphy between 2001 and 2006. Diagnosis of neuropathic pain was based on clinical findings and a positive Tinel’s sign. Postoperative pain was evaluated by a visual analogue scale (VAS) and a pain questionnaire up to 12 months after revision surgery. Results  Forty-three consecutive patients (39 male, median age 35 years) underwent surgical revision, mesh removal, and radical neurectomy. The median operative time was 58 min (range: 45–95 min). Histological examination revealed nerve entrapment, complete transection, or traumatic neuroma in all patients. The ilioinguinal nerve was affected in 35 patients (81%); the iliohypogastric nerve, in 10 patients (23%). Overall pain (median VAS) decreased permanently after surgery within a follow-up period of 12 months (preoperative 74 [range: 53–87] months versus 0 [range: 0–34] months; p < 0.0001). Conclusions  The results of this cohort study suggest that surgical mesh removal with ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric neurectomy is a successful treatment in patients with neuropathic pain after hernia repair.     

Combined open and laparoscopic approach to chronic pain after inguinal hernia repair

Chronic groin pain is the most frequent long-term complication after inguinal hernia repair affecting up to 34 per cent of patients. Traditional surgical management includes groin exploration, mesh removal, and neurectomy. We evaluate outcomes of a combined laparoscopic and open approach to chronic pain after inguinal herniorrhaphy. All patients undergoing surgical exploration for chronic pain after inguinal herniorrhaphy were analyzed. In most, the operation consisted of mesh removal (open or laparoscopic), neurectomy, and placement of mesh in the opposite location of the first mesh (laparoscopic if the first was open and vice-versa). Main outcome measures included pain status, numbness, and hernia recurrence. Twenty-one patients (16 male and 5 female) with a mean age of 41 years (22-51 years) underwent surgical treatment for unilateral (n = 18) or bilateral (n = 3) groin pain. Percutaneous nerve block was unsuccessful in all patients. Four had previous surgery for pain. There were no complications. With a minimum of 6 weeks follow-up, 20 of 21 patients reported significant improvement or resolution of symptoms. A combined laparoscopic and open approach for postherniorrhaphy groin pain results in excellent patient satisfaction with minimal morbidity. It may be the preferred technique for the definitive management of chronic neuralgia after hernia repair.     

腹腔镜疝修补术中网片是否固定与开放式无张力疝修补术的疗效比较

目的对比腹腔镜疝修补术网片固定、网片免固定与开放式无张力疝修补术治疗腹股沟疝的有效性及安全性,以期为未来腹股沟疝治疗术式的选择提供依据。 方法回顾性分析2015年1月至2018年1月,宝应县人民医院收治的腹股沟疝93例患者的临床资料,根据手术方法分为3组：A组,腹腔镜疝修补术网片固定（34例）;B组,腹腔镜疝修补术网片免固定组（31例）;C组,开放式无张力疝修补术（28例）。术后随访1年,对比3组患者手术实施情况、术后并发症发生情况及复发率。 结果B组术中失血量、手术时间、术后下床活动时间、进食时间、疼痛持续时间、住院时间、术后2 d疼痛评分与A组比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;A、B组术中失血量少于C组,术后下床活动时间、进食时间、疼痛持续时间、住院时间短于C组,术后2 d疼痛评分低于C组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;3组手术时间两两比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;3组术后并发症发生率、复发率比较,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。 结论腹腔镜与开放式无张力疝修补术治疗腹股沟疝疗效相当,且患者术后均无较多并发症,安全性均理想。但因腹腔镜手术无需作较大切口,患者受到创伤小,术后恢复快,其应用价值优于开放式手术。腹腔镜术中补片在不固定的情况下仍能获得与补片固定后相似的效果,故腹腔镜网片免固定疝修补术操作简单,并发症少,临床推广价值更高。     

Ultrasound-guided ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve blocks for chronic pain after inguinal hernia repair

Purpose

The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerve blocks in patients with chronic pain after herniorrhaphy, by comparing nerve stimulator and ultrasound guidance to administer the block.

Methods

A total of 43 patients who received nerve blocks for chronic inguinal post-herniorrhaphy pain received standardized questionnaires. Nerve stimulator–guided blocks were performed prior to January 2009, and thereafter, ultrasound-guided blocks were performed using a local anaesthetic solution and a corticosteroid.

Results

The questionnaire was completed by 38 patients (88 %). The inguinal hernia repair was performed for a median 16 months (range 3–219) ahead of the nerve blocks. A median of 2 pain treatments (range 1–7) was calculated. Median follow-up was 21 months (range 3–68). According to the DN4, 21 patients (55.3 %) no longer reported neuropathic pain. Subjectively, 32 % no longer reported moderate-to-severe pain. After ultrasound-guided blocks, a higher VAS score (at rest and during activities), a higher proportion of daily pain and more anxiety and depression are reported compared to blocks performed after nerve stimulator guidance.

Conclusions

Ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve blocks can be effective to treat chronic inguinal pain following surgery of the groin. The use of ultrasound was not superior to nerve stimulator–guided blocks. These blocks could be considered prior to more invasive procedures such as neurectomy.     

Surgical experience of laparoscopic retroperitoneal triple neurectomy for a patient with chronic neuropathic inguinodynia

BackgroundNeuropathic inguinodynia following inguinal hernia repair sometimes becomes a disabling disease. We report a case of successful surgical treatment of chronic refractory neuropathic pain after inguinal hernia by laparoscopic retroperitoneal triple neurectomy.Case presentationA seventy-year-old male who underwent right-side inguinal hernia repair using the Lichtenstein method revisited our hospital with inguinodynia 16 months after surgery. After a thorough assessment, the patient was diagnosed with neuropathic pain based on the following: 1) dermatomal mapping suggested ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerve problems, 2) pain was evoked by specific movement, 3) the site of maximum pain was slightly changed at every physical examination, and 4) no evidence of recurrence or meshoma was observed on MRI. Conservative therapies were ineffective. Surgical intervention using laparoscopic retroperitoneal triple neurectomy was performed 4 months after treatment initiation. In the lateral recumbent position, a three-port method was used. The ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerves and the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerves were identified and resected. Although a residual nerve emerged from L2/3 toward the inguinal region, the nerve remained in situ. Pain assessment 3 h after surgery revealed that pain was decreased but remained. Reoperation involving resection of the residual nerve was performed on the same day. Although another type of mild pain appeared 3 months after surgery, the patient resumed normal life, without any restrictions.ConclusionsLaparoscopic retroperitoneal triple neurectomy is useful for treating refractory neuropathic pain. The diagnosis of neuropathic pain via thorough preoperative assessment is vital for procedure success because the procedure would not be effective for other types of pain.     

腹膜前无张力疝修补术对比传统加强腹股沟后壁疝修补术的优势分析

目的比较腹膜前无张力疝修补术与传统加强腹股沟后壁疝修补术治疗腹股沟疝的效果。 方法回顾性分析2014年6月至2017年11月,上海市虹口区江湾医院就诊的400例腹股沟疝患者的临床资料,根据所行手术方法的不同分为试验组与对照组,每组200例。试验组行腹膜前无张力疝修补术,对照组行传统加强腹股沟后壁疝修补术。比较2组患者手术指标,术后疼痛、并发症及复发情况。 结果试验组手术、住院及术后卧床时间等均较对照组显著缩短,术中出血量少于对照组,手术费用多于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;试验组并发症发生率与复发率均显著低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。术后3、5 d 2组视觉模拟评分均显著低于术后1 d,且各时间点试验组均显著低于对照组,试验组中止痛药物使用例数显著少于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论较传统加强腹股沟后壁疝修补术而言,腹股沟疝患者经腹膜前无张力疝修补术治疗后术中出血减少,且手术时间及康复时间缩短,安全性更好,术后疼痛感减轻,并发症及复发风险降低。     

Lichtenstein无张力疝修补术中腹股沟区神经处理的体会

目的探讨Lichtenstein无张力疝修补术中正确处理腹股沟区神经对术后慢性疼痛的预防效果。方法对我院2007年2月至2010年3月期间收治的158例腹股沟疝患者行Lichtenstein无张力疝修补术,并在术中注意辨认及保护腹股沟区神经,保持神经床的完整性,若神经被损伤或干扰了网片的放置则予切除。结果术中髂腹下神经、髂腹股沟神经和生殖股神经生殖支辨认率分别为87.97%(139/158)、82.28%(130/158)和34.18%(54/158)。术后并发症发生率为5.06%(8/158),其中切口皮下积液5例,阴囊血肿2例,切口感染1例,均通过理疗、切口换药后治愈。随访12个月,无复发病例。术后1个月有轻度疼痛者63例(39.87%),中度疼痛者34例(21.52%),无重度疼痛者,平均疼痛评分为0.83分;术后6个月时慢性疼痛发生率为5.06%(8/158),其中轻度疼痛者7例(4.43%),中度疼痛者1例(0.63%);术后12个月时只有4例(2.53%)患者偶感轻微疼痛或不适,平均疼痛评分为0.03分。多分类logistic回归分析显示:神经切除对术后疼痛无明显影响(P>0.05);未辨清髂腹股沟神经会增加术后早期(1个月)中度疼痛的风险(疼痛风险比值=3.373,P=0.030)。结论只要严格遵照Lichtenstein手术操作规范,术中正确处理腹股沟区神经,就能降低患者术后慢性疼痛的发生,改善其生活质量。     

Does nerve identification during open inguinal herniorrhaphy reduce the risk of nerve damage and persistent pain?

Purpose

Nerve identification during open inguinal hernia herniorrhaphy has been suggested as one of the factors that may reduce the risk of development of persistent postherniorrhaphy pain. In this prospective study, we evaluated whether intraoperative inguinal nerve identification influenced the risk of development of persistent postherniorrhaphy pain, sensory dysfunction in the groin and functional ability score after open hernia repair.

Methods

A total of 244 men with a primary inguinal hernia underwent open Lichtenstein repair in a high-volume hernia surgery centre, where information on inguinal nerve identification was registered during operation. Before the operation and 6?months postoperatively, functional pain-related impairment was assessed with Activities Assessment Scale and pain intensity scores with Numeric Rating Scale (NRS 0–10). Quantitative sensory testing in the groin was performed before operation and 6?months postoperatively, in order to investigate intraoperative inguinal nerve damage.

Results

The intraoperative nerve identification rates for the iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal and genitofemoral nerves were 94.7, 97.5 and 21.3?%, respectively. Thirty-nine patients (16.0?%) had substantial pain-related functional impairment at 6?months follow-up. There was no difference in risk of development of substantial pain-related functional impairment in patients with identification compared with non-identification of the iliohypogastric nerve (P?=?1.0), the ilioinguinal nerve (P?=?0.59), the genitofemoral nerve (P?=?0.40) or all nerves (P?=?0.52). There were no differences in regard to sensory loss in the groin area or in regard to improvement in functional outcome following surgery, between patients with and without nerve identification.

Conclusions

Although intraoperative inguinal nerve identification should be aimed at, other factors may contribute to the risk of nerve damage and persistent pain after open groin hernia repair.     

Laparoscopic vs conventional tension free inguinal herniorrhaphy: 2005 Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES) annual meeting debate

This report summarizes the 2005 Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons' inguinal herniorrhaphy debate. Most inguinal herniorrhaphies in the United States are performed using one of several prosthesis-based, tension-free (TFR) procedures. Approximately 15% of the procedures used are laparoscopic inguinal herniorrhaphies (LIH). Technical ease, lower cost, and local anesthesia are the major advantages attributed to TFR, whereas superior cosmesis, less perioperative pain, and a faster return to normal activity is attributed to LIH. The overall cost-benefit ratio, incidence of chronic pain syndromes, and relevance of a recent major trial could not be entirely settled in this debate. The importance of adequate training for surgeons undertaking LIH cannot be overemphasized. Experienced surgeons displaying equivalent results for LIH and TFR are justified in offering LIH to patients with primary unilateral inguinal hernias.     

应用局麻无张力疝修补术治疗复发性腹股沟疝34例

目的通过手术所见分析腹股沟疝术后复发的病因，总结局麻无张力疝修补术治疗复发性腹股沟疝的临床经验。方法回顾性分析和总结2006年1月至2008年1月收治复发性腹股沟疝患者34例（经典疝修补术后复发疝患者32例，其中Bassini13例，Ferguson9例，Halsted7例，Schouldice3例；无张力疝修补术后复发2例）行局麻无张力疝修补的临床资料。结果全组均治愈出院，术后阴囊水肿4例，阴囊血肿1例，随访6个月-2年无复发病例。结论要达到理想的复发疝修补效果和低复发率，应充分考虑复发的病因，术中进行分析，合理选择修补材料和个体化手术方法，规范技术操作，应用局麻无张力疝修补术是一种理想术式。     

艾瑞新宝丽网塞用于治疗腹股沟疝的临床研究

目的探讨艾瑞新宝丽网塞（3D网塞）治疗腹股沟疝的适应证及效果。方法总结我院2006年2月至2008年2月间部分腹股沟疝患者的临床资料，其中200例应用美国艾瑞公司生产的3D网塞定型补片作为疝修补材料进行局部神经阻滞麻醉下无张力疝修补，观察手术时间、术后下床活动时间、术后疼痛、术后住院天数、手术费用、并发症及复发率情况。结果手术时间平均23min；术后患者即可下床活动，生活自理；所有患者手术后疼痛轻微，未使用术后镇痛剂；术后平均住院日1．5d；未出现术后尿潴留和阴囊浆液肿，无切口感染及相关并发症；平均手术费用4678元。术后随访4～28个月，异物感不明显，无术后慢性疼痛，无复发。结论3D网塞充填式无张力疝修补更符合人体解剖结构，对腹股沟区的解剖干扰更少、创伤更小、操作简单、安全可靠。尤其适用于中、小型腹股沟斜疝及腹横筋膜缺损不大的直疝患者。     

局麻下无张力疝修补术治疗腹股沟嵌顿疝20例体会

目的探讨局麻下无张力疝修补术在治疗腹股沟嵌顿疝中的临床应用价值。方法对我院2007年10月至2009年11月行局麻下无张力疝修补术治疗腹股沟嵌顿疝20例的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果手术全部成功完成,平均手术时间45 min,术后疼痛2例,阴囊积液2例。随访2个月至2年无复发病例。结论局麻下无张力疝修补术治疗腹股沟嵌顿疝是一种安全有效的术式。     

康派特医用胶在腹股沟疝无张力修补术中的应用

目的探讨应用康派特医用胶在腹股沟疝无张力修补术中应用的疗效。方法本组共550例腹股沟疝患者,在2009年1月至2009年6月间行无张力疝修补术时应用康派特医用胶将平片与腹股沟管后壁粘合固定,并喷涂创面止血,观察并分析术后并发症及复发情况。结果本组手术时间平均为33 min,术后均未出现伤口感染、血肿及其它与手术相关的并发症,未出现医用胶过敏症状。术后随访6～12个月,未出现局部慢性疼痛和复发病例。结论在无张力疝修补术中应用康派特医用胶粘合固定平片和创面止血的效果良好,不增加术后复发,还可以减少术后慢性疼痛和血肿的发生,疗效安全、可靠。