喉外侵犯对声门上型喉癌部分喉切除术的影响

本文回顾分析了中国医学科学院肿瘤医院１９７９年至１９９０年１６８例声门上型喉癌行部分喉切除术患者的临床资料，研究了喉外侵犯对声门上型喉癌水平部分喉切除术的影响，发现舌根受侵切除部分舌根使水平部分喉切除术的拔管率由９２．１０％降为５８．８２％，梨状窝受侵者切除部分梨状窝使３／４部分喉切除术的拔管率由６７．３９％降为３３．３３％（Ｐ〈０．０５）。梨状窝内壁受侵组的生存率低于舌根受侵组（Ｐ〈０．０１）。     

梨状窝癌致半喉固定的机理及其意义

为了探讨梨状窝癌产生半喉固定的机理，对４３例梨状窝癌全喉下咽切除标本进行了次连续切片的组织病理学研究。指出梨状窝癌产生半喉固定的主要原因是癌组织通过声门旁间隙侵犯喉内肌和杓状软骨外上方。如梨状窝内侧壁有癌瘤存在，则癌易向喉内结构侵犯引起半喉固定。临床Ｔ３病变易侵犯喉软骨和邻近软组织而成为病理Ｔ４。随着声带活动受限程度的增加，保留喉手术的可能性逐渐下降，也说明半喉固定是梨状窝癌侵犯喉内结构的重要临床标志。为彻底切除半喉固定的梨状窝癌，仍以全喉切除较为安全可靠。     

梨状窝癌局部扩展的病理学研究

目的　探讨梨状窝癌局部扩展的规律 ,为梨状窝癌的手术治疗提供病理学依据。方法　应用石蜡包埋大体标本连续切片的方法 ,对 2 6例梨状窝癌全喉及次全喉切除的标本进行了观察。结果　位于梨状窝外侧壁的肿瘤 ( 4例 )主要向外侧咽侧壁扩展 ,位于梨状窝内侧壁的肿瘤 ( 5例 )容易向喉腔及对侧梨状窝扩展。累及整个梨状窝 17例。声门旁间隙及甲状软骨是最易受侵犯的喉结构 ,环状软骨受侵较少 ;会厌及会厌前间隙的侵犯未见超过中线 ,声门旁间隙及会厌前间隙的侵犯途径有2个 ,肿瘤沿杓会厌襞向前及在甲状软骨板内侧直接向前侵犯声门旁间隙 ;肿瘤沿杓会厌襞向内上方及在甲状软骨板内侧上部侵入会厌前间隙。结论　会厌前间隙的受侵并不是喉部分切除的禁忌证 ,大部分位于梨状窝外侧壁的肿瘤及部分梨状窝内侧壁的肿瘤保留喉功能是可行的 ;位于梨状窝内侧壁及环后区的肿瘤易在环后区向对侧侵犯 ,对累及环后区的梨状窝癌 (Ⅰ ,Ⅲ型 ) ,应注意肿瘤在环后区粘膜下向对侧侵犯。     

喉外侵犯对声门上型喉癌部分喉切除术的影响

本文回顾分析了中国医学科学院肿瘤医院1979年至1990年168例声门上型喉癌行部分喉切除术患者的临床资料,研究了喉外侵犯对声门上型喉癌水平部分喉切除术的影响,发现舌根受侵切除部分舌根使水平部分喉切除术的拔管率由92.10％降为58.82％,梨状窝受侵者切除部分梨状窝使3/4部分喉切除术的拔管率由67.39％降为33.33％(P<0.05)。梨状窝内壁受侵组的生存率低于舌根受侵组(P<0.01)。因此,将声门上型喉癌梨状窝内壁受侵定为T_4病变更合适。结论:声门上型喉癌侵及舌根及梨状窝内壁时部分喉切除术后的拔管率降低,梨状窝内壁受侵时生存率也明显降低。     

梨状窝癌致半喉固定的机理及其意义

为了探讨梨状窝癌产生半喉固定的机理，对４３例梨状窝癌全喉下咽切除标本进行了次连续切片的组织病理学研究。指出梨状窝癌产生半喉固定的主要原因是癌组织通过声门旁间隙侵犯喉内肌和构状软骨外上方。如梨状窝内侧壁有癌瘤存在，则癌易向喉内结构侵犯引起半喉固定，临床Ｔ３病变易侵犯喉软骨和邻近软组织而成为病理Ｔ４。随着声带活动受限程度的增加，保留喉手术的可能性逐渐下降，也说明半喉固定是梨状窝癌侵犯喉内结构的重要临床     

梨状窝癌侵犯梨状窝尖的病理组织学观察及其临床意义

目的 探讨梨状窝癌侵犯状窝尖的临床意义。方法 对４３例梨状窝癌全喉下咽切除标本的次连续切片进行病理组织学观察。结果 梨状窝尖是梨状窝下１／３部分,梨状窝癌侵犯梨状窝尖易侵犯邻近组织和器官,结果 梨状窝尖受侵是癌组织向下咽下方侵犯的初始部位和重要标本,因此,外科治疗应以全喉及病侧下咽切除为宜。     

梨状窝癌局部扩展的病理学研究

目的 探讨梨状窝癌局部扩展的规律,为梨状窝癌的手术治疗提供病理学依据。方法 应用石蜡包埋大体标本连续切片的方法,对２６例梨状窝癌全喉及次全喉及次全喉切除的标本进行了观察。结果 位于梨状窝外侧壁的肿瘤（４例）主要向外侧咽侧壁扩展,位于梨状窝内侧壁的肿瘤（５例）容易向喉腔及对侧梨状窝扩展。累及整个梨状窝１７例。声门旁间隙及甲状软骨是最易受侵犯的喉结构,环状软骨受侵较少;会厌及会厌前间隙的侵犯未见超过中     

跨声门癌喉软骨支架受累的组织病理学观察

目的 探讨跨声门癌喉软骨支架受累的特点及意义。方法 选择临床喉全切除标本５０例，火棉包埋，连续切片观察。结果 跨声门癌喉软骨支架受累为６４％（３２／５０），其中单纯甲状软骨受累为３４％（１７／５０），甲奖软骨和环状软骨同时受累为３０％（１５／５０）；肿瘤早期就可浸润喉软骨支架；跨声门癌颈淋巴结转移率为４４％（２２／５０），侵及与未侵及喉软骨支架者转移率分别为５６．２５％（１８／３２）、２２．２２％     

喉环上部分切除喉腔成形术

目的 探讨提高中晚期喉癌生存率,避免或减轻术后呛咳程度,提高发音质量的方法。方法 40例中晚期喉癌采用次全喉切除术,保留一侧或两侧杓状软骨,用带蒂甲状软骨膜或肌膜,于一侧杓状软骨和环状软骨或第一气管环5点或7点处之间缝合重建声带,并将切除的杓状软骨处加高成形再建杓区。环舌固定。结果 3年、5年生存率分别为85．0％（34／40）和76．2％（16／21）。 吞咽无呛咳36例（90．0％）,轻度呛咳4例;发音良好37例（92．5％）;拔管率为92．5％（37例）。结论 喉次全切除带蒂软骨膜环杓连接喉功能重建术,在不影响生存率和拔管率的同时,有效防止了误吸,提高了发音质量。     

多层螺旋CT在下咽癌诊断及手术中的应用

目的：探讨多层螺旋CT（MSCT）在下咽癌的诊断及手术中的应用价值,为耳鼻咽喉科医生手术提供理论依据。方法：回顾性分析45例经手术和病理证实下咽癌患者的MSCT和手术资料,所有MSCT扫描均采用增强扫描,扫描范围从硬腭至颈段食管。结果：45例下咽癌中位于梨状窝癌34例,环后区癌7例,下咽后壁癌4例。MSCT增强扫描显示下咽软组织影呈轻度或明显强化,梨状窝变窄或消失,咽后壁软组织增厚,喉软骨破坏、移位及侵犯食管入口、颈段食管和颈淋巴结转移。肿瘤可推移环状、杓状软骨向前移位及甲杓间隙和环甲关节间距增宽。根据MSCT制定的手术计划与实际基本一致,达91.1％。结论：MSCT能很好地显示下咽癌的部位、大小和侵犯范围及有无淋巴结转移,对制定手术计划具有指导意义。     

Histopathologic study of carcinoma of the hypopharynx: implications for conservation surgery

A total of 38 specimens obtained by laryngopharyngectomy were subjected to a whole organ section study. Of the 38, 31 were pyriform sinus (PS), three were postcricoid (PC), and four were posterior wall (PW) carcinomas. The results were as follows. 1) The thyroid cartilage was involved much more frequently than the other laryngeal cartilages. 2) Joint involvements were infrequent. 3) The interarytenoid, thyroarytenoid, and lateral cricoarytenoid muscles frequently were invaded by PS carcinomas, whereas PC carcinomas frequently involved the interarytenoid and posterior cricoarytenoid muscles. 4) The recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) was involved in all PC T3 cases, but RLN involvement was rare in PS cases. 5) Involvements of the paraglottic space and periarytenoid region were closely related to fixation of the larynx on the affected side (hemilarynx) in PS carcinomas. 6) Neither hemilarynx fixation nor PS apex involvement was a reliable landmark for determining the exact extent of laryngeal involvement. 7) Conservation surgery could have been employed in 18 of the 38 cases.     

梨状窝内侧壁癌切除与喉功能保留

目的 探讨梨状窝内侧壁癌切除喉功能保留犬的技术方法和临床疗效。方法 回顾分析手术治疗的梨状窝内侧壁癌71例。其中49例行喉功能保留术;22例未保存喉功能。喉功能保留手术方法：①切除范围：声带活动正常者行患侧水平上半喉＋梨状窝内侧壁切除;声带活动受限者行同侧水平半喉＋声门旁间隙＋梨状窝内侧壁切除;声带固定者行患侧垂直半喉＋梨状窝内侧壁和部分梨状窝外侧壁切除,梨状窝尖受累者切除范围扩大到环状软骨环和颈段食管;②修复:喉修复对利用会厌、甲状软骨膜、带状肌肌筋膜、颈前皮瓣修复喉缺损;梨状窝修复对缺损范围小者用下咽粘膜瓣或残缘粘膜后直接讨合,对缺损范围大者用胸大肌肌皮瓣转移及胸三角皮瓣修复;③颈淋巴结处理：71例中65例（91．5％）行颈清扫术,其中同侧颈清扫术39例,双侧颈清扫术26例;④术后全部病例予以辅助放射性治疗,剂量60－75Gy。结果 寿命表法统计3年、5年生存率：喉功能保留组分别为63．4％和49．6％;喉功能不保留组分别为52．4％和42．4％。喉功能保留组喉功能全部恢复者占71．4％（35／49）,部分恢复者占28．6％（14／49）。结论 梨状窝内侧壁癌易侵入喉部,但多数病例在彻底切除肿瘤病灶的前提下保留喉功能是可行的。     

A novel technique in the operative treatment of pyriform sinus carcinoma

Pyriform sinus carcinoma is a highly malignant carcinoma of the head and neck region as a result of its location and its potential for metastatic spread. Decisions regarding the operative procedure remain very difficult. In this paper, we present a modified partial laryngo-pharyngectomy in which, following extended vertical laryngectomy. the cancerous mass is removed from the involved pyriform sinus and the remaining hypopharynx is reconstructed by using the preserved outer perichondrium of the resected thyroid cartilage. This technique has been applied with adequate success during the last five years in five cases in our department. It is indicated when a pyriform sinus carcinoma does not extend to the pyriform apex and does not involve the anterior and posterior laryngeal commissures, paraglottic space, retrocricoid region and posterior pharyngeal wall beyond the midline. All patients treated were male and middle-aged. Our technique appears to be a reliable alternative for the operative treatment of pyriform sinus carcinoma.     

Electromyography of the cricoarytenoid unit during supracricoid laryngectomy with a cricohyoidoepiglottopexy procedure

Two patients who received supracricoid laryngectomy with cricohyoidoepiglottopexy to treat laryngeal cancers, underwent intra-operative electromyography analysis. After the lesion was removed and the electrodes were inserted into the remaining intrinsic laryngeal muscles, the depth of anaesthesia was carefully reduced. Gentle tactile stimulations were applied to the pharynx to trigger the reflex movement of the remaining arytenoids. Recordings were made when reflex movement was achieved. Case one: Electromyography (EMG) of the remaining arytenoid demonstrated clear phase differences indicating reciprocal activities between the adductor group (lateral cricoarytenoid muscle, interarytenoid muscle) and the abductor muscle (posterior cricoarytenoid muscle). Case two: EMG of the remaining arytenoid demonstrated reciprocal activities between the interarytenoid muscle and the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle. Activity of the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle was not evident because the muscle was excised during removal of the paraglottic space. Mobility of the arytenoid was attributed to interaction between the interarytenoid muscle and posterior cricoarytenoid muscle. Reciprocal interaction between the interarytenoid muscle and posterior cricoarytenoid muscle alone is also capable of maintaining post-operative laryngeal functions after supracricoid laryngectomy with cricohyoidoepiglottopexy.     

Supracricoid hemilaryngopharyngectomy in patients with invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the pyriform sinus. Part II: Incidence and consequences of local recurrence

Supracricoid hemilaryngopharyngectomy (SCHLP) was performed in 147 patients over a 19-year period for previously untreated invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the pyriform sinus. With a minimum of 3 years' follow-up, the current retrospective series was designed to document the incidence, risk factors, and consequences of local recurrence following SCHLP. Before operation, 97.4% of patients had an induction chemotherapy regimen. A complete clinical response and a complete histologic regression were noted in 21.7% and 16.8% of patients, respectively. A significant statistical relationship (p = .0001) was noted between complete clinical response and complete histologic regression. Postoperative radiotherapy was used in 49.8% of patients. The overall local recurrence rate was 8.2%. The 5-year actuarial (Kaplan-Meier life-table method) local control estimate was 90.4%. As a function of T stage, the 5-year actuarial local control estimates were 96.2%, 91.1%, 92.9%, and 62.6% in patients with tumors classified as T1, T2, T3, and T4a, respectively. On univariate analysis, the overall local recurrence rate varied significantly, from 5.3% to 55.6% if the apex of the pyriform sinus was invaded (p = .02), 6.9% to 18.7% if the posterior pharyngeal wall was invaded (p = .03), and 6.3% to 60% if the margins of resection were positive (p = .02). In a stepwise regression model, positive margins of resection (odds ratio, 8.4; 95% confidence interval, 2.2 to 32.2; p = .002) and invasion of the apex of the pyriform sinus (odds ratio, 6.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.1 to 33.3; p = .04) were the variables statistically associated with an increased risk of local recurrence. Local recurrence resulted in a statistically significant increased risk of nodal recurrence (p = .005) and death (p < .004). The overall laryngeal preservation rate was 91.2%. From an oncological perspective, these results suggest that SCHLP should become a major tool in the armamentarium of the head and neck surgeon and should be integrated into future trials aimed at organ preservation in patients with invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the pyriform sinus.     

Pyriform sinus cancer: a clinical and laboratory study.

In our patient population, cancer of the hypopharynx arose 19 times as often in the pyriform sinus as in the postcricoid space (152:8). Most of the growths were far advanced when first seen (90% T3), and enlarged cervical nodes were present in 66% of the patients. Three year survival rates free of disease were as follows: primary surgical treatment (laryngectomy, radical neck dissection) (8/28) 29%; primary radiotherapy (2/55) 4%; and combined preoperative radiation (12/33) 36%. Serial section studies of 51 surgical specimens indicate that T1 and T2 lesions, especially those confined in the medial wall, are probably curable by radiotherapy. Larger lesions invade deeply into the larynx and resemble transglottic growth in their pattern of spread. Conservation surgery would have been inadequate for all but perhaps one growth in this series of 51 lesions, because of the high rate of invasion by cancer into and through the thyroid cartilage and cricoid ring (22/51). Although surface presentation of this group of pyriform sinus cancers rarely reflected the extent of invasion, each of the 22 growths that invaded portions of the thyroid or cricoid cartilages was characterized by clinical involvement of the apex and lateral wall of the pyriform sinus on laryngoscopy or barium swallow.