鼻侧切开额眶颧颞联合入路切除颅颞下窝上颌窦沟通瘤

目的：探讨鼻侧切开额眶颧颞联合入路切除累及中颅窝、中颅底、颞下窝的上颌窦恶性肿瘤的效果，并对手术方法做适当改进。方法：采用鼻侧切开额眶颧联合入路同期对2例侵犯中颅窝、中颅底、颞下窝的上颌窦恶性肿瘤进行了手术切除。结果：2例肿瘤均完整切除，手术后出现暂时性偏瘫1例，无手术死亡病例。结论：联合入路切除颅、颞下窝、上颌窦沟通瘤，术野显露良好，切除肿瘤更彻底、更安全，重建颅底方便。     

前颅底肿瘤手术入路

目的：探讨前颅底肿瘤手术入路,提高手术效果。方法：对37例前颅底肿瘤进行了相应的手术切除,颅面联合入路21例,其中额颅合并鼻侧切开1例,上颌骨内侧部分切除或暂移开切除肿瘤7例,上颌骨切除8例,上颌骨或（和）眶或（和）颌面皮肤切除5例;上颌骨部分或全外旋合并鼻锥转位13例;鼻额翻瓣、额眶入路及面中揭翻各1例。结果：10例良性肿瘤患者均健在,恶性肿瘤患者3、5年存活率分别为81．9％（22／27）、62．9％（17／27）。9年以上无瘤存活1例。结论：除鼻侧切开外不同类型颅面联合入路均能提供良好的肿瘤显露,有利于鼻颅沟通瘤的整块切除。部分或上颌骨全外旋合并鼻锥转位适于切除累及颅底尚未侵及颅内的肿瘤。额鼻共同翻开适于切除额窦发育良好的鼻颅沟通瘤。颅眶入路适于颅眶沟通瘤。面中揭翻应选择应用。     

经前颅窝底切除颅鼻眶沟通瘤

本文报道了经颅入路切除１６例颅鼻眶沟通瘤和颅底重建的经验，效果良好，术后无并发症，本入路具有术野显露充分，眶通道减压彻底，重建颅底可靠等优点，并重点讨论了手术方法，眼球保留及颅底重建等问题。     

鼻侧切开额眶联合入路治疗鼻颅眶沟通肿瘤

鼻腔鼻窦恶性肿瘤常侵犯眼眶及颅底,完整切除肿瘤,必须同时处理眶内及颅底的病变。随着对颅底解剖的深入了解,手术入路的不断改进,颅底肿瘤的手术治疗取得了很大进步。采用颅面联合径路治疗侵犯颅底及眼眶的肿瘤,已取得良好效果。我科近年来采用鼻侧切开额眶联合入路切除4例鼻颅眶沟通肿瘤,现报道如下。     

扩大前颅窝底入路切除颅鼻眶沟通肿瘤

目的 探讨扩大前颅窝底入路切除颅鼻眶沟通肿瘤的效果,并对一些手术技巧加以改进。方法 采用经扩大前颅窝底入路对5例颅鼻眶沟通肿瘤进行了手术切除。结果 肿瘤全切3例,近全切1例,大部分切除1例,术后并发症：脑脊液漏1例,5例嗅觉均丧失,全组无手术死亡。结论 采用该入路切除颅鼻眶沟通肿瘤,具有显露好,颅底重建可靠等优点。突向中颅窝侧方较多的肿瘤则需结合颞部入路,对不能用颅骨内板行骨性重建者采用自体的额骨条重建,效果较好。     

额眶筛入路切除前中颅底颅鼻眶沟通瘤

目的探讨切除前中颅底、额、筛窦、眶沟通性肿瘤的最佳手术方式,以满足临床需要。方法对13例前中颅底颅鼻眶沟通瘤患者采用额眶筛入路、T型切口,将外鼻下翻,切除部分筛窦、纸板、额骨眶部及额窦后壁,充分暴露肿瘤组织,在手术显微镜下分块或完全切除肿瘤,分离、保护相应解剖部位,如视神经、内动脉、蝶鞍和脑膜等重要解剖结构。将外鼻回复,用钛板钛钉与额骨固定,恢复良好颌面外形。结果13例颅鼻眶沟通瘤手术均获得成功,随访24个月,11例肿瘤无复发,均无脑脊液鼻漏、脑膜脑膨出等并发症。面部外形良好。结论经额眶筛进入、侧下翻鼻骨入路是耳鼻咽喉科切除前中颅底颅鼻眶沟通瘤的一种良好方法。     

单侧颅眶联合入路球后眶内肿瘤及涉眶颅底病变手术

目的：介绍球后眶内肿瘤及涉眶颅底病变手术的技术和经验。方法：收治13例球后眶内肿瘤及其他涉眶颅底病变病人，均经单侧颅眶联合入路处理病变、切除肿瘤。结果：12例(92．3％)病人一次手术成功；无手术死亡；永久性脑神经损害1例(7．7％)。结论：单侧颅眶联合入路处理球后眶内肿瘤及涉眶颅底病变是一种行之有效的手术方法。     

累及前颅底之颅面部恶性上皮肿瘤外科手术后效果及预后

颅面联合进路术式的应用使得侵犯颅底肿瘤手术切除变得安全多了。该作者重点报告累及前颅底之晚期恶性上皮肿瘤行颅面切除术后有关并发症及生存率的预后因素。手术禁忌证包括：广泛额叶侵犯，海绵窦或视交叉侵犯、中颅窝侵犯、远隔转移或病人状况极差。自１９８１年１月１日至１９９４年１２月３１日间研究８４例前颅底肿瘤行颅面联合切除（ＣＦＲ），回顾５７例晚期面中部恶性上皮肿瘤，包括４３例基底细胞癌，１４例鳞状细胞癌。病人分二组，Ｉ型：病变范围小，在鼻眶区，侵犯眶顶、筛窦或额窦；Ｉ型：病变范围广泛。有破坏性，直接侵犯前…     

冀点入切前前,中颅底沟通瘤

目的 对７例前、中颅底沟通瘤的手术入路及治疗经验进行总结。方法 颅眶沟通瘤３例,中颅底沟通４例,均采取冀点及基改良入路,其中５例采取硬膜外入路,２例结合硬膜内外入路切除肿瘤。结果 ６例患者实现肿瘤全切,１例次全切除,无手术死亡。结果 冀点入路是切除前、中颅底沟通瘤的理想入路,具有显露充分、易于掌握和改良等优点;采取带蒂颞肌瓣充填肿瘤切除后的残腔,反折骨膜修补硬膜的颅底重建方法可以有效地防止各种并发     

翼点入路切除前、中颅底沟通瘤

目的　对 7例前、中颅底沟通瘤的手术入路及治疗经验进行总结。方法　颅眶沟通瘤 3例 ,中颅底沟通瘤 4例 ,均采取翼点及其改良入路 ,其中 5例采取硬膜外入路 ,2例结合硬膜内外入路切除肿瘤。结果　 6例患者实现肿瘤全切 ,1例次全切除 ,无手术死亡。结论　翼点入路是切除前、中颅底沟通瘤的理想入路 ,具有显露充分、易于掌握和改良等优点 ;采取带蒂颞肌瓣充填肿瘤切除后的残腔 ,反折骨膜修补硬膜的颅底重建方法可以有效地防止各种并发症的发生。     

内镜下经眶外下壁入路颅底手术应用解剖研究初探

目的通过尸头解剖来探索经眶外下壁入路内镜手术所能达到的解剖通道、解剖标志及解剖方法等。方法对5具尸头（10侧）进行内镜下经眶外下壁入路颅底手术的细分解剖,通过逐步解剖来界定该入路所能达到解剖通道、颅内外重要解剖标志、解剖边界等。结果本研究界定了内镜下经眶外下壁入路颅底手术所能达到的5个通道,它们分别是三叉神经通道、破裂孔通道、海绵窦通道、岩锥及后颅窝通道、中颅窝通道,它们的边界、解剖标志、解剖通道、解剖步骤及方法都得以明确的界定。结论内镜下经眶外下壁入路颅底手术可以到达旁中线颅底、中颅窝,甚至是部分侧颅底及后颅窝,而且对于上颌神经、下颌神经颅内外段的暴露能提供很好的视野。当然,这还需要进一步的解剖研究及临床实践加以完善及检验。     

Endoscopic endonasal anatomy of superior orbital fissure and orbital apex regions: critical considerations for clinical applications

The superior orbital fissure is a critical three-dimensional space connecting the middle cranial fossa and the orbit. From an endoscopic viewpoint, only the medial aspect has a clinical significance. It presents a critical relationship with the lateral sellar compartment, the pterygopalatine fossa and the middle cranial fossa. The connective tissue layers and neural and vascular structures of this region are described. The role of Muller’s muscle is confirmed, and the utility of the maxillary and optic strut is outlined. Muller’s muscle extends for the whole length of the inferior orbital fissure, passes over the maxillary strut and enters the superior orbital fissure, representing a critical surgical landmark. Dividing the tendon between the medial and inferior rectus muscle allows the identification of the main trunk of the oculomotor nerve, and a little laterally, it is usually possible to visualize the first part of the ophthalmic artery. Based on a better knowledge of anatomy, we trust that this area could be readily addressed in clinical situations requiring an extended approach in proximity of the orbital apex.     

额—耳前—颈联合入路切除巨大侧颅底沟通性肿瘤

目的 探讨适宜切除巨大侧颅底肿瘤的手术途径。方法 应用额-耳前-颈联合入路，制作眶颧骨瓣及颅骨骨瓣，结合下颌骨脱位下移，获得了充分暴露肿瘤的术野，治疗2例占据咽旁间隙、颞下窝穿颅底达颅中窝的巨大侧颅底沟通性肿瘤。结果 2例肿瘤均获得全切，术后患者恢复良好，均未发生脑脊液泼等任何颅内并发症，面部无明显畸形，咬合正常。结论 额-耳前-颈联合入路是用于切除巨大咽旁间隙、颞下窝、侵入颅中窝的侧颅底良、恶性肿瘤较理想的手术途径。     

额-耳前-颈联合入路切除巨大侧颅底沟通性肿瘤

目的　探讨适宜切除巨大侧颅底肿瘤的手术途径。方法　应用额 耳前 颈联合入路 ,制作眶颧骨瓣及颅骨骨瓣 ,结合下颌骨脱位下移 ,获得了充分暴露肿瘤的术野 ,治疗 2例占据咽旁间隙、颞下窝穿颅底达颅中窝的巨大侧颅底沟通性肿瘤。结果　 2例肿瘤均获得全切 ,术后患者恢复良好 ,均未发生脑脊液漏等任何颅内并发症 ,面部无明显畸形 ,咬合正常。结论　额 耳前 颈联合入路是用于切除巨大咽旁间隙、颞下窝、侵入颅中窝的侧颅底良、恶性肿瘤较理想的手术途径     

Temporal lobe encephalocele appearing as a lytic lesion of the skull base and pterygoid process

Meningoencephalocele is an uncommon condition in which brain tissue, meninges, or both protrude through a defect in the anterior cranial fossa and into the ethmoid sinus or nasal cavity. Much less often, brain tissue, meninges, or both protrude through a defect in the middle cranial fossa and into the sphenoid sinus. We report an unusual case of a middle fossa encephalocele that appeared as a lytic lesion of the skull base. The patient was treated successfully via a unique endoscopic transpterygoid approach--that is, an endoscopic approach through the maxillary sinus and pterygopalatine fossa and into the pterygoid process.     

枕下乙状窦后-内听道上入路显微手术切除岩斜区脑膜瘤

目的总结应用枕下乙状窦后-内听道上入路显微手术切除岩斜区脑膜瘤的方法和经验。探讨岩斜区脑膜瘤的显微手术技术,提高肿瘤手术切除程度与术后疗效。方法回顾性分析采用枕下乙状窦后-内听道上入路显微手术治疗的11例岩斜区脑膜瘤的临床资料,并对手术方法进行分析。结果肿瘤全切除8例(72.7%),次全切除3例。术后新增脑神经损害2例(18.2%),无手术相关死亡病例。结论应用枕下乙状窦后-内听道上入路,采用显微神经外科技术处理岩斜区脑膜瘤,可获得满意的手术疗效。该入路明显扩大对中颅窝和上斜坡的显露,是切除主体位于后颅窝,同时累及中颅窝的岩斜区肿瘤的良好途径,掌握手术技巧和术中注意事项,有利于提高肿瘤切除率和疗效。     

Microsurgical anatomy of the perigeniculate ganglion area as seen from the middle cranial fossa approach

The middle cranial fossa approach is useful for decompressing the perigeniculate ganglion area of the facial nerve in patients with serviceable hearing. The present study was designed to investigate the microsurgical anatomy of the perigeniculate ganglion area of the facial nerve from the point of view of the middle cranial fossa. We dissected 20 human temporal bones under a microscope using a middle fossa approach, and measured the angle between the lines drawn from the malleus head to the vertical crest and from the malleus head to the geniculate ganglion, and the distance from the malleus head to the geniculate ganglion. These were found to be 22.7 degrees +/- 2.2 degrees and 6.5 +/- 0.3 mm, respectively. Detailed knowledge about the microsurgical anatomy of the perigeniculate ganglion area of the facial nerve from the point of view of the middle cranial fossa is imperative for facial nerve decompression by a middle cranial fossa approach.     

Use of reconstructed sagittal computed tomography images to plan middle cranial fossa surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To facilitate planning in temporal bone surgery for the middle cranial fossa approach by using sagittal reconstructed temporal bone computed tomography images. STUDY DESIGN: Comparison of anatomic measurements on random high-resolution, reformatted computed tomography scans of the temporal bone. METHODS: High-resolution computed tomography of 10 normal temporal bones in the axial and coronal planes was obtained, and two-dimensional sagittal reconstructions were performed using a commercial software program. Eight anatomical relationships between neural and/or vascular structures were measured. Representative images were inverted to recreate the plane of the middle cranial fossa approach. RESULTS: Anatomical relationships among the vestibule, superior semicircular canal, internal auditory canal, internal carotid artery, and middle cranial fossa exhibited a high SD in the 10 subjects. The sample size and the large range for the eight anatomical relationships precluded the detection of a significant difference between right and left temporal bones or sex and age of the patient. CONCLUSION: The present report presents a novel, practical measurement protocol for rapidly evaluating important individual anatomical differences in patients before middle cranial fossa surgery. Inverted sagittal reconstructions facilitate presurgical planning for the middle cranial fossa approach by 1) assessing critical anatomical relationships before surgery and 2) providing customized measurements between vital landmarks and the first in vivo measurements. This decreases the likelihood of surgical mishaps and improves teaching by providing the first in vivo measurements of practical anatomical relationships in the sagittal plane.     

Surgical exposure of the facial nerve indications and techniques.

Lesions producing facial nerve palsy may occur within the temporal bone anywhere between the internal auditory canal and the stylomastoid foramen. Surgical exposure of this nerve may be necessary for decompression, grafting, rerouting, or removal of such lesions as acoustic tumour, meningioma, facial nerve neuroma, and cholesteatoma. Contemporary surgical exposure of the facial nerve has as its aim adequate exposure of the facial nerve at any point in its course, with preservation of hearing and vestibular function, without further injury to the facial nerve and the necessity for producing a mastoid cavity. When hearing and balance function are present, the transcanal-transtympanic approach to the horizontal segment of the facial nerve offers limited access to the facial nerve in its tympanic course. Wider exposure is obtained by postauricular transmastoid exposure of the tympanic and mastoid portions of the facial nerve. The middle fossa approach to the facial nerve offers access to the internal auditory canal and labyrinthine portions of the nerve, whereas the retrolabyrinthine approach offers access to the facial nerve in the posterior fossa. Total facial nerve exposure with preservation of hearing and balance function is obtained by the combined transmastoid and middle cranial fossa approach. In individuals who have lost all function of hearing and balance, the postauricular translabyrinthine approach offers total exposure of the facial nerve within the temporal bone and posterior fossa. The aim of this discussion was to present in succinct fashion a systematized approach to surgical exposure of the facial nerve within the temporal bone and posterior fossa.     

Supraorbital rim approach to the anterior skull base

Advances in the surgical approach to the anterior skull base have resulted in increased opportunity for the cure of tumors involving these structures. This paper describes a modification of the frontal craniotomy technique which allows excellent access to the anterior cranial fossa and orbit. This technique results in the en bloc removal of a bone flap which incorporates the orbital roof, superior orbital rim, and frontal bone. We have utilized this approach in 5 anterior skull base tumors (2 esthesioneuroblastomas, an angiofibroma, a case of orbital invasion by an aggressive inverted papilloma, and a squamous cell carcinoma of the ethmoid complex). This approach has the advantage of excellent exposure, clear visibility in the placement of chisel cuts, and less brain retraction than conventional techniques. It is the approach of choice for orbital tumors.