Morphology and diagnosis of acquired bladder deformities

Acquired displacements of the urinary bladder refer to intrapelvic pathological anatomy. These alterations of the bladder are predominantly detected via an initial radiologic study with intravenous urography or suprapubic pelvic ultrasonography. According to their clinical incidence displacements of the bladder can occur in: pelvic space-occupying lesions; displacements in musculo-fascial defects of supporting structures as well as in extirpation cavities of the small pelvis; extrapelvic space-occupying lesions. Herniation, prolapse and descensus of the bladder can be accurately diagnosed by correct examination via intravenous urography. The diagnostics of pelvic and extrapelvic pathogenetic causes require the complex application of all methods of diagnostic imaging, the value of which is determined by clinical diagnosis and by the choice of an appropriate therapy.     

Value of transrectal and transvaginal ultrasonic tomography using an electronic linear scanner in staging bladder tumors

The results of sonographic studies of 48 patients with carcinoma of the urinary bladder are discussed. The value of longitudinal intracavitary sonography for assessment of the local extent of malignant tumors of the bladder was studied. This method is thought to be extremely useful when tumors are localized on the neck, base and front wall of the bladder, whereas transabdominal sonography gives valuable diagnostic information if the lateral and back walls are involved. Combined sonography must be used for assessment of the local extent of carcinoma of the urinary bladder as it is of high accuracy, non-invasive and safe.     

Abdominal gunshot wounds: multi-detector-row CT findings compared with laparotomy—a prospective study

The purpose of this study was to access the accuracy of multi-detector-row computed tomography (MDCT) in diagnosing injuries in hemodynamically stable abdominal gunshot wound victims (AGWV). Triple-contrast MDCT was performed in hemodynamically stable AGWV during a 20-month prospective diagnostic accuracy study. Thirty-one patients (30 males, 1 female; mean age, 24.3 years) were evaluated by two radiologists for evidence of injury to solid and hollow organs, vascular structures, urinary bladder, diaphragm, fractures, and general findings (free fluid, pneumoperitoneum, and mesentery lesions). All of the patients underwent laparotomy, and prevalence, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and positive and negative predictive values were calculated. No statistically significant differences between radiologists were found. All of the solid and hollow organ lesions, vascular lesions, and general findings were detected. One of the four urinary bladder lesions was missed by MDCT, leading in this case to a sensitivity of 75%, specificity of 100%, positive predictive value of 100%, negative predictive value of 96.4%, and accuracy of 96.8% (p = 0.001). One of the eight diaphragm lesions was missed by MDCT, and its sensitivity was 87.5%, specificity was 100%, positive predictive value was 100%, negative predictive value was 95.8%, and accuracy was 96.8% (p < 0.001). Fractures were diagnosed in 74.4% of the patients (24 of 31). Fourteen (43.2%) patients demonstrated non-therapeutic laparotomy, in which minor lesions could have been managed conservatively. We concluded that MDCT is an accurate imaging method in evaluating selected AGWV, providing trusted information for emergency room physicians.     

Fluorescent diagnosis of urinary bladder cancer—a comparison of two diagnostic modalities

White light cystoscopy (WLC) is considered to be a standard examination for localisation and surveillance of transitional cell cancer of urinary bladder. However, in patients who have undergone transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TUR-BT) sensitivity of this method is too low for early detection of cancer recurrence. In order to improve this unsatisfactory situation new diagnostic procedures are still under investigation.Fluorescent diagnosis is a modern diagnostic option based on the detection of distinctive fluorescence of normal and pathological tissue. Currently two techniques are in clinical use: autofluorescent diagnosis, also termed laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) and photodynamic diagnosis (PDD). In this study we have analysed sensitivity and specificity of the fluorescent diagnosis to validate the best mode of bladder cancer diagnosis.A total of 281 patients, after electroresection of bladder tumour due to transitional cell carcinoma, without any signs of tumour recurrence in white-light cystoscopy, were divided in two groups: 52 patients underwent PDD and in 229 patients autofluorescent diagnosis was performed. Bladder washings and excisions from suspicious red fluorescent spots were taken for histopathological and cytological analyses.Sensitivity and specificity of PDD equalled to 90.91 and 66.60%, respectively. In case of autofluorescence diagnosis these values amounted to: 97.83 and 70.07%, respectively. The overall sensitivity and specificity of fluorescent examination equalled to 96.49 and 69.46%, respectively.Conclusion: Autofluorescence diagnosis (LIF) of pathological lesions within urinary bladder has been proven to be more sensitive than PDD as evaluated by a non-parametrical test for structure indicators comparison (LIF versus PDD, P=0.0056).     

Forced diuresis improves the diagnostic accuracy of 18F-FDG PET in abdominopelvic malignancies.

Our aim was to evaluate the role of forced diuresis in improving the diagnostic accuracy of abdominopelvic (18)F-FDG PET. METHODS: Thirty-two patients were enrolled. Besides the presence of known intravesical tumors or undefined renal lesions on the initial PET scan, the inclusion criterion was the appearance of indeterminate or equivocal (18)F-FDG foci that extended along the course of the urinary tract and could not confidently be separated from urinary activity. For each patient, a second abdominopelvic PET study was performed after intravenous injection of 0.5 mg of furosemide per kilogram of body weight (maximum, 40 mg) coupled with parenteral infusion of physiologic saline. RESULTS: Forced diuresis coupled with parenteral hydration eliminated any significant (18)F-FDG activity from the lower urinary tract in 31 (97%) of 32 patients after the bladder had been voided 3 successive times. Twelve intravesical lesions were visualized with outstanding clarity, whereas radiologic suspicion of locally recurrent bladder tumors was ruled out in 3 patients. Among 14 indeterminate or equivocal extravesical foci, 7 were deemed of no clinical value because they disappeared after furosemide challenge, whereas 7 persisting foci were proven to be true-positive PET findings. The performance of (18)F-FDG PET in characterizing 3 renal-space-occupying lesions could not be improved by our protocol. CONCLUSION: Furosemide challenge has the potential to noninvasively resolve the inherent (18)F-FDG contrast handicap in the lower urinary tract.     

Clinical value of FDG PET or PET/CT in urinary bladder cancer: a systemic review and meta-analysis

Aim

The purpose of the current study was to conduct a systemic review and meta-analysis of the published literature to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of FDG PET or PET/CT in urinary bladder cancer.

Materials and methods

The authors conducted a systematic MEDLINE search of articles published between January 2000 and December 2010. Two reviewers independently assessed the methodological quality of each study. We conducted a meta-analysis of pooled sensitivity and specificity in detecting primary and metastatic lesions of bladder cancer.

Results

Six studies met the inclusion criteria. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of PET/CT for primary lesion detection of bladder cancer were 0.90 (95% CI: 0.70–0.99) and 1.00 (95% CI: 0.74–1.00), respectively. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of FDG PET or PET/CT for staging or restaging (metastatic lesions) of bladder cancer were 0.82 (95% CI: 0.72–0.89) and 0.89 (95% CI: 0.81–0.95), respectively.

Conclusion

The diagnostic accuracy of FDG PET or PET/CT is good in metastatic lesions of urinary bladder cancer. Due to the small number of patients and limited number of studies analyzed, the diagnostic capability of FDG PET or PET/CT in detection of primary bladder wall lesions could not be assessed.     

肾积水梗阻原因的CT诊断价值

目的 :探讨CT对肾积水梗阻病因中的特征性表现和诊断价值。方法 :对 79例肾积水患者CT表现与临床、手术病理结果对照分析。结果 :79例肾积水患者梗阻病因中 ,输尿管结石 4 5例、良性狭窄 8例、先天性异常7例、输尿管癌 6例、膀胱癌侵犯输尿管 5例、前列腺病变 5例、外在性病变 3例 ,CT诊断准确率 91%。结论 :CT对尿路梗阻性病变有重要诊断价值。     

MRI appearances of bladder endometriosis

Endometriosis is characterized by endometrial tissue in ectopic foci outside the uterus. Involvement of the urinary tract is rare, with the bladder being most commonly affected in these cases. Radiologically these lesions, which are usually small, may be difficult to distinguish from intrinsic bladder neoplasia. Four cases of vesical endometriosis are presented with the MRI features that suggest the diagnosis.     

多层螺旋CT扫描及三维重建在诊断膀胱副神经节瘤中的应用价值

目的：探讨多层螺旋CT扫描及三维重建在诊断膀胱副神经节瘤中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析我院2010年7月-2014年1月经术后病理证实的5例膀胱副神经节瘤患者的CT资料。5例患者均进行多层螺旋CT扫描以及三维重建,并分析膀胱副神经节瘤的CT特点。结果5例患者均为单一病灶,2例呈不均匀明显强化,1例呈中度强化,另2例呈轻度强化;1例发现盆腔肿大淋巴结1枚,直径约1．7cm。CT扫描发现的病变数量、位置、大小、特征及周围淋巴结出现转移与术中所见及术后病理结果一致。结论多层螺旋CT扫描及三维重建在膀胱副神经节瘤的诊断中有重要价值,可为临床诊断及手术计划的制定提供较为准确的依据。     

Magnetic resonance in the staging of bladder neoplasms: results of the use of JKA1, a ferrous contrast solution

The authors report the results of the staging of urinary bladder cancers by means of MRI using a new ferrous contrastographic solution called JKA1. Eighteen patients with proved bladder neoplasms were examined by means of MRI: the bladder was filled with physiological solution first, and then with JKA1. Six patients were studied also after filling their bladders with Gd-DTPA solution (1:50). The results show that the use of JKA1, a T2-positive contrast medium, improved MR capabilities in the evaluation of small lesions (phi less than 1 cm) with minimal invasion of bladder wall; MR staging accuracy was 66.6% with the physiological solution and 77.8% with JKA1. The authors confirm the need for a wider MR study, in particular of T2 lesions (a critical subject for staging and surgical management) to assess MR diagnostic capabilities.     

Vesical schistosomiasis: an uncommon cause of bladder wall thickening

Schistosomiasis is typically a tropical disease; however, given the large influx of immigrants to our country and the boom in tourism to exotic locations, schistosomiasis should be taken into account in the differential diagnosis of certain clinical entities. The flatworm Schistosoma haematobium can cause a large variety of lesions in the urinary tract. The most common sites of involvement are the bladder and the lower third of the ureters, where it can cause lesions ranging from lithiasis and ureteral stenosis to the formation of masses inside the bladder. Ultrasonography is the imaging technique of choice for evaluating these alterations in the bladder; in addition to being fast, noninvasive, and painless, it is very useful for monitoring the response to antihelmintic treatment. We believe that it is essential to know the alterations in the urinary tract caused by this trematode, as this infectious disease that can be cured with Praziquantel might be confused with tumor diseases, such as vesical masses.     

外伤性尿漏多层螺旋CT诊断

目的探讨多层螺旋CT对肾盂、输尿管及膀胱外伤性尿漏的诊断价值。方法搜集20例经临床证实发生尿漏患者多层螺旋CT检查,全部行增强三期扫描,运用多种CT后处理技术(MPR、VR、MIP)综合分析其MSCT特点。结果 20例患者中,肾盂尿漏15例,输尿管尿漏2例,膀胱尿漏3例,排泄期表现为对比剂外渗,各种后处理技术可以清晰显示漏口的部位及范围,并可合并显示肝脾破裂、肾实质破裂、肾包膜下血肿、肾周间隙积液、骨盆多发骨折等。结论 MSCT延迟增强扫描能清晰显示尿漏的部位、漏口和并发症,对尿漏的诊断和选择治疗方案提供重要依据,可以作为尿漏诊断首选方法。     

Evaluation of 18F-FDG PET with bladder irrigation in patients with uterine and ovarian tumors.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate PET using (18)F-FDG for gynecologic lesions with continuous bladder irrigation to eliminate artifacts from the (18)F-FDG activity in the bladder. METHODS: Forty-one patients were studied. They had 23 cervical uterine lesions (15 cases of cancer, 5 recurrences, 3 nonrecurrences); 8 cases of uterine corpus cancer, including 2 recurrences; and 10 ovarian masses (6 malignant, 4 nonmalignant). All cases of cancer were histologically proven; however, 2 cases of nonrecurrent uterine cervical carcinomas were diagnosed by clinical course. Continuous bladder irrigation was performed 35-55 min after intravenous administration of 185-370 MBq (18)F-FDG, and an emission scan was obtained 40-55 min after intravenous administration. Standardized uptake value (SUV) was used to estimate the degree of (18)F-FDG uptake quantitatively. RESULTS: After bladder irrigation, the (18)F-FDG activity in the urinary tract was eliminated in 33 patients, so that detection of tumor (18)F-FDG accumulation was easy. Two patients showed residual activity in the urinary bladder, and 6 patients showed activity in the ureter. An artifact was seen in 1 patient with residual activity in the urinary bladder caused by insufficient irrigation. However, these residual activities had no influence on detecting (18)F-FDG accumulation in tumor. The mean (+/-SD) of SUVs of malignant lesions was 6.04 +/- 3.22, that of nonmalignant lesions was 1.71 +/- 1.12, and the difference was significant (P = 0.0002). SUVs of all malignant lesions were greater than 2.0, and SUVs of all nonmalignant lesions, except the 1 case of ovarian fibroma, were less than 2.0. CONCLUSION: (18)F-FDG PET with continuous bladder irrigation is useful for eliminating (18)F-FDG activity in the bladder and for differentiating between malignant and nonmalignant uterine or ovarian masses.     

64层容积CT尿路造影对泌尿系统先天畸形的诊断价值

目的 探讨64层容积CT尿路造影(VCTU)对泌尿系统先天畸形的诊断价值.资料与方法 66例经手术、输尿管镜或临床证实的泌尿系统先天畸形患者行VCTU检查,并行容积再现(VR)、最大密度投影(MIP)、多平面重组(MPR)及曲面重组(CPR)后处理,获得尿路重建图像.结果 66例患者中(2例为多发畸形),肾盂输尿管重复畸形32例,马蹄肾7例,肾旋转不良6例,肾盏憩室5例,先天性肾盂输尿管连接处狭窄5例,先天性巨输尿管1例,输尿管开口异位1例,腔静脉后输尿管1例,输尿管囊肿3例,膀胱憩室7例.VCTU图像清晰、立体感强,可多角度观察尿路,诊断正确率达100％.结论 VCTU通过VR、MIP、MPR、CPR图像能准确显示泌尿系统先天畸形及其伴发病变,提高了病变检出率和诊断正确率,可作为诊断泌尿系统先天畸形的首选方法.     

18F-FDG PET/CT delayed images after diuretic for restaging invasive bladder cancer.

PET with (18)F-FDG has been considered of limited value for detection of bladder cancer because of the urinary excretion of the tracer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of PET/CT in the detection and restaging of bladder cancer using furosemide and oral hydration to remove the excreted (18)F-FDG from the bladder. METHODS: Seventeen patients with bladder cancer (11 without cystectomy, 6 with total cystectomy and urinary diversion) underwent (18)F-FDG PET/CT from head to the upper thighs 60 min after the intravenous injection of 370 MBq of (18)F-FDG. Additional pelvic images were acquired 1 h after the intravenous injection of furosemide and oral hydration. PET/CT findings were confirmed by MRI, cystoscopy, or biopsy. RESULTS: PET/CT was able to detect bladder lesions in 6 of 11 patients who had not undergone cystectomy. These images changed the PET/CT final reading in 7 patients: Recurrent bladder lesions were detected in 6 patients, pelvic lymph node metastases in 2 patients, and prostate metastasis in 1. This technique overcame the difficulties posed by the urinary excretion of (18)F-FDG. Hypermetabolic lesions could be easily detected by PET and precisely localized in the bladder wall, pelvic lymph nodes, or prostate by CT. Seven of 17 patients (41%) were upstaged only after delayed pelvic images. CONCLUSION: Detection of locally recurrent or residual bladder tumors can be dramatically improved using (18)F-FDG PET/CT with delayed images after a diuretic and oral hydration.     

Nongynecologic bladder and perivesical ultrasound

Ultrasound is effective in evaluating pathologic entities in and around the urinary bladder. Abnormalities may be classified into 2 groups: lesions primarily affecting the bladder, including the bladder wall; and perivesical lesions, which secondarily affect the urinary tract. Intrinsic bladder diseases include inflammatory lesions, stones, and tumors, both primary and metastatic. Extrinsic perivesical abnormalities include lesions of the prostate, seminal vesicles, urethra, rectum, and perivesical soft tissues. Since the bladder is routinely visualized on pelvic ultrasonography, awareness and recognition of the ultrasonic appearance of disease in and around the urinary bladder can lead to more accurate diagnosis and detection of unsuspected disease.     

CT imaging of the unusually shaped bladder

In the CT evaluation of a cystic pelvic mass it is important to identify the urinary bladder and assess its relationship to the mass. Although this is generally an easy task, we have encountered cases where delayed opacification of the bladder created diagnostic difficulties. Following intravenous contrast medium infusion, patients with normal renal function may have unopacified bladders due to (a) delayed transit from kidney to bladder and (b) rapid CT imaging of the bladder before opacification can occur. If one is aware of these problems, diagnostic dilemmas may be reduced by obtaining delayed scans of the pelvis or by obtaining postvoid films. Two cases are presented to illustrate these points.     

螺旋CT后处理技术在泌尿系病变诊断中的临床价值

目的 探讨螺旋CT后处理技术在泌尿系病变的临床应用价值。方法 对20例泌尿系统疾病患者（肾盂、输尿管积水6例，巨输尿管1例，输尿管移行细胞癌1例，肾癌4例，肾错构瘤1例，肾囊肿3例，膀胱癌4例）分别行螺旋CT平扫、增强扫描和增强延时扫描，保留原始数据对图像进行后处理。结果 螺旋CT扫描并行图像后处理良好地显示了泌尿系统病变的位置、形态、解剖关系、性质、毗邻关系、血供情况。1例肾错构瘤术前误诊为肾癌。本组诊断准确率95%，敏感性100%，特异性91%，阳性预测值100%，阴性预测值91%。结论 泌尿系病变螺旋CT后处理技术可提供高清晰的直观的尿路图像，因而它对指导临床治疗具有重要价值。     

Severe urinary tract and cutaneous lesions after umbilical cord artery puncture and direct injection of hypertonic sodium bicarbonate to the newborn in the delivery room. Report of three cases (author's transl)

Three cases of necrotizing and calcifying lesions of low urinary tract, buttock and adjacent perineum are reported. These lesions have been induced by direct syringe injection into an umbilical artery of 42% sodium bicarbonate solution at the dose of 5 to 6 ml/kg of body weight. Radiographic examinations are very important to study the urinary tract lesions. These have been surgically controlled in two cases. The follow up ranges from 10 to 21 1/2 months. On the bladder initial necrotizing lesions are followed by calcification and parietal retraction. These bladder lesions induce a more or less important ureterohydronephrosis. To these constant lesions are variably associated urethral calcifications and stenosis, distal ureter calcifications. These lesions seem to be related to the sodium bicarbonate hyperosmolality, to the injection conditions, and to the local hemodynamic features.     

放射性膀胱疾病的临床观察

目的 探讨盆腔放疗时引起放射性膀胱疾病的临床特点、诊断、治疗措施并结合文献资料进行讨论，为规范放射性膀胱疾病的诊断提供依据。方法 采用临床病例分析方法。结果 宫颈癌放疗时放射性膀胱疾病发生率大约在0.8%-2.96%，平均2.14%。放射性膀胱疾病可分为急性放射性膀胱炎，慢性放射性膀胱炎和放射性膀胱瘘3型。临床上最多见的是慢性放射性膀胱炎，其临床主要表现为无痛性肉眼血尿，又分为轻、重两度。诊断时应有明确的射线接触史，并超过剂量阈值，出现典型的临床特征。结论 笔者全面分析了放射性膀胱疾病的临床特点、分型、诊断依据等可提供作为拟订诊断标准的参考。