依达拉奉、丁苯酞联合银杏达莫治疗急性脑梗死的临床疗效观察

目的 观察依达拉奉、丁苯酞联合银杏达莫治疗急性脑梗死的临床有效性和安全性.方法 将90例急性脑梗死患者随机分为观察组,对照1组及对照2组各30例,在常规治疗基础上,观察组予依达拉奉、丁苯酞联合银杏达莫治疗,对照1组予丁苯酞联合银杏达莫治疗,对照2组仅予银杏达莫治疗,比较3组治疗前和治疗后7d、14d的神经功能缺损量表（NIHSS）评分、日常生活能力量表（ADL）评分以及临床疗效.结果 观察组在治疗后NIHSS评分及ADL评分较对照组改善明显,且临床总有效率高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 依达拉奉、丁苯酞联合银杏达莫治疗急性脑梗死疗效显著.     

银杏达莫注射液联合脑益嗪治疗急性脑梗死51例临床分析

目的：探讨银杏达莫注射液联合脑益嗪治疗急性脑梗死的效果。方法：以2009年1～12月本院神经内科收治的急性脑梗死患者51例为研究组,应用银杏达莫注射液联合脑益嗪治疗,以同期住院的急性脑梗死患者46例为对照组,应用复方丹参治疗,疗程2个月后比较分析两组治疗前后NIHSS改善情况。结果：研究组与对照组治疗前NIHSS评分差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,两组治疗后NIHSS评分均较治疗前显著下降（P〈0.01）,但研究组治疗后NIHSS评分下降幅度显著高于对照组（P〈0.01）。结论：银杏达莫注射液联合脑益嗪治疗急性脑梗死患者效果显著,     

奥拉西坦治疗急性脑梗死的疗效观察

目的：观察奥拉西坦治疗急性脑梗死的临床疗效。方法选取2011年1月—2013年6月哈尔滨市211医院收治的急性脑梗死患者60例,随机分成治疗组与对照组,各30例。对照组患者予以对症治疗,治疗组患者在对照组基础上加用注射用奥拉西坦治疗。观察两组患者神经功能缺损（ NIHSS）评分和日常生活活动量表（ ADL）情况。结果治疗前两组患者NIHSS评分比较,差异无统计学意义（ P>0.05）,治疗3周后治疗组患者NIHSS评分低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;治疗前两组患者ADL评分比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,治疗3周后治疗组患者ADL评分高于对照组（ P<0.05）。结论奥拉西坦治疗急性脑梗死的临床疗效显著,有助于改善患者神经功能,提高日常生活活动能力,改善患者预后。     

银杏达莫注射液联合丁苯酞治疗急性脑梗死的临床观察

目的 探讨银杏达莫注射液联合丁苯酞治疗急性脑梗死(ACI)的疗效及安全性。方法 96例ACI患者,随机分为联合组和对照组,各48例。所有患者均给予常规治疗,对照组同时给予丁苯酞注射液治疗,联合组在对照组基础上给予银杏达莫注射液治疗。比较两组患者临床疗效、治疗前后神经功能缺损情况、日常生活能力、不良反应发生情况。结果 联合组治疗总有效率93.8%高于对照组的66.7%,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,两组患者美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分均低于治疗前, Barthel指数(BI)评分高于治疗前,且联合组患者NIHSS评分(4.7±1.5)分低于对照组的(6.5±1.2)分,BI评分(83.6±29.6)分高于对照组的(57.7±27.2)分,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。联合组不良反应发生率6.3%低于对照组的29.2%,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 银杏达莫注射液联合丁苯酞注射液治疗ACI能明显提高其整体疗效,改善患者神经功能,提高日常生活能力,且有较高的安全性。     

银杏达莫注射液治疗急性脑梗死临床观察

目的观察银杏达莫注射液治疗急性脑梗死的疗效和安全性。方法142例急性脑梗死患者随机分为2组,治疗组72例在常规治疗基础上加用银杏达莫注射液,对照组70例单纯采用常规治疗。治疗前后评价神经功能缺损情况和不良反应,并观察血液流变学改善情况。结果治疗组神经功能缺损改善明显优于对照组（P〈0.01）,其血液流变学指标与对照组比较有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。未发现明显不良反应。结论银杏达莫注射液治疗急性脑梗死安全有效。     

银杏达莫治疗急性脑梗死96例临床观察

目的观察银杏达莫注射液治疗急性脑梗死的临床疗效及安全性。方法192例急性脑梗死患者随机分为两组,治疗组96例用银杏达莫注射液静滴,对照组96例用复方丹参注射液静滴。2周为1疗程。观察并比较分析两组患者神经功能缺损评分、临床疗效及用药期间的不良反应。结果有效率治疗组93．7％,对照组77．1％,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论银杏达莫注射液治疗急性脑梗死有效、安全、且疗效优于复方丹参注射液。     

奥扎格雷钠与丁苯酞氯化钠治疗急性脑梗死临床疗效的比较研究

目的比较奥扎格雷钠与丁苯酞氯化钠治疗急性脑梗死的临床疗效。方法选取安陆市普爱医院2017年1月-2019年1月收治的急性脑梗死患者60例,随机分为对照组与研究组,各30例。对照组予以奥扎格雷钠注射液治疗,研究组予以丁苯酞氯化钠注射液治疗。比较两组临床疗效,治疗前后美国国立卫生研究院脑卒中量表(NIHSS)评分、日常生活活动能力量表(ADL)评分,并观察两组不良反应发生情况。结果研究组治疗总有效率高于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗前两组NIHSS评分、ADL评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后研究组NIHSS评分低于对照组,ADL评分高于对照组(P<0.05)。研究组不良反应发生率低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论与奥扎格雷钠比较,丁苯酞氯化钠治疗急性脑梗死的临床疗效更好,其可更有效缓解患者神经功能受损,提高日常生活自理能力,且安全性更高。     

凯时注射液治疗早期急性脑梗死临床观察

目的探讨凯时注射液对早期急性脑梗死患者的临床疗效。方法将70例早期急性脑梗死患者随机分为凯时治疗组(35例)和银杏达莫治疗组(35例),观察两组患者治疗前后的神经功能恢复情况和病情程度。结果两组患者在用药后第7、14天神经功能缺损评分和日常生活活动Brather指数与治疗前比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);与银杏达莫治疗组比较,凯时治疗组的患者神经功能恢复较早。两组用药后均无不良反应。结论两组患者神经功能缺损评分明显下降,日常生活能力有较大提高,凯时治疗组优于银杏达莫治疗组。凯时注射液对早期急性脑梗死有较好的治疗作用。     

醒脑静注射液治疗脑梗死的疗效分析

目的：探讨醒脑静注射液治疗脑梗死的临床疗效。方法选取本院2010年1月—2012年1月收治的174例脑梗死患者,随机分为试验组和对照组,每组87例。对照组给予复方丹参注射液治疗,试验组给予醒脑静注射液治疗。比较两组患者临床疗效、神经功能缺损评分、美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表（ NIHSS）评分和生活质量量表（ADL）评分、不良反应发生率。结果试验组治疗总有效率为83.9%（73/87）,高于对照组的71.3%（62/87）,差异有统计学意义（χ^2=4.00,P〈0.05）。治疗后对照组神经功能缺损评分为（10±4）分,试验组为（7±5）分,差异有统计学意义（t=4.37,P〈0.05）。治疗后对照组NIHSS评分为（7.9±3.0）分,试验组为（5.5±3.1）分,差异有统计学意义（ t=5.32,P〈0.05）。治疗后对照组 ADL评分低于试验组,差异有统计学意义（ t =4.19,P 〈0.05）。对照组不良反应发生率为13.8%（12/87）,试验组为4.6%（4/87）,差异有统计学意义（χ^2=4.41,P〈0.05）。结论醒脑静注射液治疗脑梗死的临床效果显著。     

银杏达莫联合阿魏酸钠治疗急性脑梗死的疗效观察

目的观察银杏达莫联合阿魏酸钠治疗急性脑梗死的疗效。方法采用随机分组方法将84例脑梗死患者分为对照组及治疗组。对照组应用20mL银杏达莫静脉滴注,治疗组应用银杏达莫20mL和阿魏酸钠0.2g联合用药,均每天1次。共15d,两组均予以阿司匹林林,甘露醇,康复理疗等常规治疗。治疗前后分别采用神经功能缺损评分(ESS)及日常生活活动量表(ADL)进行评分来判定临床疗效。结果患者神经功能及日常生活能力均有改善,治疗组优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论银杏达莫和阿魏酸钠联合应用治疗脑梗死疗效满意。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.