机械吻合器在食管-胃颈部吻合中的应用

目的 探讨食管癌切除,食管-胃消化道吻合器颈部吻合手术改进的方法及手术效果.方法 对126例食管癌患者行食管癌根治术、食管-胃颈部吻合器吻合术.关键步骤包括:胃、食管的游离;颈部吻合器的使用;吻合口的包套;胃和吻合口置于食管床.分析该手术方法及效果.结果 本组126例均一次吻合成功,术后无颈部吻合口瘘、吻合口出血、喉返神经损伤及乳糜胸发生.术后随访1～27 个月,失访12例;死亡8例;吻合口轻度狭窄4例,占3.5%(4/114);有明显的反流症状12例,占10.5%(12/114),予以药物治疗效果佳.术后病理诊断,鳞癌124例,腺癌1例,小细胞癌1例.结论 食管-胃消化道吻合器颈部吻合符合肿瘤彻底切除的原则,器械吻合操作较为简单,容易掌握,避免了人为因素对吻合口的影响,增加了吻合的可靠性,术后并发症发生率低,值得推广应用.     

早期肠内营养在食管癌行食管-胃颈部器械吻合术后的应用

目的: 探讨食管癌根治术病人行胃-食管消化道吻合器颈部吻合术后EEN的效果. 方法: 对340例食管癌病人采用食管次全切除,吻合器行胃-食管颈部吻合.将病人分为吻合器吻合 EN组、手工吻合 EN组和手工吻合 PN组.术后第1天开始分别给予营养支持1周,观察病人的肠道恢复时间、术后住院时间;围手术期营养指标、免疫指标、术后并发症. 结果: 两EN组的肠道恢复时间、术后住院时间较PN组明显缩短(P＜0.01);围手术期营养指标和免疫功能指标也明显高于PN组;两EN组术后并发症明显低于PN组.器械吻合 EN组在吻合口瘘和吻合口狭窄方面低于手工吻合 EN. 结论: 食管癌根治术病人行胃-食管吻合器颈部吻合术后EEN安全可行,能明显改善病人的营养状况,加速病人的康复,减少手术并发症.     

胃切除术后胃肠吻合方法的技术改进

目的 通过吻合器和吻合环的合理使用，改进胃切除术后胃肠吻合方法。方法 全胃或胃部分切除后，用吻合器或／和吻合环完成消化道重建，包括食管空肠吻合、食管胃吻合、胃十二指肠吻合、胃空肠吻合和空肠端侧吻合等。结果 本组用吻合器或／和吻合环完成消化道重建182例，均为一次获得成功。无吻合口漏、出血及感染。术后3∽12个月随访复查胃镜或钡餐，仅3例出现吻合口狭窄，余吻合口愈合良好。结论在胃切除后消化道重建中，与传统手工吻合相比，吻合嚣和吻合环有方便、怏捷、可 靠等优点，大大提高了探作效率，缩短了手术时间；并有利于防止吻合口瘘或狭窄等。作者认为只要病人经济条件允许，尽量使用一次性吻合器和吻合环。     

带蒂胃网膜在胃食管吻合术中的应用

目的回顾总结用带蒂大网膜包盖高位食管胃吻合口预防吻合口漏的经验。方法40例中上段食管癌患者均行食管部分切除、胃食管吻合术,吻合口周围包盖带蒂大网膜。结果没有发生术后吻合口漏,无手术死亡病例。结论用带蒂大网膜包盖高位食管胃吻合口,可以预防高位吻合口漏的发生。     

14例食管癌术后食管胃吻合口瘘的营养支持

近１６年中施行食管、胃贲门部癌手术治疗４１４例，手术切除率为９０．５％。术后并发吻合口瘘１４例，占３．７％。其中男性１１例，女性３例，平均年龄５１岁。食管癌Ⅱ期４例，Ⅲ期８例，Ⅳ期２例。吻合口瘘发生时间多为术后７～１４ｄ，颈部吻合口瘘４例，胸内吻合口...     

食管癌手术中应用圆形吻合器的经验(附455例报告)

目的 评价食管癌切除器械吻合的效果.方法 应用圆型吻合器对455例食管癌切除后进行机械吻合.其中胸上段癌55例(12.1%),胸中段癌265例(58.2%),胸下段癌135例(29.7%).结果 出现吻合口瘘12例,总的发生率为2.6%(12/455).胸内吻合口漏发生率2.3%(9/397),颈部吻合口漏为5.2%(3/58),病死3例,均为胸内吻合口漏,病死率为25.0%(3/12).结论 消化道圆型吻合器在上消化道重建手术中是安全可靠的,器械吻合是减少术后吻合口瘘的有效技术.     

食管癌切除用吻合器吻合手术配合32例

食管癌是世界上最常见的六大恶性肿瘤之一。我国食管癌死亡占全国恶性肿瘤死亡率的21．8％，仅次于胃癌，居第二位。治疗方法以手术为主。吻合口瘘是食管癌手术后最严重的并发症，死亡率高达50％左右。用食管胃吻合器，既简化了手术步骤，又解决了食管胃吻合后发生吻合口瘘和狭窄的并发症，大大提高了手术成功率。2005年1月我院对32例食管癌患者实施了经左胸食管癌切除及胸内食管胃吻合器吻合的手术方式，现将手术配合体会总结如下：     

胃大部切除术后吻合口癌、贲门癌及食管癌的外科治疗

目的 探讨胃大部切除术后吻合口癌、贲门癌及食管癌的外科治疗.方法 回顾性分析21例胃大部切除术后吻合口癌、贲门癌及食管癌患者的临床资料.其中贲门癌术后吻合口癌4例;胃溃疡胃大部切除术后贲门癌2例;胃溃疡胃大部切除术后食管上段癌3例;胃溃疡胃大部切除术后食管中段癌6例;胃溃疡胃大部切除术后食管下段癌6例.行残胃全切+食管部分切除,空肠食管吻合术6例;食管胃部分切除,弓下食管胃吻合3例;食管次全切除结肠代食管12例.结果 术后切口感染1例,吻合口瘘1例,1例死于肺部感染,随访20例患者中,4例术后第3年死于心脑血管意外,存活的16例患者饮食基本正常.结论 胃大部切除术后吻合口癌、贲门癌及食管癌患者若全身情况许可,无远处转移均应争取手术治疗,消化道重建器官的选择应根据患者首次手术切除情况及术者熟练程度而定.     

贲门及胃小弯侧组织切除加胃整形在食管癌手术中的应用

目的探讨贲门及部分胃小弯侧组织切除加胃整形在食管癌切除、食管-胃颈部吻合手术中应用的优越性。方法对116例胸内中、下段食管癌患者行食管次全切除的同时,将贲门及部分胃小弯侧组织切除,把胃整形后经食管床上提至颈部．行颈部食管-胃吻合。结果此种手术方法能使整形的管状胃经食管床顺利上提至颈部,符合生理解剖．不减少胸腔内容积,保证了食管-胃能在无任何张力的情况下进行吻合,且管状胃的血运良好,术后并发症的发生率低。结论贲门及部分胃小弯侧组织切除加胃整形在食管癌切除,食管-胃颈部吻合手术中具有很高的应用价值,值得临床上进一步推广和应用。     

食管癌手术中应用圆形吻合器的经验（附455例报告）

目的 评价食管癌切除器械吻合的效果.方法 应用圆型吻合器对455例食管癌切除后进行机械吻合.其中胸上段癌55例（12.1%）,胸中段癌265例（58.2%）,胸下段癌135例（29.7%）.结果 出现吻合口瘘12例,总的发生率为2.6%（12/455）.胸内吻合口漏发生率2.3%（9/397）,颈部吻合口漏为5.2%（3/58）,病死3例,均为胸内吻合口漏,病死率为25.0%（3/12）.结论 消化道圆型吻合器在上消化道重建手术中是安全可靠的,器械吻合是减少术后吻合口瘘的有效技术.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.