Phacotrabeculectomy in Treatment of Primary Angle-closure Glaucoma and Primary Open-angle Glaucoma

Purpose To evaluate the surgical outcome of combined phacoemulsification, posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation, and trabeculectomy (phacotrabeculectomy) in patients with primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) or primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG).Methods The records of 57 consecutive patients (65 eyes) with PACG or POAG that were treated with phacotrabeculectomy were reviewed retrospectively. There were 31 eyes with PACG and 34 with POAG. The mean follow-up period was 21.0 ± 8.3 months. The visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), number of medications, and complications were evaluated.Results The mean IOP and the number of glaucoma medications decreased significantly after phacotrabeculectomy in both groups. The mean IOP reduction was significantly greater in eyes with PACG (P < 0.05). The absolute success rates were 87.1% and 70.6% in PACG and POAG, respectively. The difference in the success rates was not significant (P = 0.297). The early postoperative complication rates were similar in both groups.Conclusions Phacotrabeculectomy results in greater IOP reduction in eyes with PACG than in those with POAG, but the overall success rates were not significantly different. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2004;48:408–411 © Japanese Ophthalmological Society 2004     

原发性开角型青光眼的血液流变学测定

测定了30例原发性开角型青光眼病人的血液流变学指标,并选用30例相匹配的健康人作为对照组。测定结果:青光眼组的血液流变学各项指标均较正常对照组有显著性升高(P<0.05～P<0.001)。说明血液流变学因素参与了青光眼的发病机理,是青光眼发病的潜在性因素,具有高血粘度的个体,应作为青光眼追踪观察的重点对象。     

青睫综合征与原发性开角型青光眼

报告２９例青睫综合征患者，全部作角膜内皮、前房角、视野、杯盘比、视网膜神经纤维层检查，其中２５例亦作ＶＥＰ检查。结果表明：青睫综合征并不是一种预后良好的自愈性疾病，而是一种可造成青光眼性视功能损害的疾病。它是否与原发性开角型青光眼有联系有待研究。     

The Role of Genetic Ancestry as a Risk Factor for Primary Open-angle Glaucoma in African Americans

PurposePOAG is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in African Americans. In this study, we quantitatively assess the association of autosomal ancestry with POAG risk in a large cohort of self-identified African Americans.MethodsSubjects recruited to the Primary Open-Angle African American Glaucoma Genetics (POAAGG) study were classified as glaucoma cases or controls by fellowship-trained glaucoma specialists. POAAGG subjects were genotyped using the MEGA Ex array (discovery cohort, n = 3830; replication cohort, n = 2135). Population structure was interrogated using principal component analysis in the context of the 1000 Genomes Project superpopulations.ResultsThe majority of POAAGG samples lie on an axis between African and European superpopulations, with great variation in admixture. Cases had a significantly lower mean value of the ancestral component q0 than controls for both cohorts (P = 6.14^–4; P = 3^–6), consistent with higher degree of African ancestry. Among POAG cases, higher African ancestry was also associated with thinner central corneal thickness (P = 2^–4). Admixture mapping showed that local genetic ancestry was not a significant risk factor for POAG. A polygenic risk score, comprised of 23 glaucoma-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms from the NHGRI-EBI genome-wide association study catalog, was significant in both cohorts (P < 0.001), suggesting that both known POAG single nucleotide polymorphisms and an omnigenic ancestry effect influence POAG risk.ConclusionsIn sum, the POAAGG study population is very admixed, with a higher degree of African ancestry associated with an increased POAG risk. Further analyses should consider social and environmental factors as possible confounding factors for disease predisposition.     

原发性开角型青光眼患者24小时眼压变动规律的临床研究

目的:研究原发性开角型青光眼患者的24h眼压变动规律。方法:选择原发性开角型青光眼患者30人(52只眼,30～60岁),进行24h眼压测量。测量自清晨7∶30开始至第2天清晨7∶30,每2h测1次眼压,共测12次。在7∶00～23∶00时间段测量中,测受检者的坐位眼压和卧位眼压。在23∶00～7∶00时间段测受检者的平卧位眼压。结果:原发性开角型青光眼患者的眼压高峰出现在1∶30,眼压低谷出现在17∶30,24h坐、卧位眼压变动幅度大于24h卧位眼压变动幅度。结论:原发性开角型青光眼患者的眼压高峰大多出现在夜间睡眠时间,夜间眼压控制应引起重视。     

Changes of Oscillatory Potentials and Photopic Negative Response in Patients with Early Diabetic Retinopathy

Purpose

To investigate the clinical significance of the oscillatory potentials (OPs) and photopic negative response (PhNR) of the electroretinogram (ERG) in patients with early diabetic retinopathy.

Methods

One hundred two diabetic patients with diabetic retinopathy at different stages were examined. Thirty-two age-matched normal controls were also studied. Full-field maximal and photopic cone ERGs were recorded. The amplitudes and implicit times of the OPs, cone b wave, and PhNR were compared at the different stages of diabetic retinopathy.

Results

The a and b wave amplitudes of the maximal scotopic ERGs remained unchanged despite advancing stages of retinopathy, but the OP amplitudes were significantly attenuated even at an early stage of diabetic retinopathy. The amplitudes of both the PhNR and cone b wave were reduced at an early stage of diabetic retinopathy. Analysis of the receiver operating characteristic curves demonstrated that the amplitudes and implicit times of the OPs were more sensitive and specific than those of the PhNR in detecting changes of retinal function in the early stages of diabetic retinopathy.

Conclusions

The amplitudes of the OPs and PhNR progressively decrease with the progression of diabetic retinopathy. The PhNR amplitudes were reduced along with the cone b wave, indicating that earlier change of the PhNR in diabetic patients reflects reduced input to the retinal ganglion cell from the distal retina. The amplitudes and implicit times of the OPs are better indicators than those of the PhNR in detecting functional decreases in patients with early diabetic retinopathy.?Jpn J Ophthalmol 2006;50:367–373 © Japanese Ophthalmological Society 2006     

多焦视网膜电图在原发性开角型青光眼诊断中的应用

目的：探讨多焦视网膜电图（mfERG）技术用于诊断原发性开角型青光眼（POAG）的准确性及实效性。方法：系列病例研究。于2014 年10 月至2016 年3 月在云南省第一人民医院门诊就诊并确诊的POAG患者中随机选取60例（86眼）作为青光眼组,其中早、中、晚期组分别为20例（27眼）、20例（29眼）、20 例（30 眼）。同时随机选取同期健康体检者60 例（120 眼）作为对照组。各组研究对象分别通过mfERG进行技术诊断,观察比较mfERG二阶反应各环与各象限的P1 波反应密度值及潜伏期。组间数据比较采用单因素方差分析和 χ2检验。结果：与对照组相比,早期青光眼组1～5环的P1波反应密度值无明显变化,差异无统计学意义,但颞下、颞上象限P1波反应密度值下降明显,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。中期青光眼组2～5环及4个象限P1波反应密度值较对照组下降明显,差异均有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。晚期青光眼组1～5环及4个象限P1波反应密度值较对照组明显下降,差异均有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。早、中、晚期青光眼组1～5环及4个象限P1波的潜伏期均较对照组延长,差异均有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。各期青光眼组中,晚期青光眼组较早期青光眼组潜伏期延长更明显,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。结论：mfERG 1～5 环P1波潜伏期和密度值的变化可在一定程度上反映青光眼视网膜的损害程度,对诊断早期POAG有一定的临床价值。     

Photopic negative response in diagnosis of glaucoma:an experimental study in glaucomatous rabbit model

AIM:To determine whether the photopic negative response (PhNR) elicited by transient white flash on white background is characterizing for glaucoma model in rabbits.METHODS:Glaucoma was induced in twelve rabbits by subconjunctival injection of 0.05 mL of betamethasone in right eyes (each 1 mL contain betamethasone dipropionate 5 mg and betamethasone sodium phosphate 2 mg).The intraocular pressure (IOP) , electroretinogram (ERG) and visual evoked potential (VEP) were measured successively prior and on the 3, 7d, two weeks and four weeks postglaucoma induction. After four weeks, the animals were sacrificed and the globes were histopathologically examined.RESULTS:The IOP increased significantly after one week (P=0.0001), then it gradually returned to the control level . In ERG examination, the means of a and b wave amplitude and latency were not affected significantly. PhNR amplitude decreased significantly within one week (P=0.0001), but its latency was not affected significantly (P=0.132). The means of VEP latency and amplitude were significantly affected after two weeks and four weeks of glaucoma induction (P=0.0001 and 0.02, respectively). The histopathologic examination of the globes showed reduced number of cells in the retinal ganglion cell layer with multiple vacuoles in the retinal nerve fibre layer.There was significant positive correlation between ganglion cell layer cells and PhNR amplitude (r=0.8, P=0.002).CONCLUSION:The rise in IOP resulted in irreversible changes or incomplete recovery of VEP and PhNR amplitude. Both PhNR and VEP represented good additional tools in early diagnosis of glaucoma.     

Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Genetic Polymorphisms in Patients with Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma

Purpose: Hyperhomocysteinemia has been found in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. The purpose of the present study was to determine if hyperhomocysteinemia-associated polymorphisms of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene (MTHFR) are overrepresented in primary open-angle glaucoma. Methods: Patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (n = 243) and controls (n = 187) were analyzed for the MTHFR 677 C > T and 1298 A > C polymorphisms using minisequencing technique. Results: No significant differences were observed in allele and genotype frequencies of the MTHFR 677C > T and 1298A > C polymorphisms between controls and the primary open-angle glaucoma group. Conclusions: If hyperhomocysteinemia is important in the pathogenesis of glaucoma, this study does not support a role for MTHFR polymorphisms in this context.     

开角型青光眼血液流变学与眼底荧光血管造影相关关系的研究

观察原发性开角型青光眼患者血液粘度与眼底荧光血管造影充盈时间之间的关系。测量了眼压已控制的原发性开角型青光眼５０例５０只眼高（１２５Ｓ＾－１）、中（２３Ｓ＾－１）和低（１．２４３５Ｓ＾－１）切变率下全血表观粘度，测量了血浆粘度和红细胞压积，进行了眼底荧光血管造影。将四枝视网膜中央动脉完全充盈的时间定为臂一视网膜中央动脉充盈时间。高、中切变率下全血表观粘度、红细胞压积均与臂－－视网膜中央动脉充盈时间     

Electron Microscopy of Argon Laser Therapy in Phakic Open-angle Glaucoma

In 22 subjects with phakic open-angle glaucoma, trabeculectomies were performed at intervals of three hours to one year after argon laser treatment (ALT). In ten patients the ALT was done with informed consent anticipating that trabeculectomy would be performed at a scheduled time (three hours to two weeks following laser therapy). In 12 other patients, trabeculectomies were required for failure of ALT (one month to one year later). Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of the specimens examined at earlier intervals after laser therapy revealed evidence of heat effects with disruption of trabecular beams, fibrinous material, and necrosis of occasional cells, including melanin-containing endothelial cells, followed by shrinkage of the collagenous components of the trabecular meshwork. The specimens excised at longer intervals after laser treatment showed partial or total occlusion of intertrabecular spaces by a cellular layer of abnormal corneal and/or trabecular endothelial cells with widened cellular interdigitations and numerous prominent filopodial processes typical of migrating cells.     

剥脱性开角型青光眼与原发性开角型青光眼眼前节结构参数的比较

目的：比较剥脱性开角型青光眼（PXOAG）与原发性开角型青光眼（POAG）眼前节结构参数的差异。方法：病例对照研究。选取2012 年12 月至2016 年12 月住院治疗的连续PXOAG病例54 例（54 眼）作为PXOAG组,平均眼压为（28.8±7.9）mmHg（1 mmHg=0.133 kPa）。选取性别、年龄及眼压相匹配的POAG病例53 例（53 眼）作为POAG组,平均眼压为（26.3±7.4）mmHg。测定2 组患者角膜厚度、角膜内皮细胞密度、六角型细胞比例、前房深度及晶状体厚度等眼前节参数,并采用独立样本t 检验进行数据分析。结果：POAG组角膜厚度、角膜内皮细胞密度、六角型细胞比例、前房深度及晶状体厚度分别为（535±36）μm、 （2 538±356）/mm2、 （52±12）%、 （2.89±0.36）mm和（4.96±0.41）mm;PXOAG组相应参数分别为（523±41）μm、 （2 323±451）/mm2、 （52±14）%、 （2.79±0.60）mm和（4.98±0.42）mm。2 组患者角膜厚度、六角型细胞比例、前房深度及晶状体厚度比较差异无统计学意义（t =1.57、0.18、1.11、0.26,P ＞0.05）,而角膜内皮细胞密度比较差异有统计学意义（t =2.78,P =0.01）。结论：PXOAG与POAG相比,角膜内皮细胞密度较低,提示在临床治疗过程中应更加注意对角膜内皮的保护。     

生理盲点扩大对开角型青光眼早期诊断价值的探讨

用Humphrey视野分析仪对154眼早期开角型青光眼患者的视野作了检查,发现69眼有生理盲点扩大,占44.8%,认为生理盲点扩大在开角型青光眼的早期诊断中应占一个重要地位。并对生理盲点扩大的判断标准、生理盲点扩大对青光眼的诊断价值及其特异性、假阳性问题作了讨论。     

The Analysis of Pedigree GZ（Guangzhou）.1 with Primary Open Angle Glaucoma

Purpose:To analyze the hereditary modality of primary open-angle glaucoma in China.Methds:The genetic form of Pedigree GZ.1was analyzed using Mandalian hereditary rules.Results:PedigreeGZ.1 had following characteristics:1)The pedigree had four gene-rations,and there existed POAG patients in each generation;2)Each patient had a parent withPOAG.Ifthparents didn‘t suffer from the disease,their children would not.3)The incidence of POAG in the relatives of the patients was1/2,In addition,The age of onset,intraocular pressure,fundus and prognosis was different from each other in the patients.Conclusions:1)Pedigree GZ.1 is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.2)There exists individual differences of clinical manifestations in POAG patients,Eye Science2000;16:53-55.     

The negative response of the flash electroretinogram in glaucoma

The existence of a negative ERG component following the b-wave has been known for a long time. Recently, in unilateral macaque experimental glaucoma, a negative response in flash electroretinograms under scotopic as well as photopic conditions has been shown to be greatly reduced or absent compared to the healthy fellow eye. The aim of this pilot study was to test whether a late negative electroretinogram component is reduced also in human glaucoma patients under different stimulus conditions. Dark-adapted ganzfeld flash electroretinograms were recorded after 30 min of dark using two test conditions, obtained as optimal in pilot studies on controls. Under the scotopic condition I white Xenon-flashes of intensity 0.53 Log photopic Td s were presented on a low white background of 1.38 Log scotopic Td. Under the more photopic condition II orange flashes of intensity –0.37 Log photopic Td s were presented on a blue-adapting background of 2.5 Log scotopic Td. Nine controls and 18 patients with advanced glaucoma were analyzed. The amplitude of the negative response was not significantly reduced in glaucoma patients (condition I: –28.5±23.7 V; condition II: –25.2±19.7 V) compared to controls (condition I: –41.4±36.6 V; condition II: –31.3±26.2 V). The peak latency of the responses under condition I and II did not differ significantly between patients and controls. Thus, the late negative electroretinogram component in ganzfeld flash electroretinograms obtained under scotopic and more photopic conditions does not seem to distinguish as easy between human controls and glaucoma patients as animal experiments suggest.     

羊膜植入在非穿透性小梁切除术中的应用

目的:评价非穿透性小梁切除（Non-perforating deep sclerectomy,NPDS）联合羊膜植入术治疗原发性开角型青光眼（Primary open-angle glaucoma,POAG）的效果。方法:对14例23眼POAG分别进行NPDS联合羊膜植入术,术中巩膜瓣下放置0.04％丝裂霉素（Mitomycin C,MMC）4 min,并于巩膜瓣下植入6 mm×9 mm羊膜植片。结果:术后1个月,眼压≤21 mmHg者23眼,总成功率为 100％;随访3个月及以上者20眼,完全成功率达90％,部分成功率达100％;随访6个月及以上者11眼,完全成功率为72.7％,部分成功率达 100％,手术前后视力无明显变化;随访12个月及以上者6眼,成功率为 66.7％。所有眼压控制良好的患眼滤过泡形成良好,且无严重并发症发生。结论:羊膜是NPDS术中安全和有效的辅助植入材料。     

Risk Factors Associated with Progression to Blindness from Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma in an African-American Population

Purpose: To determine the risk factors associated with progression to blindness from primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) in an African-American population.

Methods: This study examined 2119 patients enrolled in the Primary Open-Angle African-American Glaucoma Genetics (POAAGG) study. A total of 59 eyes were identified as legally blind as a result of POAG (cases) and were age-and sex-matched to 59 non-blind eyes with glaucoma (controls). Chart reviews were performed to record known and suspected risk factors.

Results: Cases were diagnosed with POAG at an earlier age than controls (p = 0.005). Of the 59 eyes of cases, 16 eyes (27.1%) presented with blindness at diagnosis. Cases had worse visual acuity (VA) at diagnosis (p < 0.0001), with VA worse than 20/40 conferring a 27 times higher risk of progression to blindness (p = 0.0005). Blind eyes also demonstrated more visual field defects (p = 0.01), higher pre-treatment intraocular pressure (IOP; p < 0.0001), and higher cup-to-disc ratio (p = 0.006) at diagnosis. IOP was less controlled in cases, and those with IOP ≥21 mmHg at more than 20% of follow-up visits were 73 times more likely to become blind (p < 0.0001). Cases missed a greater number of appointments per year (p = 0.003) and had non-adherence issues noted in their charts more often than controls (p = 0.03). However, other compliance data did not significantly differ between groups.

Conclusion: Access to care, initial VA worse than 20/40, and poor control of IOP were the major risk factors associated with blindness from POAG. Future studies should examine earlier, more effective approaches to glaucoma screening as well as the role of genetics in these significantly younger patients who progress to blindness.     

Personality Assessment Based on the Five-factor Model of Personality Structure in Patients with Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma

Purpose Several characteristic personality types have been reported for glaucoma patients in previous studies. However, none of the previous studies used a common structural theory of personality. In this study, we conducted a multicenter cross-sectional case–control study using the recently established five-factor model of personality structure.Methods Personality was evaluated using the Neuroticism Extraversion Openness Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI), which is a questionnaire specifically designed to test the five-factor model of personality: neuroticism (N), extraversion (E), openness (O), agreeableness (A), and conscientiousness (C). Eligible questionnaires were obtained from 196 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) (99 men, 97 women) and 223 reference subjects with no ocular disease except cataract (87 men, 136 women). The mean score of each NEO-FFI factor for POAG patients was compared to the scores for the reference subjects.Results Compared with the reference subjects, the mean N score was significantly higher (P = 0.013), the mean scores for A and C were significantly lower (P = 0.007 and P = 0.001, respectively), and the mean E score tended to be lower (P = 0.055) in male POAG patients. The mean E score was significantly lower (P = 0.023) in female POAG patients.Conclusions Characteristic personality traits were noted in POAG patients, and a more significant relationship was found between personality and glaucoma in men than in women. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2005;49:31–35 © Japanese Ophthalmological Society 2005