应用端侧吻合修复高位尺神经损伤的研究

目的 探讨高位尺神经损伤后尽早恢复手内在肌功能的一种修复方法。方法 纯种大耳白兔18只，采用同体自身对照方法。左侧高位尺神经切断后直接吻合，同时在低位（前肢远端）切断尺神经，将其远侧断端与正中神经外膜开窗处作端侧吻合为实验侧，右侧尺神经高位切断后直接吻合为对照侧。按手术先后分为A、B、C三个时间组，分别于术后4、8、12周时做电生理检测和组织学检查。结果 A、B、C三组实验侧均测出诱发电位，而对照侧均未测出诱发电位。组织学观察结果显示术后4、8、12周时实验侧神经纤维数量、密度随时间延长而逐渐增加．而对照侧未检测到再生神经纤维。结论 高位尺神经损伤后在高位端端吻合恢复手外在肌功能的同时加低位端侧吻合可作为尽早恢复手内在肌的功能的一种新方法。     

大鼠神经端侧缝合的实验研究

目的：为进一步了解神经端侧缝合后再生的可能性。方法：用大鼠进行研究，实验分五组：Ａ组，将切断的腓神经远端与正常胫神经干行端侧缝合，保留缝合部胫神经外膜；Ｂ组，同Ａ组，缝合部胫神经外膜予以去除（“开窗”）；Ｃ组，将一神经移植段的两端分别与正常胫神经干和切断的腓神经远端神经干行“开窗”的端侧缝合；Ｄ组，将胫神经切断，近端与切断的腓神经远端神经干行“开窗”的端侧缝合。Ｅ组对照：仅切断腓神经。术后不同时期分别行电生理、组织学、神经纤维计数等检查。结果：鼠神经端侧缝合后腓神经远端有不同数量的有髓神经纤维再生。结论：动物鼠类神经端侧缝合能够再生     

终末器官对端侧神经吻合后轴突再生影响的实验研究

目的探讨受神经远端终末器官对端侧吻合后神经再生的影响.方法 SD雌性大鼠10只,动物随机分为A、B2组.A组在近端切断腓总神经,其远断端与胫神经外膜开窗处进行端侧吻合; B组同 A组两神经端侧吻合后,在距吻合口1.5cm处切断其与终末器官的联系,并将连接肌肉的腓总神经远端反折固定在邻近的肌肉组织.术后12周取吻合口处的神经标本,甲苯胺蓝和抗神经微丝抗体免疫组化染色、光镜检查及图像分析.结果甲苯胺蓝染色及神经微丝免疫组化染色结果说明 A、B2组再生神经纤维数目、髓鞘厚度、纤维结缔组织含量及神经纤维丝排列,均有明显差异.结论终末器官对促进端侧神经吻合后神经再生具有重要作用.     

改良式健侧颈7神经移位术治疗臂丛根性撕脱伤

目的研究探讨健侧颈7神经移位术不同术式及不同神经吻合方法的特点,并在一定程度上判断各方法对神经再生的影响及予后。方法本组64例臂丛神经根性撕脱伤的患者将其分成A,B两组。A组30例为实验组,将健侧颈7神经根部分切断,与患侧尺神经远端行部分端端吻合（尺神经自颈椎椎体前食管后穿过）;尺神经近端自然分成两束,分别与患侧正中神经、桡神经远端一期行端端吻合;B组34例为对照组,将健侧颈7神经根完全切断,与患侧尺神经远端行端端吻合（尺神经自颈前皮下穿过）,患侧尺神经近端于二期（术后8个月）与患侧正中神经或桡神经远端行端端吻合。术后定期观察随访并记录分析结果。结果术中神经吻合张力A组明显小于B组;术后健侧上肢短期感觉运动异常改变,A组较B组发生率低,且症状消失快,但电生理检查无显著差异（P〉0．05）。术后患肢功能恢复结果,A组较B组无显著差异（P〉0．05）。结论健侧颈7部分切开,术后减少了上肢感觉、运动异常的发生率,且症状消失快,同时吻合神经的直径相当,也减少了供区神经资源浪费;患侧尺神经自颈椎椎体前食管后穿过减少了神经吻合的张力;一期手术即可完成患侧上肢两条神经移植,患者痛苦小,病程短,费用低,易接受。因此A组改良的方法优于B组常规的方法。     

周围神经端侧动脉套接后神经再生的研究

目的研究周围神经端侧动脉套接后神经再生的可能性及其特点. 方法取SD大鼠75只,在股骨中下段切断腓神经,将近断端逆转90度包埋于肌肉中.随机分为5组.A组:将截取的左颈总动脉套接于右侧正常胫神经侧方与腓总神经远端2 mm距离之间,缝合部胫神经外膜不予切除;B组:在胫神经套接部外膜开窗1.0 mm;C组:腓总神经切断14天后再予动脉套接,余同B组;D组:同B组,且于动脉套接部注入神经生长因子(neural growth factor, NGF)1 ml;E组:将腓总神经远端以端侧缝合形式直接缝合于胫神经的一侧,外膜开窗1.0 mm.术后4、8和12周分别行组织学、电镜和神经纤维计数等检查. 结果 4周时C、D及E组周边区域有神经纤维轴突和髓鞘再生,A组则无神经纤维生长; 8周时C、D及E组再生神经纤维较B组多,E组神经纤维较C、D组多,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05); 12周时C、D及E组神经纤维多于B组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);C组及D组有较丰富的神经再生,与神经端侧直接吻合的E组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05). 结论神经端侧2 mm距离动脉套接可作为修复周围神经损伤的一种可行方法.     

终末器官对端侧神经吻合后轴突再生影响的实验研究

目的　探讨受神经远端终末器官对端侧吻合后神经再生的影响。方法　SD雌性大鼠 1 0只 ,动物随机分为A、B2组。A组 :在近端切断腓总神经 ,其远断端与胫神经外膜开窗处进行端侧吻合 ;B组 :同A组两神经端侧吻合后 ,在距吻合口 1 .5cm处切断其与终末器官的联系 ,并将连接肌肉的腓总神经远端反折固定在邻近的肌肉组织。术后 1 2周取吻合口处的神经标本 ,甲苯胺蓝和抗神经微丝抗体免疫组化染色、光镜检查及图像分析。结果　甲苯胺蓝染色及神经微丝免疫组化染色结果说明A、B2组再生神经纤维数目、髓鞘厚度、纤维结缔组织含量及神经纤维丝排列 ,均有明显差异。结论　终末器官对促进端侧神经吻合后神经再生具有重要作用     

单纯感觉神经移位在猕猴尺神经高位损伤修复中的应用

[目的]应用桡神经浅支端侧移位修复猕猴尺神经高位损伤(肘关节以上),观察手内在肌组织学及吻合口神经病理学变化。[方法]选用成年的雄性猕猴9只,以上肢为研究单位,将9只猕猴双侧上肢随机分为3组,每组6侧上肢。实验组:于猕猴上臂上段切断尺神经,再重新吻合。于远端切断桡神经浅支,移位于腕部与尺神经作外膜开窗端侧吻合。对照组(1):于猕猴上臂上段切除尺神经2.5 cm,两侧断端分别折叠后结扎。腕部处理同实验组。对照组(2):上臂尺神经处理与实验组相同。腕部不作处理。观察术后猴尺神经所支配的手内在肌萎缩程度。取术后1、4、8、12个月猕猴尺神经支配的手内在肌端侧吻合口、端侧吻合口以远的神经干及小鱼际肌组织,做成切片,光镜下观察其显微结构变化。[结果]术后12个月观察到实验组猕猴手内在肌自主活动恢复,实验组术侧手内在肌肌肉萎缩不明显,对照组(1)手内在肌肌肉萎缩,程度较对照组(2)轻,对照组(2)手内在肌肌肉萎缩明显。组织学观察结果显示术后实验组神经纤维数量和密度随时间延长渐增,对照组(1)术后神经纤维数量和密度达到一定数值后无明显变化,但未见肌肉出现变性坏死。对照组(2)神经纤维数量明显减少,肌纤维数量明显减少,最终大部分肌纤维萎缩并玻璃样变、间质出血、肉芽组织形成。[结论]桡神经浅支端侧移位修复猕猴尺神经高位损伤能有效防止猕猴手内在肌萎缩、变性、纤维化,为尺神经高位损伤修复后的再生、长入创造了良好条件。     

终末器官对端侧神经吻合后轴突再生影响的实验研究

目的 探讨受神经远端终末器官对端侧吻合后神经再生的影响。方法 SD雌性大鼠10只，动物随机分为A、B2组；A组；在近端切断腓总神经，其远断端与胫神经外膜开窗处进行端侧吻合；B组；同A组两神经端侧吻合后，在距吻合口1.5cm处切断其与终末器官的联系，并将连接肌肉的腓并且叫神经远端反折固定在邻近的肌肉组织，术后12周取吻合口处的神经标本，甲苯胺蓝和抗神经微丝抗体免疫组化染色，光镜检查及图像分析。结果 甲苯胺蓝染色及神经微丝免疫组化染色结果说明A、B2组再生神经纤维数目，髓鞘厚度，纤维结缔组织含量及神经纤维丝排列，均有明显差异。结论 终末器官对促进端侧神经吻合后神经再生具有重要作用。     

外源性表皮生长因子促端侧吻合神经再生的研究

目的　评价外源性表皮生长因子对端侧吻合后神经远段再生的影响。　方法　选用雄性Wistar大白鼠 32只 ,随机分成 2组 ,每组 16只。EGF组 :切断右侧腓总神经 ,在邻近的胫神经干外膜上开一直径为 1mm小窗 ,将腓神经远端吻合到胫神经干侧方开窗处。右小腿外侧肌内每天注入生理盐水稀释的EGF注射液 ( 2 μg·μl-1) 0 1ml ,共用 2周 ;对照组 :吻合方法同EGF组 ,术后注射等量的生理盐水。各组分别于术后 4周、8周进行大体、组织学、形态定量学和电生理检测。　结果　端侧吻合加EGF组在各时间点 ,吻合口远段再生神经的数目、有髓神经纤维截面积、运动神经传导速度均明显优于对照组 (P <0 0 5 )。超微结构观察 :EGF组再生神经的有髓纤维数、髓鞘厚度和髓鞘的成熟度明显优于对照组。　结论　外源性表皮生长因子可以促进端侧吻合后神经远段再生和功能的恢复。     

通过端侧缝合克服周围神经缺损的实验研究

目的 研究将一有缺损神经的近端和远端与同一正常神经干行端侧缝合后,近端神经纤维沿该神经干克服缺损进行再生的可能性。方法 Ａ组,将兔的左侧尺神经切除３ｃｍ,远近端均与正中神经干行端侧缝合,右侧以正常尺神经作为对照,Ｂ组,左侧神经处理同Ａ组,右侧尺神经行同样长切除后进行神经移植作为对照,术后６个月通过神经电生理和组织学检查了解神经再生的可能性及再生质量。结果 在两组左侧,电刺激尺神经近段以及近侧端侧缝     

Quantification of nerve tension after nerve repair: correlations with nerve defects and nerve regeneration

This study tested the validity of a quantitative in vitro nerve-tension-measuring technique, by correlating the tension measurements with functional and morphologic assessments of nerve regeneration. Initially, harvested nerves were used in vitro to determine a K value for lateral displacement in this tissue. Next, this value was used to calculate the tension of nerve repair, following 0-, 3-, 6-, and 9-mm resections of nerves in groups of rats. After quantifying the nerve tensions following excision and repair, the authors determined a sciatic function index to evaluate functional recovery and axon diameter in the animals. Functional recovery was significantly impaired in animals with elevated measurable tension (9.04 +/- 0.74 g in a 6-mm defect, 27.76 +/- 8.86 g in a 9-mm defect), compared to animals with no or 3-mm excision and measured tension of 3.3 +/- 1.09 g or less. Increased tension was also associated with a significant decrease in axon diameter. This study succeeded, therefore, in quantitatively relating the elements of measured nerve tension, nerve gaps, functional nerve recovery, and morphologic regeneration. Quantification of nerve tension by lateral displacement in vivo offers a possible solution to clinical management of nerve gaps, when the choice between primary repair and nerve grafting is not a clear one.     

Cavernous nerve regeneration using acellular nerve grafts

INTRODUCTION: The restoration of erectile function following complete transection of nerve tissue during surgery remains challenging. Recently, graft procedures using sural nerve grafts during radical prostatectomy have had favorable outcomes, and this has rekindled interest in the applications of neural repair in a urologic setting. Although nerve repair using autologous donor graft is the gold standard of treatment currently, donor nerve availability and the associated donor site morbidity remain a problem. In this study, we investigated whether an "off-the-shelf" acellular nerve graft would serve as a viable substitute. We examined the capacity of acellular nerve scaffolds to facilitate the regeneration of cavernous nerve in a rodent model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Acellular nerve matrices, processed from donor rat corporal nerves, were interposed across nerve gaps. A total of 80 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups. A 0.5-cm segment of cavernosal nerve was excised bilaterally in three of the four groups. In the first group, acellular nerve segments were inserted bilaterally at the defect site. The second group underwent autologous genitofemoral nerve grafts at the same site, and the third group had no repair. The fourth group underwent a sham procedure. Serial cavernosal nerve function assessment was performed using electromyography (EMG) at 1 and 3 months following initial surgery. Histological and immunocytochemical analyses were performed to identify the extent of nerve regeneration. RESULTS: Animals implanted with acellular nerve grafts demonstrated a significant recovery in erectile function when compared with the group that received no repair, both at 1 and 3 months. EMG of the acellular nerve grafts demonstrated adequate intracavernosal pressures by 3 months (87.6% of the normal non-injured nerves). Histologically, the retrieved regenerated nerve grafts demonstrated the presence of host cell infiltration within the nerve sheaths. Immunohistochemically, antibodies specific to axons and Schwann cells demonstrated an increase in nerve regeneration across the grafts over time. No organized nerve regeneration was observed when the cavernous nerve was not repaired. CONCLUSION: These findings show that the use of nerve guidance channel systems allow for accelerated and precise cavernosal nerve regeneration. Acellular nerve grafts represent a viable alternative to fresh autologous grafts in a rodent model of erectile dysfunction.     

内脏神经-体神经端侧吻合后神经纤维再生研究

目的 观察大鼠内脏神经-体神经端侧吻合后神经纤维的再生.方法 24只成年SD大鼠随机分为实验组(n=12)和正常对照组(n=12),实验组大鼠通过内脏神经-体神经端侧吻合建立人工体神经-内脏神经反射弧6个月后,在吻合口近端和远端分别截取10 mm的供体神经(L4VR)和受体神经(L6VR),在L6VR延续的盆副交感神经(PPN)和阴部神经(PN)分别截取10 mm的神经.正常对照组大鼠分别取相应节段的L4VR、L6VR、PPN和PN神经.标本经石蜡包埋切片并行甲苯胺蓝染色,比较实验组和对照组大鼠L6VR、PPN、PN神经纤维数量.结果 实验组大鼠横断面可见新生的有髓神经纤维,L4VR、L6VR、PPN和PN的神经纤维数量分别为1602.2±75.7、1037.9±123.6、817.0 ±52.2、510.4±29.1,吻合口远近端神经纤维通过率为64.8%,实验组和对照组大鼠相应的L6VR、PPN、PN神经纤维数目比率分别为70.2%、68.9%和62.2%.结论 大鼠内脏神经-体神经端侧吻合后体神经能够长入并替代内脏神经.     

End-to-side nerve repair in peripheral nerve injury

In peripheral nerve injury, end-to-side neurorrhaphy has been reported as an alternative in cases that the proximal nerve stump is not accessible. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain peripheral nerve regeneration after end-to-side neurorrhaphy. Recent evidence suggests that nerve regeneration occurs by collateral sprouting. Although a great number of humoral factors have been identified, molecular mechanism of nerve regeneration after end-to-side neurorrhaphy has not been completely clarified yet. The goal of this technique is to provide satisfactory functional recovery for the recipient nerve, without any deterioration of the donor nerve function. End-to-side technique has been investigated in detail in both experimental and clinical studies. Only a limited number of reported cases in clinical practice, until today, can reveal that end-to-side technique may become a viable means of repairing peripheral nerves in certain clinical situations.     

End-to-side nerve graft for facial nerve reconstruction

Reconstruction of multiple branches of the facial nerve by sural nerve graft using end-to-side nerve suture was performed successfully on a patient with advanced parotid tumor. In this technique, one end of the grafted nerve is sutured with the stump of the facial nerve trunk in an end-to-end manner. Epineural windows are made on the nerve graft, and the distal stumps of the facial nerve branches (temporal, zygomatic, and buccal branches) are sutured with the graft in an end-to-side manner. Functional recovery of all branches and satisfactory facial expression were obtained within 2 years postoperatively. Axonal regeneration through the graft was confirmed by electrodiagnosis. Regeneration through the anastomosis at the stump of the facial nerve trunk using this technique is more efficient than conventional cable grafting, and the length of the nerve required is minimal. This technique may be a useful option for facial nerve reconstruction managing multiple branches.