手术室护士掌握达芬奇机器人基础操作技能的学习曲线

目的 探讨手术室护士掌握达芬奇机器人基础操作技能所需要的最少操作例数,为达芬奇机器人手术系统的手术配合护士的资格准入标准的制订和技能培训提供参考依据。方法以独立配合达芬奇机器人手术的护士为研究对象,记录其单只无菌器械臂罩装置时间、参数设置时间、人机对接次数和术后系统处理时间4个评价指标数据并计算累积和值,绘制个体学习曲线图,拟合得到总体学习曲线图。结果共有10名护士配合达芬奇机器人手术150例,个体学习曲线斜率开始降低的操作例数为3～14例,总体学习曲线斜率自第9例操作起开始降低。结论手术室护士掌握达芬奇机器人基础操作技能的学习曲线可以分为学习探索阶段和熟练掌握阶段,而达到熟练掌握阶段至少需累积9例手术经验。     

巡回护士掌握天玑机器人辅助脊柱手术设备操作技能的学习曲线

目的:探讨手术室巡回护士掌握天玑机器人辅助脊柱手术设备操作技能所需的最少操作例数，为制定配合此类手术护士的资格准入标准及技能培训提供依据。方法:9名手术室巡回护士以脊柱模具为工具独立进行机器人设备模拟操作，每人共计操作16例。记录其设备准备及导线连接耗时、图像采集及传输耗时、手术置钉规划耗时、机器人运行耗时4个评价指标，并使用累积和分析法分别绘制个体学习曲线与总体学习曲线。结果:个体学习曲线斜率开始降低的操作例数为3～11例，总体学习曲线斜率开始降低的操作例数为8例。4个操作阶段中学习曲线开始降低的例数分别为第5例、第8例、第11例、第3例。结论:巡回护士要掌握天玑机器人辅助脊柱手术的设备操作技能至少需要操作8例。其中，图像采集及传输部分与手术置钉规划部分是操作技能的难点，需要在今后的培训中引起重视。     

培训PICC置管技能中的影响因素及常见问题

目的：探讨护士初次学习PICC置管技能过程的影响因素与常见问题,为护士PICC置管技能培训提供参考。方法2011年8月～2013年8月,对15名护士进行 PICC置管技能培训,按自制的《PICC穿刺操作评价表》对护士操作的每一例置管过程进行评价,分析影响护士掌握置管技能的因素。结果15位护士共操作置管225例,每位护士穿刺操作平均分数与学习环境月平均置管例数呈正相关（P＜0．05）,与操作平均间隔时间呈负相关（P＜0．05）。常见问题有术前未指导患者配合动作、穿刺成功退出穿刺针芯时按压血管手法不正确、导管尖端异位和一次穿刺失败。结论护士在学习PICC置管技能期间,所在科室的月平均置管例数、护士置管操作间隔天数会影响其学习PICC置管技能。     

经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管专科护士核心能力的影响因素

目的分析经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管(peripherally inserted central catheter,PICC)专科护士核心能力的影响因素,为专科培训与管理提供依据。方法 2014年7-8月便利抽样选择中南大学湘雅医院106名PICC专科护士,应用PICC专科护士临床相关能力量表及权威的PICC操作评分标准、理论试卷对其核心能力进行分析。结果护士的年龄、职称、是否参加继续教育培训、参加继续教育培训的频率、既往置管例数、置管年限等6个方面均能在一定程度上影响PICC专科护士核心能力或其维度得分,其中既往置管例数、置管年限进入核心能力回归方程,能解释36.9%的变异(均P0.05)。结论护理管理者在PICC专科护士的再认证培训及评价上,应充分考虑核心能力的影响因素,采取有针对性的措施,以提高培训效果。     

经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管常见并发症原因及护理

[目的]回顾分析经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管(PICC)置管过程中的并发症,降低置管的风险.[方法]对我科2005年8月-2008年8月80例PICC置管病人发生的并发症进行统计分析,并给予护理.[结果]一次性置管成功77例,成功率为96.25%;导管破裂1例,送管困难2例,导管脱出1例,穿刺点渗血2例,静脉炎3例,导管堵塞2例,穿刺点感染2例.[结论]严格掌握PICC的适应证、严格按照PICC的操作流程、及时对症处理可以降低PICC的并发症.     

极低出生体重儿静脉输液通路的建立与效果观察

目的探讨极低出生体重儿静脉输液通路的建立和管理方法。方法选择2015年9月~2016年12月在本院NICU住院治疗的110例极低出生体重儿为研究对象,分为观察组和对照组。观察组入院时予以脐静脉置管后续PICC置管(60例);对照组入院时予以外周静脉置管后续PICC置管(50例)。观察两组患儿首次置管成功率、平均置管总穿刺次数、PICC一次性置管成功率、置管并发症及恢复出生体重时间。结果观察组首次置管成功率、PICC一次性置管成功率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组平均置管总次数、恢复出生体重时间低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组发生腹胀、坏死性小肠结肠炎、导管相关血流感染等并发症的例数与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论极低出生体重儿入院时脐静脉置管后续PICC置管能快速有效建立静脉通道,减少置管总穿刺次数,有利于恢复患儿出生体重。     

肿瘤患者外周静脉置入中心静脉导管并发症的管理与质量控制

目的 总结肿瘤患者外周静脉置入中心静脉导管(peripherally inserted central catheter,PICC)并发症管理与质量控制的方法.方法 对2008年11月-2010年3月收治的398例置入PICC的肿瘤患者,采用建立专业化的PICC治疗团队,设计PICC置管临床路径,专业护士置管操作,对常...     

PICC和颈内静脉置管在高龄危重患者中的应用效果观察

目的比较外周导入中心静脉置管(PICC)与颈内静脉置管两种方法在高龄危重患者中的应用效果。方法46例置管患者按照住院的先后顺序随机分为PICC组23例和颈内静脉组23例,分别观察两种方法置管的1次置管成功率、并发症的发生情况以及置管时间的长短。结果PICC组一次置管成功率为100%,而颈内静脉组的一次置管成功率为74%,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);PICC组导管留置时间长于颈内静脉组,具有统计学意义(P<0.01);颈内静脉组发生导管相关性感染、邻近动脉损伤、导管脱落的例数较多,而PICC组发生静脉炎的例数则高于颈内静脉组。结论PICC导管的穿刺简便易行,危险性小,患者痛苦少,并发症轻微,不限制患者的臂部活动,可长期留置,具有临床应用价值。     

不同穿刺部位中心静脉导管的临床效果研究

目的对比两种经不同穿刺部位中心静脉导管的临床效果及并发症。方法选择需长期输液治疗的患者80例,分为中心静脉导管组和PICC组,每组各40例。观察2组置管成功率、流速及导管相关并发症。结果2组置管成功率、导管相关并发症及导管相关感染率无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;2组导管阻塞率有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;锁骨下静脉置管流速明显快于PICC组（P〈0．01）。大多数PICC置管可由护士完成,锁骨下静脉置管均由医师操作。结论中心静脉导管流速大,是抢救危重患者的首选导管。PICC导管穿刺更安全、易推广;导管堵塞或感染后,能进行原部位置换,是长期输液和化疗的首选中心静脉导管。     

外周静脉置入中心静脉导管病人居家护理指导流程图的应用

外周静脉置入中心静脉导管（PICC）是经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管,是静脉输液的安全可靠通道。因其操作简单、安全、导管留置时间长等特点被广泛应用。肿瘤病人应用PICC置管可以保证化疗全程的顺利进行。我科于2003年开始使用PICC,用于多程化疗及长期需要静脉输液的病人,2005年开展留置PICC的肿瘤病人建立护理管理档案的置管后专业化护理,极大地方便了病人的治疗,降低了各种置管后并发症的发生。2007年我科为了满足病人居家带管期间自我护理的需要,     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.