经支气管镜高频电圈套治疗气管良恶性肿瘤的临床应用

目的观察经支气管镜高频电圈套治疗气管良恶性肿瘤的临床疗效及其安全性。方法对14例良恶性气管肿瘤所致的气管阻塞患者,通过支气管镜进行高频电圈套切除气管肿瘤,观察患者的症状缓解情况及并发症。结果通过支气管镜行高频电圈套治疗气管肿瘤14例,术后症状全部缓解,其中鳞癌8例,腺癌3例,平滑肌肉瘤1例,纤维脂肪瘤l例,结核性肉芽肿1例。结论经支气管镜高频电圈套治疗气管良恶性肿瘤疗效良好,安全性好。     

高频电治疗主气道新生物阻塞手术并发症的预防与护理

目的探讨电子支气管镜下主气道新生物阻塞患者高频电烧灼切割手术并发症的预防及护理。方法对23例主气道新生物阻塞的患者行高频电治疗，加强术前、术中、术后的护理，预防并发症的发生。结果23例患者除1例术中有少量出血}3例术中血氧饱和度〈850,4，持续〉30s，余均顺利完成检查，未出现窒息、大出血、气道穿孔、气道烧伤等严重并发症。结论护士根据主气道阻塞患者的特点，在完善术前准备，避免呼吸抑制、胸部压迫，尽最大可能地维持有效血氧浓度的基础上，做好术中、术后严密观察，熟练配合，避免一切引发并发症的不利因素，可以为医生赢得手术时间，降低手术并发症。     

纤维支气管镜介导的高频电刀治疗大气道内恶性肿瘤

目的:观察纤维支气管镜介导的高频电刀治疗大气道内恶性肿瘤的临床疗效及安全性。方法:对9例大气道内恶性肿瘤患者经纤维支气管镜高频电刀切除,电灼扩大管腔治疗,术后所有患者均加用局部放射、全身药物化学治疗。结果:9例患者治疗后气促指数、Kamofsky评分、FEV1及FVC与治疗前比较,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05);1例患者出现大出血。结论:纤维支气管镜介导的高频电切治疗大气道内恶性肿瘤,能迅速缓解患者呼吸困难症状,改善生活质量,操作简便易行,值得临床应用。     

电子支气管镜介导下高频电刀治疗良性气道肿瘤

目的 观察电子支气管镜介导下高频电刀治疗良性气道肿瘤的临床疗效及其安全性,为临床治疗此类患者提供可靠的理论证据.方法 对8例支气管良性肿瘤所致的气道阻塞患者,进行支气管镜下高频电刀烧灼切割术.对治疗结果进行统计,观察气道打通程度、肺通气功能、气促指数及并发症的发生率.结果 8例良性肿瘤,其中2例气管软骨瘤,2例结核肉芽肿,4例炎性肉芽肿,电灼后完全打通气道,彻底治愈.8例患者16次电灼过程中均未出现大出血、呼吸道穿孔、纵隔气肿等严重并发症.结论 支气管镜下高频电刀治疗良性肿瘤引起的气道阻塞疗效显著,避免了开胸手术,可达到临床根治.     

高频电切电凝联合放化疗在治疗气道恶性肿瘤中的临床应用

目的 观察经电子支气管镜下高频电切电凝术联合放化疗在治疗气管及主支气管恶性肿瘤中的临床作用.方法 对37例气管及主支气管恶性肿瘤引起呼吸困难、咳嗽等症状的患者,经电子支气管镜下行高频电切割及电凝治疗联合放化疗.结果 治疗组37例气管及支气管肿瘤患者临床症状均立即明显改善.气促分级改善1～2级.阿氏评分平均上升10～30分.无明显副反应.结论 经电子支气管镜介导下高频电切割及电凝技术联合放化疗既可以将患者气道内肿瘤尽可能清除干净,可迅速改善患者的症状,改善生活质量,又尽可能延长患者生命,为晚期患者的治疗提供新的思路.     

经电子支气管镜治疗气管肿瘤并重度气管狭窄

目的探讨气管肿瘤并重度气管狭窄的介入治疗方法。方法所有患者均经电子支气管镜高频电和氩气刀治疗,对部分管内型狭窄患者和所有混合型狭窄患者在高频电及氩气刀切除部分肿瘤后置入国产金属支架。结果 34例气管肿瘤患者,其中,10例管内型狭窄患者经支气管镜切除气管肿瘤,4例管内型狭窄患者和20例混合型狭窄患者经支气管镜切除部分肿瘤后置入支架。治疗后所有患者呼吸困难明显缓解,气促指数由Ⅳ-Ⅴ级改善到0-Ⅱ级。结论经电子支气管镜高频电及氩气刀治疗是气管肿瘤并管内型重度气管狭窄的有效治疗方式;支架置入是气管肿瘤并混合性重度气管狭窄的首选治疗方式,但支架置入前应对肿瘤进行消融治疗。     

电子支气管镜下高频电切电凝治疗气道疾病护理体会

目的：探讨电子支气管镜下高频电切电凝治疗气道疾病的护理方法。方法：对17例气道肿瘤的患者行内镜下高频电烧灼治疗并精心护理。结果：17例均顺利完成高频电刀下圈套器切除肿瘤组织术，安全度过手术期，无严重并发症发生，术后1～2周出院。结论：电子支气管镜下高频电切电凝术良好和严密的护理措施是保证手术成功的关键。     

经支气管镜高频圈套电切良性肿瘤的临床应用

目的:探讨经支气管镜高频圈套电切良性肿瘤的临床应用价值.方法:回顾性分析经纤支镜检查病理确诊的良性气管支气管肿瘤患者行支气管镜下腔内高频圈套电切治疗17例的临床资料.结果:17例治疗1～4次后临床症状缓解,纤支镜下见新生物均完全脱落,追踪0.5～2年未见复发.结论:经支气管镜高频圈套电切良性肿瘤疗效显著,安全,费用低.     

纤维支气管镜介导微波热凝固治疗晚期中央型肺癌20例体会

目的:探讨纤维支气管镜介导微波热凝固治疗晚期中央型肺癌的疗效。方法:采用纤维支气管镜介导微波热凝固治疗经病理确诊晚期中央型肺癌患者20例,观察其疗效。结果:显效16例,有效4例;纤维支气管镜下见肿瘤表面出血减轻,肿瘤缩小;患者自觉症状如咳嗽、胸闷、气促等明显改善。复查CT 10例肺不张完全复张,阻塞性肺炎吸收好转;8例肺不张部分复张,阻塞性肺炎减轻。结论:纤维支气管镜介导微波热凝固治疗可作为晚期中央型肺癌1种较好的姑息治疗手段。     

经支气管镜应用高频电刀治疗气道阻塞病人的护理

气道阻塞是一种危重症.常见气管内肿瘤、结核、炎症、异物所致肉芽肿易引起气道阻塞,可使病人通气功能受限,严重时病人不能平卧,并出现不同程度的呼吸困难,甚至引起窒息而死亡.为了解除病人呼吸困难,我科自2004年3月-2007年3月对22例气道阻塞病人经支气管镜介导的高频电切割及电凝治疗,取得满意效果.现将护理报告如下.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.