嗅神经母细胞瘤的CT及MRI影像学表现

目的:探讨鼻腔嗅神经母细胞瘤(ON)的CT及MRI影像学表现特点,以提高对嗅神经母细胞瘤的影像学认识。方法:回顾性分析经手术及组织病理学证实的13例嗅神经母细胞瘤患者的CT及MRI影像学特征及其相关病理学改变。结果:13例患者中,8例行CT平扫,均显示为软组织密度肿块影,其中2例行增强扫描,病灶显著强化;5例行MRI平扫及增强扫描,平扫瘤体信号不均匀,增强后明显不均匀强化。13例中病灶局限于鼻腔者4例;有上颌骨、筛骨、鼻中隔或颅底骨质破坏者9例(69.23%);其中2例侵及同侧的前颅窝(1例有颈部淋巴结转移)。结论:鼻腔中上部肿物,MRI显示内部信号不均匀,而CT显示密度大都较均匀,且增强有明显强化,周围骨质有破坏,甚至病灶自鼻腔延续至前颅窝者,呈"蘑菇"状,应考虑嗅神经母细胞瘤的可能。     

嗅神经母细胞瘤的CT和MRI表现

目的 总结嗅神经母细胞瘤的CT和MRI表现，提高对嗅神经母细胞瘤的影像学认识。方法 搜集资料完整的经病理证实的嗅神经母细胞瘤16例，回顾性分析嗅神经母细胞瘤的CT和MRI表现。结果 16例嗅神经母细胞瘤中有3例术后复发，3例肿瘤局限于鼻腔，表现为膨胀性生长，13例均表现为鼻腔中后部肿块，累及单侧或双侧筛窦、上颌窦，其中5例破坏纸样板，侵入眼眶，5例破坏颅底骨一筛板侵入颅内。3例肿瘤内有钙化和骨化。肿瘤密度或信号不均，但强化明显。结论 嗅神经母细胞瘤发病部位多位于鼻腔中后部，强化显著，多呈浸润性生长，易向副鼻窦、眼眶和颅内侵犯。     

鼻部源性突眼的CT分析

目的：为了提高对鼻部源性突眼的认识。材料和方法：本文19例鼻部源性突眼，其中鼻咽癌7例，鼻咽纤维血管瘤2例，鼻腔纤维血管瘤、恶性肉芽肿和嗅神经母细胞瘤各1例，上颌窦癌和软骨肉瘤各2例，上颌窦恶性肉芽肿、纤维肉瘤和恶性纤维组织细胞瘤各1例，全部病例均作轴位CT扫描，12例加作增强扫描，详细分析了它们CT表现。结果：源于鼻咽的放疗前鼻咽癌和纤维血管瘤，其病变主要位于鼻咽腔和咽旁，后者显著增强并有钙斑，与前者不同；源于上颌窦的肿瘤，病变占据上颌窦的全部或大部分，软骨肉瘤有钙斑且无强化，易与其它肿瘤区别，它们破坏上颌窦顶部进入眼眶；鼻腔嗅神经母细胞瘤在鼻腔和筛窦形成肿块，破坏筛骨眶板侵入眼眶。结论：根据CT所见，可判断突眼原因。     

CT诊断嗅神经母细胞瘤的价值

目的　评价CT诊断嗅神经母细胞瘤的作用。方法　回顾性分析 7例经手术或活检诊断的嗅神经母细胞瘤的CT表现。结果　按Kadish标准分期 ,本组 7例嗅神经母细胞瘤中 6例为C期 ,1例为B期 ,病灶均位于鼻腔顶部 ,均侵犯鼻窦、眼眶和前颅窝或中颅窝。 4例增强扫描中 3例明显不均匀强化 ,1例中度强化。结论　CT扫描可明确嗅神经母细胞瘤的侵犯范围和程度 ,并对肿瘤进行正确的分期 ,对临床决定治疗方案具有重要的参考价值。     

前颅凹底脑膜瘤的影像诊断与病理对照研究

目的:探讨前颅凹底脑膜瘤的影像学和病理组织学之间的关系.材料和方法:病理证实的前颅凹底脑膜瘤27例,男8例,女19例.年龄13～79岁,平均62岁.均行MRI检查(增强16例);15例行CT检查(增强8例).分析CT、MRI影像,并与手术病理对照.结果:27例前颅凹底脑膜瘤,起源于嗅沟15例,前颅凹底6例,眶顶4例,鞍结节向前生长2例.多数水肿明显,均匀增强;少数不均匀增强,并出现脑膜尾征,少数伴钙化、坏死、囊变和出血.累及邻近颅骨时引起骨质增生.结论:前颅凹底脑膜瘤具有典型的影像学表现.CT和MRI具有诊断价值,MRI优于CT ,但CT观察钙化和骨质改变优于MRI.     

CT/MRI在随访嗅神经母细胞瘤的价值(附5例报告)

目的 评价影像学检查在随访嗅神经母细胞瘤的价值.方法 分析5例嗅神经母细胞瘤随访过程中的CT、MRI表现.结果 2例病人的存活时间超过5年. 2例就诊时病变局限于鼻腔,在随访过程中, 1例表现为右侧眼眶区硬膜外软组织肿块,同时左侧鼻腔内亦可见软组织肿块影,CT、MRI显示病变强化均匀,1个月后左侧鼻腔病变显著增大,且破坏了邻近硬腭.另1例病变则呈浸润性生长,CT显示颅底骨质广泛破坏,翼腭窝、颈动脉管、圆孔、卵圆孔均受累.MRI显示病变侵及颅内海绵窦、颈内动脉以及鞍区结构.另3例就诊时已为T4期,病变以鼻腔顶壁、筛窦为中心,侵犯颅内海绵窦以及鞍区结构,颅底骨质破坏.结论 CT/MRI可清晰地显示病变的侵袭范围,对评价病变的生物学生长行为提供了客观依据.     

颅底软骨肉瘤与软骨瘤影像征象对照分析

目的 结合病理对照分析颅底软骨肉瘤与软骨瘤的CT与MRI征象.方法 搜集经病理组织学证实的6例软骨肉瘤及7例软骨瘤患者的完整资料,回顾性分析其CT与MRI特点.13例中,7例同时行MRI、CT平扫及增强扫描,3例行MRI平扫及增强扫描,3例行CT平扫及增强扫描.结果 颅底软骨肉瘤与软骨瘤好发部位相似,均位于颅底中线旁的硬膜外,具体定位:鞍旁7例(软骨肉瘤3例,软骨瘤4例),颈静脉孔区3例(软骨肉瘤1例,软骨瘤2例),前颅窝底2例(软骨肉瘤2例),后颅窝底1例(软骨瘤1例).颅底软骨肉瘤与软骨瘤有部分共性影像学征象:CT平扫密度不均匀,瘤内均可见形态不一钙化;MRI信号多不均匀,T2WI以高低混杂信号为主,增强扫描有7例(软骨肉瘤2例,软骨瘤5例)延迟强化.部分征象有助于颅底软骨肉瘤与软骨瘤的鉴别:6例颅底软骨肉瘤均呈分叶状;5例呈溶骨性骨质破坏;瘤内钙化以稀疏分布为主,钙化边缘多较模糊.颅底软骨瘤以膨胀性骨质破坏为主;瘤内钙化边缘清晰,3例为瘤内大量钙化,2例为稀疏钙化.4例软骨瘤T2WI上边缘出现环状低信号包膜影.结论 颅底软骨肉瘤与软骨瘤好发于颅底中线旁,两者CT及MRI征象有一定的共性特点;肿瘤边界、周围骨质破坏程度及瘤内钙化形态等征象对两者鉴别有一定价值.CT及MRI联合应用可提高两者术前确诊率.     

嗅神经母细胞瘤的MRI表现

目的 探讨嗅神经母细胞瘤的MRI诊断价值.方法 对14例经病理证实的嗅神经母细胞瘤MRI资料进行回顾性分析.结果 14例中10例肿块中心位于鼻腔顶部的中后方,1例位于鼻腔顶部的前方,1例占据整个鼻腔,1例位于上颌窦,1例位于鼻咽部.8例形态不规则,边界不清;6例形态规则,边界较清楚.肿块信号多不均匀,在T1WI以等或略低信号为主,T2WI以等或稍高信号为主,明显强化.肿瘤侵犯筛窦12例、颅内11例、眼眶10例、蝶窦5例、鼻中隔上部5例、上颌窦4例、额窦3例、翼腭窝2例、鼻咽2例、视神经管2例、斜坡1例、鼻泪管1例、面颊部1例.结论 鼻腔顶部的中后方肿块并穿越筛板侵犯嗅沟区,是嗅神经母细胞瘤的特征性改变.MRI可准确显示肿瘤的部位和侵犯范围,可为临床分期和制订治疗方案提供依据.     

鼻腔和鼻旁窦平滑肌肉瘤的影像学表现(附5例报告)

目的：分析鼻腔鼻旁窦平滑肌肉瘤的CT与MRI表现，评价其临床价值。资料与方法：回顾分析经病理证实的鼻腔鼻旁窦平滑肌肉瘤5例，均行CT检查，其中2例加增强扫描；MRI检查2例，均为平扫加增强扫描。结果：肿瘤原发于鼻腔2例，上颌窦1例，1例肿瘤范围广已无法确定其原发部位，还有1例为鼻咽癌放射治疗14年的右后鼻孔－鼻咽区的复发肿瘤，肿瘤涉及范围包括鼻腔、筛窦、鼻咽部、眼眶、翼腭窝、颞下窝、咽部间隙、硬腭甚至口咽侧壁、中颅窝等。该类肿瘤呈浸润性生长及局部较广泛骨质破坏，无1例发生钙化及颈淋巴结转移。肿块在CT上3例呈较均匀的中等密度，2例密度不均；MRI T1WI呈无效中等信号，T2WI表现为略不均匀的中等到稍高信号，注射对比剂后肿瘤轻度强化或仅有部分强化。结论：鼻部平滑肌肉瘤表现为较广泛浸润性生长及骨质破坏，无钙化。CT能较好地显示肿瘤涉及范围及骨质破坏情况；MRI在区别肿瘤与周围炎性等病变方面较清楚。     

鼻咽和咽旁邻近或远处肿瘤累及该区的CT分析

目的提高鼻咽和咽旁邻近或远处肿瘤累及该区的认识水平.方法搜集31例,除1例经病史和同位素扫描诊断外,其余经手术或活检病理确诊.常规采用轴位CT平扫,18例加作增强,5例加作冠状位扫描.详细分析了它们的CT表现.结果31例中,来自鼻腔者9例,其中3例内翻乳头状瘤和1例嗅神经母细胞瘤边界清楚,其余恶性肿瘤境界不清,有2个以上部位骨破坏;上颌窦齿槽恶性肿瘤13例,膨胀性生长,均破坏上颌窦外后壁侵及颞下窝,有11例上颌窦顶部破坏,其中8例累及翼腭窝;口咽扁桃体癌3例,沿咽侧壁向上蔓延,1例侵犯颞下窝;下颌骨透明细胞癌、转移瘤和造釉细胞瘤各1例,肿块占据颞下窝;颈部血管肉瘤1例,向上经茎突后内侧累及咽旁区;外耳道癌1例,破坏周围骨质,蔓延至咽旁区和鼻咽;蝶骨大翼转移瘤1例,膨胀性生长,直接向颅内和咽旁扩展.结论根据CT表现,多数肿瘤可明确原发部位,作出诊断.     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.