腮腺肿瘤手术20例临床分析

目的探讨腮腺肿瘤的手术方式、手术范围及预后。方法对1998--2004年间行解剖面神经的腮腺肿瘤切除术20例临床随访资料进行分析。结果腮腺浅叶切除术13例中,并发腮瘘1例;全腺叶切除术7例中,并发暂时性面瘫1例,无Frey综合征。随访10个月至6年无复发。结论腮腺良性肿瘤需行解剖面神经的浅叶及肿瘤切除术或全腮腺切除术;恶性肿瘤在面神经未受累时行保留面神经的腮腺全切术,术后辅以放疗,可以减少肿瘤复发和面瘫等并发症。     

Conservative parotidectomy for the treatment of parotid cancers

A conservative parotidectomy is defined as any procedure that is less than a classic superficial parotidectomy, and where less than a full facial nerve is dissected. The aim of this study was to evaluate the oncologic effects of a conservative parotidectomy in a series of patients with malignant tumors of the parotid gland.

The medical records of 43 patients treated at Severance Hospital from 1992 to 2002 who had been diagnosed with parotid cancers confined to the superficial lobe, and had also undergone conservative parotidectomies were reviewed. There were 16 males and 27 females, ranging in age from 8 to 84 years. Sixteen tumors (37%) were high-grade and 27 tumors (63%) were low-grade cancers. Twenty-four patients underwent neck dissection simultaneously with the primary lesion. Surgical treatment was followed by radiotherapy in 10 patients. The follow-up period ranged from 8 to 130 months, with a mean duration of time at 57.7 months.

The overall survival rate and the disease-free rate at five years were 88% and 79%, respectively. Univariate analyses showed histologic tumor grade (p = 0.003) and pathologic neck node metastasis (p < 0.001) to be significant variables. Based on multivariate analysis, only the presence of pathologically positive lymph nodes proved to be significant (p = 0.001). Occult metastases rates was 25% (3 of 12 cases) for high-grade tumors and none of the low-grade tumors had microscopic metastases. Recurrences developed in eight cases (19%). Four cases (9%) had a local or locoregional failure. Of these cases, two cases were high-grade tumors (13%, 2 of 16) and the other two cases were low-grade tumors (7%, 2 of 27). The six cases (14%) of which four cases were high-grade (25%) and two cases were low-grade (7%) had positive surgical margin but showed no evidence of local recurrence after additional postoperative radiotherapy. The incidence of postoperative facial nerve paralysis (HB > 1) was 12% (5 outof 43) for a temporary deficit, but there was no permanent paralysis.

Conservative parotidectomy with appropriate postoperative radiotherapy may be an acceptable procedure without potential morbidity, such as postoperative facial palsy, in the treatment of low-grade parotid cancers confined to the superficial lobe if the facial nerve is sufficiently distant from the tumor.     

Benign parotid tumors: a 24-year experience

The medical records of 125 patients benign parotid neoplasms surgically treated over a 24-year period were retrospectively reviewed; 128 tumors were excised. These included 90 pleomorphic adenomas, 33 Warthin's tumors, 3 benign lymphoepitheliomas, and 2 oncocytomas. The surgical procedures consisted of 2 local excisions, 6 enucleations, 88 superficial parotidectomies, 13 subtotal parotidectomies, and 3 radical parotidectomies. The morbidity rate was 49%. There was one total permanent facial nerve paralysis (0.7%), four (3%) partial permanent facial nerve paralysis, five (5%) transient total facial nerve paralysis, and 32 (25%) partial transient facial nerve paralysis. After a median follow-up of 84 months, there was one recurrence (0.7%). A superficial parotidectomy is the minimum procedure that should be performed for the treatment of a benign parotid neoplasm.     

This is how I do it. Minimizing the blood loss during flap raising in thyroidectomy

Accessory parotid gland tumors are defined as masses within salivary gland tissue located adjacent to Stensen's duct, but separate from the main body of the parotid gland. These tumors usually present as asymptomatic cheek masses. There is a temptation to excise these masses locally; however, the likelihood of injury to branches of the facial nerve is high. The best surgical approach to tumors in the accessory parotid region is via a standard parotid incision and concomitant superficial parotidectomy. Eight patients have been surgically treated with accessory parotid gland masses. Six patients had mixed tumors, one had a low grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma, and one had a localized parotitis. Our approach included a standard parotid incision, raising an anterior flap beyond the mass, and exposing the main trunk of the facial nerve, with careful tracing of all its branches. This approach to accessory parotid gland tumors is superior in that it provides a better margin of resection and minimizes functional and cosmetic deformities. Most importantly, there is less danger of injury to branches of the facial nerve. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

功能性腮腺外科

涎腺肿瘤是常见口腔颌面部肿瘤之一,腮腺是涎腺肿瘤最常见的部位。腮腺肿瘤的功能性外科是指在根治肿瘤的基础上,尽量保存腮腺及其相关组织的功能。部分腮腺切除术可以缩短手术时间、减轻面神经损伤、减轻面部凹陷畸形、降低味觉出汗综合征发生率及保留腮腺功能。保留腮腺咬肌筋膜可以降低味觉出汗综合征的发生率,保留腮腺导管可保留面神经深部腮腺的功能,保留耳大神经可避免或减轻耳垂麻木症状。对于低度恶性肿瘤与面神经紧贴者,保留面神经后采用术中冷冻加术后放疗,或采用
125I 放射性粒子植入,可有效预防肿瘤复发。利用天然隐蔽区,采用耳后或耳前发际内切口,可提高术后的美容效果。功能性腮腺外科的实施,可明显减少手术并发症,提高患者的生存质量。     

腮腺多形性腺瘤外科术式的演变及发展

腮腺肿瘤以多形性腺瘤居多,目前外科治疗仍是主要的治疗方式。20世纪时学者们由于对面神经解剖和多形性腺瘤包膜病理特性缺乏了解,该病的主要术式为单纯肿瘤剜除术,但术后容易导致复发;试图通过扩大切除的范围控制复发率,于是包膜外切除术开始运用于临床,虽然切除了肿瘤的包膜,但是复发率仍未能很好地控制。腮腺浅叶切除术和腮腺全切术明显降低了复发率,但是伴随着面神经损伤的加重,似乎又矫枉过正。腮腺部分切除术作为新的腮腺手术形式,不但降低了复发率、面神经损伤率,还得到病理学基础研究证据的支持,是目前较为先进的手术方式。但是在经典的腮腺浅叶切除术与先进的腮腺部分切除术之间仍存在争议。经过整形学、病理学、基因检测法等方面探究这两种手术的优劣均各有差异。本文从腮腺术式的演变历程探讨腮腺术式发展的方向。      

Parotidectomy: A Review of 112 Patients Treated at a Teaching Hospital in Pakistan

Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the clinical presentation, histopathology and complications following parotid surgery. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 112 patients who underwent parotidectomy from January 2000 to February 2010. Data including age, sex, clinical signs and symptoms, histology and complication were collected from medical records. Results: Of the total, 82 (74%) had benign lesions, 30 (36%) had malignant tumors. The most common benign tumor was pleomorphic adenoma (57%), and the most common malignant tumor was mucoepidermoid carcinoma (16%). Analysis of the correlation between fine-needle aspiration cytology and final histology revealed that fine-needle aspiration sensitivity, specificity and accuracy to 86.6%, 97.56% and 94.64% respectively. The most common complication following parotidectomy was transient facial nerve palsy (18.7%). Conclusion: Superficial parotidectomy is associated with a decrease incidence of transient facial nerve dysfunction compared with that of total parotidectomy. High grade or advanced tumour is a predictor of poor outcome which may require adjuvant therapy.     

Diagnosis and pitfalls in the treatment of parotid tumors

Any swelling near the ear is best considered a parotid neoplasm until proved otherwise. The diagnosis is primarily based on the clinical examination. Imaging studies are best reserved for patients who present with palate or tonsil swellings, which must be distinguished from parapharyngeal or minor salivary gland tumors. Almost all benign, and most malignant parotid tumors can be resected with preservation of the facial nerve. Aspiration biopsy can add useful information, but is not essential for treatment planning as the extent of the surgical procedure is primarily determined by the extent of the tumor. Survival rates in patients with malignant tumors are most significantly influenced by tumor stage. Results seem to have improved in recent years, possibly because we are treating a larger proportion with favorable lesions. Another factor may relate to the enhancement of locoregional control now achieved with postoperative radiotherapy, particularly in patients with Stage III or IV tumors.     

Extracapsular dissection for clinically benign parotid lumps: reduced morbidity without oncological compromise

Previous studies have shown that extracapsular dissection (ECD) is an alternative approach to superficial parotidectomy (SP) for pleomorphic adenoma parotid tumours, associated with low recurrence rates equal to those following SP, but with significantly reduced morbidity. However, if a malignant tumour masquerades as a clinically benign lump, this approach may be inappropriate. This study addressed this question by analysing the outcome of 821 consecutive patients with parotid tumours treated at one centre over 40 years and with a median 12 (range 5-30) years follow-up. Tumours were classified as 'simple' (discrete, mobile, < 4 cm: n=662) and 'complex' (deep, fixed, facial nerve palsy, > or =4 cm: n=159). Among the 'simple' or clinically benign tumours, 503 patients underwent ECD; 159 patients underwent SP. In all, 32 (5%) clinically benign cases were subsequently revealed as malignant histologies (ECD, 12; SP, 20). For each group, 5- and 10-year cancer-specific survival rates were 100 and 98%, respectively. There were no differences in recurrence rates when subanalysed by surgical groups, but ECD was associated with significantly reduced morbidity (P < 0.001). This study demonstrates that ECD is a viable alternative to superficial parotidectomy for the majority of parotid tumours, associated with reduced morbidity without oncological compromise.     

腮腺恶性肿瘤外科治疗130例分析

[目的]探讨腮腺恶性肿瘤的手术方法、面神经处理及预后.[方法]回顾分析130例住院手术病例,其中初治85例、复治45例、术前面瘫18例.行腮腺及肿块切除保留面神经87例,腮腺、肿块及面神经切除33例,扩大切除10例.[结果] 5年生存率为76.2%.其中术前有无面瘫分别33.3%、81.3%(P＜0.01),有无颈淋巴结转移为54.2%、80.4%(P＜0.01).[结论]腮腺恶性肿瘤的预后因素主要是术前有无颈淋巴结转移、面瘫、肿瘤的临床分期及恶性程度,首次术式选择合理是减少局部复发的关键.     

腮腺浅叶良性肿瘤区域切除与传统手术的比较

目的:比较腮腺浅叶良性肿瘤区域切除术与腮腺浅叶切除术的并发症与疗效,为合理选择术式提供依据。方法:回顾性分析85例腮腺浅叶良性肿瘤患者,分别采用腮腺区域切除术与腮腺浅叶切除术,随访1-3年,比较并发症与肿瘤复发情况。结果:行腮腺区域切除术41例,术后面部凹陷畸形不明显,发生暂时性面瘫4例（9.8%）,局部积液5例（12.2%）。腮腺浅叶切除术44例,术后凹陷畸形较明显,发生暂时性面瘫13例（29.5%）,局部积液14例（31.8%）,2例涎漏。两种手术方式患者在随访期间均未复发。结论:与传统腮腺术式相比,功能性区域切除术不增加复发率,且可减少术后并发症的发生。但肿瘤直径大于3cm建议行腮腺浅叶切除术。     

腮腺良性肿瘤手术中耳大神经的解剖与保留

目的对腮腺良性肿瘤患者耳大神经进行解剖、保留,由此提高患者术后生活质量。方法2001年9月~2006年6月以改良术式治疗成年腮腺良性肿瘤患者20例,术中解剖、保留耳大神经;对耳大神经的位置、毗邻关系、直径、走行、分支、分布等解剖要素进行解剖观察,保留耳大神经主干及耳后、耳垂、耳前支,腮腺支部分或全部切除。术后观察、随访,了解术区及面神经恢复情况、肿瘤有无复发、耳大神经支配区感觉恢复情况。结果耳大神经的分支、分布有其规律性。耳大神经在下颌角水平之上0~2cm依次分为耳后支、耳垂支、耳前支、腮腺支,神经主干末段和分支起始段均分布于腮腺筋膜浅层表面。术后患者有暂时性的外耳廓区轻度麻木,术后1周~4月后患者的外耳廓感觉基本恢复正常,无1例发生外耳廓区皮肤长期麻木。患者在面神经功能恢复、肿瘤复发、术区外形等方面与常规术式无明显差异。结论耳大神经及各分支具有不可代替的解剖生理功能,改良术式能将其较好保留,显著降低术后并发症,提高患者生活质量。     

螺旋水刀在腮腺肿瘤手术中的应用

背景与目的:安全有效地解剖面神经是成功完成腮腺肿瘤手术和减少术后并发症的关键。本研究旨在探讨应用a螺旋水刀进行腮腺肿瘤手术的可行性。方法:以2004年2月至2005年2月在中山大学肿瘤防治中心应用螺旋水刀完成腮腺手术的43例腮腺肿瘤患者为研究对象,对照组为同期采用传统手术方式治疗的36例腮腺肿瘤患者。比较两组手术时间、术后引流量、术后住院天数,及面瘫和涎瘘等并发症的发生率。结果:螺旋水刀组和对照组术后引流量差异具有统计学意义[(9.89±3.74)mL vs.(12.15±2.11)mL,P<0.05],手术时间[(90.28±25.30)minvs.(76.32±20.74)min]和术后住院天数[(6.39±1.38)d vs.(6.45±1.05)d]差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。螺旋水刀组6例(14.0%)Ⅱ级面瘫,1例(2.3%)Ⅲ级面瘫,无涎瘘发生;对照组5例(13.9%)Ⅱ级面瘫,2例(5.6%)Ⅲ级面瘫,1例(2.8%)Ⅳ级面瘫,1例(2.8%)涎瘘。两组均无发生永久性面瘫患者,并发症的发生率差异也无统计学意义(P>0.05)。9例保留耳大神经患者术后有轻微的耳垂麻木症状。结论:螺旋水刀行腮腺手术安全可靠,是传统手术方式的有益补充。     

The role of post-operative radiation therapy in the treatment of malignant tumors of the parotid gland

Twenty-nine patients treated with postoperative radiotherapy for malignant tumors of the parotid gland were reviewed at the Joint Center for Radiation Therapy. Most patients were treated between 5,000 and 6,500 rad. All were treated because of microscopic residual disease, extra capsular extension, or tumor close to the facial nerve. The overall results showed one in-field failure, two marginal recurrences, and eight patients failed distantly. Poor prognostic factors included high-grade, extracapsular extension, and nodal involvement. We conclude that patients with malignant tumors of the parotid should be treated with postoperative radiation therapy if any of the bad prognostic signs are present. This may enable the surgeon to spare the facial nerve and obtain local control results equal to or better than more radical surgical procedures.     

Parotid Gland Tumours in Turkish Population: Analysis of 165 Patients

Background: Retrospective data on 165 patients who presented with a parotid mass and underwent surgeryin our clinics during 2000-2009 were examined. The obtained data (demographic data, surgical procedures,histopathological diagnoses) were compared to similar studies to make contributions to the literature. Materialsand Methods: Patients were classified according to their histopathological diagnosis. Surgical procedures andpatient follow-up were clarified. The results are presented as means and standard deviations. Results: Of the 165masses, 134 (81.3%) were benign and 31 (18.7%) were malignant. Pleomorphic adenoma was the most commonbenign tumour (79 patients, 59%). Lymphoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma were equally common and were themost common malignant parotid gland tumours (both 6 patients, 19.3%). The most frequent surgical procedurewas superficial parotidectomy (92 patients, 55.7%), and the most commonly encountered surgical complicationwas facial paralysis (12 patients, 7.2%). Conclusions: Our data are generally in line with the literature butlymphoma was more common than in most previous reports. Although the number of cases was low, the highincidence of parotid gland lymphoma was remarkable.     

腮腺复发性多形性腺瘤临床诊治分析（附67例）

目的:研究腮腺复发性多形性腺瘤的临床特点,总结其手术治疗经验。方法:对2010年6月至2018年6月期间我院收治的67例腮腺复发性多形性腺瘤病例进行回顾性分析,总结其临床病理特征、手术方式、术后并发症及随访情况,使用SPSS 22.0软件对数据进行χ2检验、t检验、Logistic回归分析。结果:40例初次手术行腮腺区肿物切除术者,其平均复发时间短于27例行腮腺浅叶切除或浅叶部分切除者［（17.18±5.39）个月 vs （20.89±6.63）个月,P＜0.05］。复发性多形性腺瘤可出现皮肤粘连（40.3%）、面神经粘连（73.1%）、多灶性病变（56.7%）、肿瘤包膜不完整（92.5%）以及镜下卫星结节（79.3%）等特征。主要的远期并发症为永久性面神经损伤(n=9,13.4%)及Frey综合征(n=18,26.9%)。随访期间术后再次复发7例,复发率13.0%,术中出现肿瘤破裂者,术后复发率较高（31.8% vs 0%,P＜0.05）。结论:腮腺多形性腺瘤初次肿物摘除术后复发常见,复发性肿瘤局部病变广泛,术后并发症常见,外科治疗应个体化,以腮腺浅叶切除为主,根据病变情况及患者意愿决定是否切除深叶;术中肿瘤破裂将增加术后复发风险,应尽量避免,术后还需密切随访。     

Salivary gland pleomorphic adenoma

We discuss the optimal treatment and outcomes for pleomorphic adenoma of the salivary glands by reviewing the pertinent literature. Pleomorphic adenoma is the most common benign salivary gland neoplasm. It is found mostly in the parotid gland in middle-aged women. It progresses slowly and, left untreated, can produce significant morbidity and, rarely, death. The optimal treatment is superficial or total parotidectomy with facial nerve preservation, which results in local control rates of 95% or higher. Radiotherapy (RT) is useful to obtain local control in patients with positive margins, unresectable tumors, and multifocal recurrences after prior resection. Local control rates after RT for microscopic and gross residual tumor are approximately 80% to 85% and 40% to 60%, respectively. The main complication is surgically induced 7th nerve injury. Surgery is the mainstay of treatment and results in a very high cure rate. RT increases the likelihood of local control in the small subset of patients with incompletely resectable tumors and/or multifocal recurrences.     

Contemporary management of tumors of the salivary glands

Management of tumors of the salivary glands requires a detailed understanding of the anatomy and pathologic processes affecting these glands. Salivary glands give rise to benign and malignant neoplasms and are affected by a variety of systemic diseases. CT remains the most common primary imaging study; magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound have also been explored. Fine-needle aspiration as part of the diagnostic evaluation remains controversial due to varying sensitivities and specificities. Surgical extirpation is the primary modality for management of tumors of the salivary glands. Parotid surgery carries a potentially high morbidity with possible unsightly scarring and facial nerve damage. Nontraditional surgical approaches and instrumentation, as well as facial nerve monitoring, can decrease the morbidity of a parotidectomy. In specific instances, malignant salivary gland tumors warrant cervical lymphadenectomy. Adjuvant therapy is primarily accomplished with radiation. Chemotherapy continues to play a palliative role in salivary gland malignancies; however, newer trials are investigating the therapeutic role of chemotherapy.     

Surgical treatment of recurrences of pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland

From 1989 to 1999 a retrospective study was conducted on 7 patients with recurrent pleomorphic adenomas of the parotid gland who were referred to the MaxilloFacial Department of the University of Rome "La Sapienza" after having undergone surgery elsewhere. The mean time interval between the first operation and recurrences ranged from 15 months to 13 years, and the average time interval was 7.7 years. Implantability of the lesion and inadequate surgery that produced rupture of tumour capsule and tumour cells bleeding into surrounding glandular parenchyma, were the reasons for tumour recurrence. The instrumental examinations used for planning the surgical treatment to be applied and for studying the relations of recurrence with glandular parenchyma were CT (with contrast medium) or MR of head and neck. These patients underwent total parotidectomy with facial nerve preservation and no recurrence occurred in any patient. The results of this study underscore the importance of adequate surgical excision of initial recurrences as well as primary tumours to prevent tumour recidivism. Finally, tumour control rates and facial nerve preservation are enhanced with formal parotidectomy for recurrent tumour when feasible.     

Tumors of the major and minor salivary glands

Surgery for salivary gland tumors requires technical skill, competence in head and neck anatomy, and a familiarity with a variety of tumors. Benign salivary tumors at all sites should be 100 percent curable, with a local recurrence rate of less than five percent; these local failures should be curable with further surgery. The majority of parotid tumors are benign. Sixty-two percent of patients with malignant parotid tumors will be alive at five years, 54 percent at 10 years, and 47 percent at 15 years. These survival rates for malignant parotid tumors are better than those for malignant tumors in the submaxillary and minor salivary glands and may be explained in part by the presence of a higher percentage of low-grade malignant tumors in the parotid gland. Since most submaxillary gland tumors are malignant, they are more dangerous than parotid tumors. A total of 80 percent of patients with submaxillary gland tumors die as a result of cancer. Almost all minor salivary gland tumors are malignant; curability relates to size, local extension, histology, and nodal metastases. Forty-five percent are alive at five years, and 21 percent at 15 years. Wide-field radical surgical excision is needed for malignant salivary tumors to minimize local recurrences and treatment failures. Future improvement in treatment results will be made possible by increased awareness of this group of tumors, earlier diagnosis when tumors are still small, more radical extirpation, and greater use of postoperative radiation therapy.