Mobile health:new technologies,new modes and new era

In the past decade,tremendous developments have been made in mobile communicating technologies,such as fourth generation communication,satellite communication,and wireless network,which,when combined with healthcare,promoted the development of mobile health(mhealth).Mobile health is defined by the Healthcare Information and Management Systems     

Analysis of Electromagnetic Exposure in Wireless Power Transfer System for Endoscopic Micro-robot

A wireless power transfer system for endoscopic micro-robot operating at 36 kHz is presented in this paper. The issue of patient＇ s health and safety regarding exposure to the electromagnetic field is addressed. The specific absorption rate and current density can be used to investigate the electromagnetic influences on the biological tissues surrounded by the wireless power launching coil. In view of this purpose, the limited close-ound solenoid electromagnetic model is built, the relationship between the electric intensity and the specific absorption rate and current density is deduced, and the simulation experiments are done. Experimental results show that the values of SAR and current density related to different tissue catalogs are all very small and do not exceed their own limits respectively when the resonance frequency of operation is 36 kHz.     

MHC Class Ⅰ Antigen Presentation-Recently Trimmed and Well Presented

Presentation of antigenic peptide to T cells by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules is thekey to the cellular immune response.Non-self intracellular proteins are processed into short peptides andtransported into endoplasmic reticulum (ER) where they are assembled with class I molecules assisted by severalchaperone proteins to form trimeric complex.MHC class I complex loaded with optimised peptides travels to thecell surface of antigen presentation cells to be recognised by T cells.The cells presenting non-self peptides arecleared by CD8 positive T cells.In order to ensure that T cells detect an infection or mutation within the targetcells the process of peptide loading and class I expression must be carefully regulated.Many of the cellularcomponents involved in antigen processing and class I presentation are known and their various functions arenow becoming clearer.Cellular & Molecular Immunology.2004;1(1):22-30.     

Molecular basis of neuroimmune interaction in an in vitro coculture approach

A team of researchers from Nagoya, Tokyo and Hamilton developed a unique technique for studying neuroimmune interaction with confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy several years ago. It relies on guiding immune and nerve cell interaction by creating an adhesive environment using an in vitro coculture dish. With their technique, they are able to study details of the mechanism of how nerve cells communicate with immune cells （mast cells and T lymphocytes） and vice versa. They showed that nerve-mast cell communication could occur in the absence of an intermediary transducing cell and that the neuropeptide substance P, operating v/a NK-1 receptors, was a soluble factor of this communication. In addition, recently, they showed that ATP which was released from activated mast cells mediated the activation of nerve cells. Further, with their technique, Nagoya＇s group was able to study details of the molecular mechanism of nerve-mast cell interaction. N-cadherin and CADM1 （cell adhesion molecule 1） appeared to mediate attachment and promoted the communication between mast cells and nerves predominantly. It would lead to new therapeutic modalities for diseases based on neuroimmune interaction such as neurogenic inflammation, intestinal bowel diseases, asthma, and autoimmune disorders. Cellular ＆ Molecular Immunology. 2008;5（4）：249-259.     

Extracellular vesicles and reproduction-promotion of successful pregnancy

Extracellular vesicles （EVs） are membrane-bound complexes secreted from cells under both physiological and pathological conditions. They contain proteins, nucleic acids and lipids and act as messengers for cell-cell communication and signalling, particularly between immune cells. EV research is a rapidly evolving and expanding field, and it appears that all biological fluids contain very large numbers of EVs; they are produced from all cells that have been studied to date, and are known to have roles in several reproductive processes. This review analyses the evidence for the role of EVs throughout human reproduction, starting with the paternal and maternal gametes, followed by the establishment and continuation of successful pregnancies, with specific focus, where possible, on the interaction of EVs with the maternal immune system. Importantly, variations within the EV populations are identified in various reproductive disorders, such as pre-term labour and pre-eclampsia.     

A Functional Type I Interferon Pathway Drives Resistance to Cornea Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection by Recruitment of Leukocytes

Type I interferons are critical antiviral cytokines produced following herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) infection that act to inhibit viral spread.In the present study,we identify HSV-infected and adjacent uninfected corneal epithelial cells as the source of interferon-α.We also report mice deficient in the A1 chain of the type I IFN receptor (CD118-/) are extremely sensitive to ocular infection with low doses (100 PFU) of HSV-1 as seen by significantly elevated viral titers in the cornea compared to wild type (WT) controls.The enhanced susceptibility correlated with a loss of CD4 + and CD8 + T cell recruitment and aberrant chemokine production in the cornea despite mounting an adaptive immune response in the draining mandibular lymph node of CD118-/mice.Taken together,these results highlight the importance of IFN production in both the innate immune response as well as eliciting chemokine production required to facilitate adaptive immune cell trafficking.     

Efficacy of biofeedback therapy via a mini wireless device on sleep bruxism contrasted with occlusal splint:a pilot study

The putative causes of bruxism are multifactorial and there are no definite measures for bruxism management.The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of biofeedback therapy on sleep bruxism,compared with occlusal splint.Twenty-four volunteers with sleep bruxism were divided into two groups:the GTB group that were treated with biofeedback therapy(n 512) and the GTO group that were treated with occlusal splint(n 512).A mini pressure sensor integrated with a monitoring circuit by use of a maxillary biofeedback splint was fabricated.To foster the relaxation of the masticatory muscles and the nervous system,the wireless device received signals from bruxism events and vibrations alerted the bruxer when the threshold was exceeded.Total episodes and average duration of bruxism events during8 hours of sleep were analyzed with the monitoring program(TRMY1.0).After 6 and 12 weeks,the episodes(P 50.001) and duration(P,0.05) in the GTB group declined dramatically.In contrast,there were no significant differences in the GTO group after the treatment(P.0.05).Furthermore,the episodes had significant differences between the GTB group and the GTO group after the same period of treatment(P 5 0.000).The results suggest that biofeedback therapy may be an effective and convenient measure for mild bruxers,when compared with occlusal splint therapy.The mini wireless biofeedback method may be of value for the diagnosis and management of bruxism in the future.     

Facilitation of long-term potentiation in layer II/III horizontal connections of rat motor cortex following layer I stimulation: route of effect and cholinergic contributions

The ability of layer I activation to facilitate the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) in layer II/III horizontal connections of motor cortex (MI) was examined in rat brain slice preparations. Field potentials evoked in layer I and layer II/III horizontal pathways were recorded from radially aligned MI sites. While theta burst stimulation (TBS) of layer II/III pathways alone failed to induce LTP, simultaneous TBS of layer I and layer II/III inputs on alternate sides of the recording electrodes induced LTP in the layer II/III input in 8 out of 13 slices (mean change +20±6%; N=13). In the same cases, the layer I connections showed mixed effects: LTP in three cases, LTD in five cases, and no modification in five slices. Despite the facilitatory effect of layer I activation on layer II/III LTP induction, we found that the critical circuitry for this effect was outside layer I. Cutting the layer I fibers selectively in the slice did not prevent layer II/III LTP induction, while cuts preserving only layer I blocked layer II/III LTP after conjoint I+II/III TBS. Cholinergic fibers were evaluated as candidates for the facilitatory effect because they branch widely in both layers and they are thought to participate in synaptic modification. The cholinergic contribution to layer II/III LTP facilitation was investigated using bath application of muscarinic antagonists. Muscarinic blockade prevented facilitation of layer II/III LTP by layer I coactivation. Instead, conjoint stimulation in 10 μM atropine produced long-term depression (LTD) of layer II/III (–18±9%; N=11) as well as of layer I (–21±6%; N=11) horizontal responses. These results indicate that connections formed within layer I are ineffective in promoting LTP in the deeper-lying horizontal connections; the critical route by which layer I stimulation influenced LTP induction required the circuitry in the deeper layers, particularly the cholinergic system. Thus, it appears that diffuse cholinergic afferents provide an additional route to regulate activity-dependent synaptic modificaton in horizontal cortical connections. Received: 23 June 1998 / Accepted: 22 February 1999     

三维数字化扫描及测量技术在下颌前突畸形诊治中的应用

BACKGROUND: A classical orthognathic scheme for mandibular prognathism includes preoperative cephalometric analysis, acquiring modulus, facebow transfer, model surgery, making occlusion plate. This process is cumbersome, complex, and prone to have bias. Moreover, orthognathic effects are difficult to be predicted, which is a major difficulty in doctor-patient communication. OBJECTIVE: To summarize and analyze the use of three-dimensional scanning techniques in the treatment and diagnosis of mandibular prognathism, including principle, application and relative merits, thus providing reference for applying to the clinic. METHODS: Papers addressing the use of three-dimensional scanning techniques in the diagnosis and treatment of mandibular prognathism were retrieved by computer in Wanfang and PubMed databases with the key words of “three-dimensional scanning, class III, orthognathic, mandibular prognathism” in Chinese and English, respectively. A total of 48 papers were included for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the traditional technology, the three-dimensional scanning technology has high accuracy and efficiency in the diagnosis and treatment of mandibular prognathism, and can directly capture the 3D geometry of objects for modeling, collection and measurement of biological data, which provides a reliable monitoring method for postoperative assessment and follow-up. Compared with the CT, the three-dimensional scanning technology cannot show the internal structure and separate hard and soft tissues, which should be reasonably chosen according to practical data. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程 ORCID: 0000-0002-6535-4710(丁榆德)     

β-1,4-半乳糖基转移酶Ⅰ在G蛋白介导顶体反应中的作用

After the first recognition occurs between the activated sperm and zona pellucida of the oocyte from the mammalians,β-1,4-galactosyltransferase Ⅰ (β 4GaiT Ⅰ) combines the N-GlcNAc terminals by O-ligands on the ZP3 of the zona pellucida, which plays a difunctional role in the fertilization. The G protein signal system on the sperm membrane then is consequently activated by ZP3 via β4GalT 1, contributing to the induction of aerosome reaction. It was proved that in the activation of the G protein system, both the BBXB and BBXXB motifs on the N terminal of the long β 4GaiT I are necessary.     

T淋巴细胞表达杀伤细胞抑制性受体的研究进展

Only in recent years,attentions have been drawn to the significance of expressing killer cell inhibitory receptors(KIR)in T cells.KIRs specifically bind to the corresponding region of the MHC class I molecules and transmit negative signals to prevent cytotoxity of T cells.When the ligands of KIRs are missing,the lysis of the target cells can‘t be avoided.Perhaps the existence of KIRs is the main mechanism for preventing T cells from attacking autologous tissues.The recognition mechanism of the interaction between the KIR^ donor T cells and the recipient‘s MHC class I molecule expressing tissue cells might shed light on the establishment of the immunotolerance for the prevention of allo-graft rejection and graft-versus-host disease.     

Targeting TLR4/MAPKs signaling pathway:A better option for therapeutic inhibition of atherosclerosis

Cardiovascular diseases, especially atherosclerosis, found to be the dreadful diseases worldwide. There are diverse pathways associated with the progression of atherosclerosis. One of the important signaling pathways to target atherosclerotic plaque rupture is toll-like receptor 4(TLR4) Pathway. Several studies are available for illustrating the role of TLR4 in health and diseases. Different types of immune cell are activated in atherosclerosis but primary cells that are activated by the TLR4 signaling are macrophages and endothelial cells. Mechanisms by which macrophages uptake lipids are diverse and it is very important to target signaling pathway responsible for controlling foam cell formation. The process of macrophages transformed foam cell formation is the critical event in progression of atherosclerotic lesion and TLR4 found to have actively participate in the event through mitogen activated protein kinases(MAPKs) activation. The activation of MAPKs signaling pathway leads to the accumulation of cholesterol in the macrophages and also contribute to the dissociation of IκB and the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappalight-chain-enhancer of activated B cells(NF-κB) p65 subunit, thereby activating key inflammatory cascadeactivation by MAPKs/NF-κB signaling pathway to induce toxicity by activating different inflammatory parameters. Hence, the review focussed on exploring the role of TLR4/MAPKs signaling pathway for the therapeutic inhibition of atherosclerosis.     

The new antioxidant 1-benzoyl-6-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline has a protective effect against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic injury in rats

Liver diseases with the central pathogenetic mechanism of oxidative stress are one of the main causes of mortality worldwide. Therefore, dihydroquinoline derivatives, which are precursors of hepatoprotectors and have antioxidant activity, are of interest. We have previously found that some compounds in this class have the ability to normalize redox homeostasis under experimental conditions. Here, we initially analyzed the hepatoprotective potential of the dihydroquinoline derivative 1-benzoyl-6-...     

Design and Validation of a Foldable and Photovoltaic Wide-field Epiretinal Prosthesis

正Retinal prostheses have been developed to fight blindness in people affected by outer retinal layer dystrophies. To date, few hundred patients have received a retinal implant. Inspired by intraocular lenses,we have designed a foldable and photovoltaic wide-field epiretinal prosthesis (named POLYRETINA) capable of stimulating wireless retinal ganglion cells. Here we show that within a visual angle of 46.3 degrees, POLYRETINA embeds 2215 stimulating pixels, of which 967 are in the central area of 5?mm, it is     

Intercellular trogocytosis plays an important role in modulation of immune responses

Intercellular communication is an important means of molecular information transfer through exchange of membrane proteins from cells to cells. Advent of the latest analytical and imaging tools has allowed us to enhance our understanding of the cellular communication through the intercellular exchange of intact membrane patches, also called trogocytosis, which is a ubiquitous phenomenon. Immune responses against pathogens or any foreign antigens require fine immune regulation, where cellular communications are mediated by either soluble or cell surface molecules. It has been demonstrated that the membrane molecule transfer between immune cells such as dendritic and T cells can be derived through internalization/recycling pathway, dissociation-associated pathway, uptake of exosomes and membrane nanotube formations. Recent evidence implicates the trogocytosis as an important mechanism of the immune system to modulate immune responses. Exchange of membrane molecules/ antigens between immune cells has been observed for a long time, but the mechanisms and functional consequences of these transfers remain unclear. In this review, we discuss the possible mechanisms of trogocytosis and its physiological relevance to immune system, with special reference to T cells and the stimulatory or suppressive immune responses derived from T cells with acquired dendritic cell membrane molecules. Cellular ＆ Molecular Immunology. 2008;5（4）：261-269.     

Roles of Chemokines in Thymopoiesis： Redundancy and Regulation

Thymus is the primary lymphoid organ involved in the development of thymocytes.Maturation related eventsof thymocytes within thymus,especially the widely discussed directional migration of thymocytes,is regulatedby chemokines via chemokine receptors mediated signaling pathway.Multiple types of chemokines andchemokine receptors,as components of the network-interaction within thymic microenvironment,are involvedin the thymopoiesis.It appears that these chemokines are functionally redundant and such phenomenon maybe explained not only by the promiscuous,non-one-to-one matching between ligands-receptors within CXC orCC chemokine subfamily,but also by the various spatio-temporal expression patterns within different celltypes and developmental stages.The redundancy and regulation of thymus expressed chemokines andchemokine receptors during thymocyte development are herein discussed.Cellular & Molecular Immunology.2004;1(4):266-273.     

Modular organization of the monkey presubiculum

There have been previous reports of somatostatin- and acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-positive patches in the superficial layers of the presubiculum in monkeys. In this study, we show additional instances of patches in the presubiculum, as demonstrated by cytochrome oxidase (CO), by myelin and Nissl stains, and by the calcium-binding proteins calbindin (CB), calretinin (CR), and parvalbumin (PV). Markers are differentially expressed along the lateral and longitudinal axes. Comparisons of adjacent sections reacted for different markers suggest that the CB+ and CR+ patches, and CO+ and AChE+ patches generally correspond, but not the CB+ and CO+ patches. In cross section, patches are about 100–300 μm in width. Sections cut tangentially through the superficial layers indicate that the pattern of CO and AChE labeling is in fact patchlike in layer I, but that the apparent patches in layer II (CB and CR) form a reticular or lattice-like network. As patches are restricted to the presubiculum, these labeling patterns provide a convenient marker for the boundary between the presubiculum and the adjoining posteroventral retrosplenial cortex. More work is necessary to determine how this modularity may relate to the functional organization of the presubiculum. Electronic Publication     

Study on Fluid Shear Flow on Osteoblast-like Cells in Their Tensile Loading Experiments

In vitro cell loading experiments are used to investigate stimulation of strain to cellular proliferation. As the flowing conditions of culture fluid in loading systems has been little known, strictly people can not detect the influence of strain to cellular proliferation exactly because shear flow can enhance cell proliferation either. Based on the working principle and cyclic loading parameters, we simplify Navier-Stokes equation to describe the flow of culture fluid on substrates of uniaxial and equi-biaxial fiat tensile loading systems and four point bending system. With approximate solutions, the distributions of velocity field and wall shear flow to cells are gained. Results show: shear flows are zero in the middle (or fixed point or line) of substrate for all systems, and they get larger proportionally to distance from middle and substrate elongate; the shear flow on the substrate of four point bending system is much greater than those of others. This shear flow in four point bending system, confirmed by Owan, I., et al with OPN mRNA increase in their experiment, could cause more influence to osteoblast-like cells than that caused by strain. We estimate the average magnitude of shear stress in Owan‘ s device, the results are consistent with other experimental data about shear flow. In conclusion our study makes it possible to differentiate the influence of strain on cellular proliferation to that of shear flow in loading experiments with the devices mentioned above quantitatively.     

Forcing Tumor Cells to Present Their Own Tumor Antigens to the Immune System： a Necessary Design for an Efficient Tumor Immunotherapy

The general principle for tumor cells to escape from immune surveillance is to prevent tumor antigens from being recognized by the immune system. Many methods have been developed to increase the immunogenecity of the tumor cells. The most efficient methods are able to force tumor cells to present their own tumor antigens to the immune system. Stimulating Th cells by converting tumor cells into MHC class II /Ii- antigen presenting cells is one of the most efficient technologies. Using antisense methods, we suppress the expression of the Ii protein that normally co-expresses with MHC class II molecules and blocks the antigenic peptide binding site of MHC class II molecules during synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum. In such tumor cells, the“unprotected“ MHC class II molecules pick up endogenous tumor antigenic peptides, which have been transported into the ER for binding to MHC class I molecules. Simultaneous presentation of tumor antigens by both MHC class I and II molecules generates a robust and long-lasting anti-tumor immune response. MHC class II /Ii- tumor cells are potent tumor cell vaccines and also cure a significant number of animals with renal and prostate tumors. We have developed analogous human gene vectors that are suitable for most patients and cancers.