甲磺酸罗哌卡因用于肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞的临床观察

目的观察比较不同浓度的甲磺酸罗哌卡因用于肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞施行上肢手术的麻醉效果和安全性。方法40例ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级,18~55岁拟行上肢手术病人,随机分为四组,分别用0.45%、0.3%、0.25%甲磺酸罗哌卡因和0.25%布比卡因各30 ml行肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞。注药后1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、20、30、60 min分别对病人的感觉和运动进行评价并观察病人是否有不适症状。结果0.45%、0.3%甲磺酸罗哌卡因和0.25%布比卡因麻醉效果强于0.25%甲磺酸罗哌卡因。0.45%甲磺酸罗哌卡因术中出现2例呼吸困难。结论0.3%甲磺酸罗哌卡因与其他各组比较,在肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞具有起效快、作用完善、不良反应少的特点,为临床适用的适宜剂量。     

甲磺酸罗哌卡因和盐酸罗哌卡因肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞的比较

目的 观察0.596%甲磺酸罗哌卡因和0.5%盐酸罗哌卡因在超声引导下行肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞的效果.方法 60例上肢手术行肌间沟臂丛麻醉的患者,随机均分成两组:A组给予0.596%甲磺酸罗哌卡因30 ml;B组给予0.5%盐酸罗哌卡因30 ml.比较两组感觉及运动阻滞起效时间、阻滞程度、运动恢复时间、镇痛持续时间和不良反应.结果 A组尺神经感觉阻滞起效时间显著快于B组[(38.30±14.65)min vs.(48.03±22.34)min](P<0.05).注药60 min A组尺神经感觉完全阻滞29例(96.7%),显著多于B组的20例(66.7%)(P<0.05).结论 0.596%甲磺酸罗哌卡因的尺神经感觉阻滞优于0.5%盐酸罗哌卡因.     

0.75%和0.5%罗哌卡因与0.5%布比卡因应用于臂丛神经阻滞的临床比较

目的 观察罗哌卡因应用于臂丛神经阻滞的临床效果。方法 选择ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级上肢手术病人30例,随机分为三组,每组10例。分别以0.75％罗哌卡因、0.5％罗哌卡因和0.5％布比卡因采用肌间沟法进行臂丛神经阻滞,注入量20ml。分别记录病人感觉阻滞和运用阻滞的起效时间,峰值时间(达到完全阻滞可以开始手术的时间),追加阻滞药物的比率,术中病人对阿片类药物的需要,病人的满意程度等指标。对比各组间的各项指标。结果 两组罗哌卡因与0.5％布比卡因比较在注射10、15、20 min后达到完全的感觉和运动阻滞的比率较高(P<0.01)。罗哌卡因组的平均峰值时间明显短于布比卡因组(R50=16.3±3.16min,R75=14.6±3.33min,B=22.4±4.17 min,P<0.05)。根据病人术中对阿片类药的需要和全部病人的满意程度,认为罗哌卡因有较高的麻醉质量(P<0.05)。其他各项指标无显著差异。结论 罗哌卡因在臂丛神经阻滞中出现了较布比卡因平均峰值时间短、阻滞完善的优越性。在肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞中应该使用0.5％的罗哌卡因。     

不同浓度罗哌卡因对超声引导下肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞麻醉的效果

目的 探讨不同浓度罗哌卡因对超声引导下肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞的麻醉效果.方法 择期行上肢手术患者100例,ASAⅠ～Ⅲ级,性别不限,年龄20～87岁,BMI 19～24 kg/m2.均在超声引导下行肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞麻醉.应用随机数字表法分为2组,各50例.低浓度组采用0.3％罗哌卡因,高浓度组采用0.5％罗哌卡因.评价麻...     

全麻复合肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞镇痛时罗哌卡因的半数有效浓度

目的测定全麻复合肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞用于肩关节镜手术拔除气管插管后伤口镇痛的罗哌卡因半数有效浓度(EC_(50))。方法选择择期行肩关节镜手术的患者22例,男9例,女13例,BMI 18~28kg/m~2,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,在超声和神经刺激器辅助下在C6水平以罗哌卡因5 ml行臂丛神经阻滞,其浓度由上下序贯法确定,起始浓度0.5%,间隔浓度比值1.2。研究终点为:7个上-下周期,或者罗哌卡因浓度≤0.1%或≥1%,并持续7例。按照Dixon-Massey EC_(50)序贯法计算公式计算罗哌卡因的EC_(50)及其95%CI。统计术后患者的膈神经阻滞率,使用配对t检验分析患者术前、拔管后的肺功能指标的变化。结果罗哌卡因行肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞镇痛的EC_(50)为0.21%(95%CI 0.18%~0.25%)。膈神经阻滞率为9例(40.9%)。拔管后FVC、FEV_1/FVC明显低于术前(P0.05)。术前、拔管后FEV_1差异无统计学意义。结论全麻复合罗哌卡因行肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞镇痛时的EC_(50)为0.21%,其95%CI为(0.18%~0.25%)。     

两种容量罗哌卡因用于超声引导下肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞对膈肌麻痹的影响

目的探讨在超声引导下使用0.375%罗哌卡因20 ml或30 ml行肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞的效果及对膈肌麻痹的影响。方法选择拟在超声引导下行肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞的右侧前臂手术患者54例,男39例,女15例,年龄18～65岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机分为A组(0.375%罗哌卡因20 ml)和B组(0.375%罗哌卡因30 ml),每组27例。记录臂丛各分支神经阻滞起效时间和痛觉阻滞情况,使用超声测量并记录麻醉前、注药后15、30 min时平静呼吸和用力呼吸时膈肌移动度以及RR,记录神经阻滞相关不良反应。结果两组臂丛分支神经痛觉阻滞完全率差异无统计学意义。与A组比较,B组桡神经、腋神经、尺神经阻滞起效时间明显缩短(P0.05);注药后30 min,B组RR明显增快(P0.01),平静呼吸和用力呼吸时膈肌移动度均明显减少(P0.05),膈肌麻痹率明显升高(P0.05)。结论采用20 ml和30 ml的0.375%罗哌卡因在超声引导下行肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞均能达到理想麻醉效果,但20 ml对膈肌麻痹影响更小。     

肾上腺素对丁哌卡因肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞的药效学与药代动…

目的：了解肾上腺素对丁哌卡因肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞的药效学及药动学影响，方法：选择ＡＳＡＩ～Ⅱ级肩部或上肢择期手术患１６例，随机分成两组，试验组与对照组各８例，分别用含或不含肾上腺素的０．７５％丁哌卡因２ｍｇ／ｋｇ行肌间沟臂丛阻滞，对比观察两组的临床效果及药代动力学。结果，与对照组比较，试验组阻滞完善时间及镇痛时间延长（Ｐ〈０．０５或０．０１），试验组与对照组Ｃｍａｘ分别为０．８２９５±０．２８９３     

罗哌卡因复合不同剂量地塞米松行肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞在患儿上肢手术后的镇痛效果

目的 观察罗哌卡因复合不同剂量地塞米松行肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞(ISBPB)对患儿上肢骨折手术后镇痛效果的影响。方法 选择上肢骨折手术患儿73例,男46例,女27例,年龄3～7岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。随机分为三组：单纯罗哌卡因组(R组,n=24)、罗哌卡因复合地塞米松0.1 mg/kg组(D1组,n=24)和罗哌卡因复合地塞米松0.2 mg/kg组(D2组,n=25),三组药液容量均为0.3 ml/kg。患儿在麻醉后行超声引导下ISBPB,均保留自主呼吸。记录痛觉阻滞时间、运动阻滞时间、阻滞后24 h内镇痛药物(布洛芬混悬液、氢吗啡酮)的使用情况。记录膈神经阻滞、Horner综合征、声带麻痹、阻滞侧感觉异常等术后并发症的发生情况。结果 D2组痛觉阻滞时间明显长于R组(P<0.05)。R组和D1组痛觉阻滞时间差异无统计学意义。三组运动阻滞时间差异无统计学意义。D1组和D2组阻滞后24 h内布洛芬混悬液使用次数、氢吗啡酮使用率明显低于R组(P<0.01),D1组和D2组差异无统计学意义。三组膈神经阻滞率差异无统计学意义。三组术后未出现其余并发症。结论 与单纯罗哌卡因比较,0.25%罗哌...     

肌间沟一点法颈臂丛神经阻滞用于锁骨骨折手术的临床观察

目的观察肌间沟一点法颈臂丛神经阻滞用于锁骨骨折手术的麻醉效果及不良反应。方法锁骨骨折手术选择患者150例,随机分为3组,A组采用颈丛神经阻滞麻醉、B组采用肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞麻醉、C组采用肌问沟一点法颈臂丛神经阻滞麻醉。三组分别注入2％利多卡因10ml加0．75％罗哌卡因10ml混合药液共20ml。观察麻醉效果及不良反应。结果c组麻醉效果与A、B组比较（P〈0．05）。三组不良反应无统计意义。结论肌间沟一点法颈臂丛神经阻滞用于锁骨骨折手术,麻醉效果确切,不良反应少。     

0.75% and 0.5% ropivacaine for axillary brachial plexus block: a clinical comparison with 0.5% bupivacaine

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Although ropivacaine has been extensively studied for epidural anesthesia, very few reports exist on brachial plexus block. We therefore decided to investigate the clinical features of axillary brachial plexus anesthesia with two different concentrations of ropivacaine (0.5% and 0.75%) and to compare the results with those obtained with 0.5% bupivacaine. METHODS: Three groups of patients were randomized and prospectively studied. They received, in a double-blind fashion, 32 mL of the local anesthetic solution into the midaxilla, by a nerve-stimulator technique. Onset time in each of the stimulated nerves was recorded both for the sensory and motor block. Peak time (ready to surgery), rate of supplemental blocks, need for intraoperative opioids, duration of sensory and motor block, postoperative analgesic requirements, and patient satisfaction were also recorded. RESULTS: The rate of complete sensory and motor block observed with both ropivacaine groups was higher at 10, 15, and 20 minutes postinjection (P < .001). The mean peak time was shorter with ropivacaine than with bupivacaine (R50 = 16.37 minutes, R75 = 14.7 minutes, B = 22.3 minutes, P < .05). The quality of the anesthesia was higher with ropivacaine, as measured by the intraoperative needs for opioids and the overall patient's satisfaction (P < .05). No significant differences were noted with all the other studied parameters. CONCLUSION: Ropivacaine showed advantages over bupivacaine for axillary brachial plexus block. Because no statistical differences were found between the two ropivacaine groups, we therefore conclude that 0.75% does not add benefit and that 0.5% ropivacaine should be used to perform axillary brachial plexus blocks.     

颈臂丛联合神经阻滞麻醉应用于锁骨骨折手术中的临床体会

目的探讨颈臂丛联合神经阻滞麻醉应用锁骨骨折手术中的临床效果。方法选取锁骨骨折手术患者115例,随机分为观察组和对照组。观察组采用颈臂丛联合阻滞麻醉,对照组采用颈浅丛神经阻滞麻醉。观察2组麻醉效果的优良率、心率、平均动脉压、氧饱和度以及不良反应。结果 2组患者心率与平均动脉压比较差异具有统计学意义P<0.01,氧饱和度比较差异无统计学意义P>0.05。观察组麻醉优良率明显高于对照组,x2=7.9367,P<0.05。2组患者麻醉后不良反应发生率比较,x2=0.2413,P>0.05。结论颈臂丛联合阻滞是一种较好的麻醉方法,、效果理想、并发症少,适合锁骨骨折手术推广使用。     

Lidocaine versus ropivacaine for continuous interscalene brachial plexus block after open shoulder surgery

BACKGROUND: This study compared the postoperative infusion of 1% lidocaine and 0.2% ropivacaine for continuous interscalene analgesia in patients undergoing open shoulder surgery. METHODS: Forty patients undergoing open shoulder surgery received an interscalene brachial plexus block with 30 ml of either 1.5% lidocaine (n = 20) or 0.5% ropivacaine (n = 20), followed by a continuous patient-controlled interscalene analgesia with 1% lidocaine or 0.2% ropivacaine, respectively. A blinded observer recorded the quality of analgesia and recovery of motor function during the first 24 h of infusion. RESULTS: Onset of the block occurred after 7.5 (5-40) min with lidocaine and 30 (10-60) min with ropivacaine (P = 0.0005). Postoperative pain intensity was higher with lidocaine than ropivacaine for the first 8 h of infusion. The ratio between boluses given and demanded from the pump was 0.5 (0.13-0.7) with lidocaine and 0.7 (0.4-1.0) with ropivacaine (P = 0.005). Rescue IV tramadol was required during the first 24 h of infusion by 16 patients of the lidocaine group (84%) and eight patients of the ropivacaine group (46%) (P = 0.05). At the 16 h and 24 h observation times a larger proportion of patients receiving ropivacaine had complete regression of motor block (70% and 95%) than patients receiving lidocaine (50% and 55%) (P = 0.05 and P = 0.013, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Although 1% lidocaine can be effectively used for postoperative patient-controlled interscalene analgesia, 0.2% ropivacaine provides better pain relief and motor function.     

A comparison of 0.5% ropivacaine and 1% mepivacaine for sciatic nerve block in the popliteal fossa

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to compare anesthetic efficacy and postoperative analgesia of 0.5% ropivacaine and 1% mepivacaine for sciatic nerve block in the popliteal fossa (popliteal block). METHODS: A prospective, double-blind study was carried out in 58 adult patients scheduled for outpatient foot or ankle surgery. They were randomized to receive popliteal block with 40 ml of either 0.5% ropivacaine (group R) or 1% mepivacaine (group M). An atraumatic, Teflon-coated needle connected to a neurostimulator was used to make a single puncture using a posterior approach. The times to onset of sensory and motor block, and the need for intraoperative sedation were recorded. Before discharge, patients were asked to document the time to first analgesic use, time to return of full sensation in the foot, and their evaluation of the technique. RESULTS: Onset time (mean+/-standard deviation, 95% confidence interval) of both sensory block (6.5+/-5.1 min, 4.47-8.49, in group R and 6.2+/-3.7 min, 4.83-7.69, in group M) and motor block (6.6+/-4.4 min, 4.81-8.23, in group R and 7.9+/-4.1 min, 6.29-9.53, in group M) was similar in both groups. Postoperative analgesia lasted longer in group R (15.2+/-5.1 h, 13.25-17.21) than in group M (5.7+/-1.8 h, 5.01-6.41; P<0.001). Duration of sensory block was longer in group R (20.7+/-6.2 h, 18.51-23.01) than in group M (6.5+/-1.7 h, 5.86-7.16; P<0.001). Acceptance of the anesthetic procedure was similar in both groups. CONCLUSION: In this study we demonstrated that both 0.5% ropivacaine and 1% mepivacaine for popliteal block produced rapid, effective and safe anesthesia but postoperative analgesia was more long-lasting with ropivacaine.     

Comparison of 0.2% ropivacaine and 0.25% bupivacaine for axillary brachial plexus blocks in paediatric hand surgery

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to compare the use of ropivacaine 0.2% with bupivacaine 0.25% for axillary brachial plexus block in children undergoing hand surgery. METHODS: In a double-blind, randomized study, 35 children undergoing hand surgery received axillary brachial plexus blocks with 0.5 ml.kg-1 of either 0.2% ropivacaine or 0.25% bupivacaine. Pain scores were noted at 0, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h after surgery. The time to first dose of codeine phosphate and the total doses of all analgesics given were recorded. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the two groups in pain scores, the time to first dose of codeine phosphate or in analgesic requirements in the first 24 h. CONCLUSIONS: Ropivacaine 0.2% is as effective as bupivacaine 0.25% for axillary brachial plexus blocks in children undergoing hand surgery.     

Clonidine does not improve quality of ropivacaine axillary brachial plexus block in children

Background: The addition of clonidine to peripheral nerve blocks is controversial in children. Objective: The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of clonidine added to ropivacaine in pediatric axillary brachial plexus block (ABPB). Methods: Children aged 1–6 years, scheduled to undergo forearm or hand surgery, were recruited into this prospective, double‐blind controlled trial. Patients were randomly allocated to receive an ABPB either with ropivacaine 0.2% 0.4 ml·kg^?1 plus saline in 1 ml (RS) or ropivacaine 0.2% 0.4 ml·kg^?1 plus clonidine 1 μg·kg^?1 in 1 ml (RC). Primary endpoints were quality of postoperative analgesia as assessed by pain scores and total 24‐h postoperative analgesia requirements. Secondary outcomes were time to first analgesia request and duration of motor blockade. Results: Sixty patients were recruited (n = 30 per group) into the study. Pain scores were comparable throughout the first 24 h between the two groups. Ten children in the (RS) and six in (RC) groups required supplementary analgesia during the first 24 h (P = 0.24). Children who required further analgesia did so after 288 ± 94 min in the (RS) and 437 ± 204 min in the (RC) group (P = 0.06). There was no difference in the duration of motor block [186 ± 71 and 154 ± 56 min, P = 0.12 for (RS) and (RC), respectively]. Conclusion: Ropivacaine (0.2% 0.4 ml·kg^?1) for ABPB provides sufficient postoperative analgesia in children scheduled for forearm or hand surgery. The addition of clonidine to ABPB does not improve overall postoperative analgesia but may increase the time to first analgesia request.     

罗比卡因与布比卡因用于连续臂丛神经阻滞术后镇痛的比较

目的观察0.125%罗比卡因与0.125%布比卡因应用于上肢连续臂丛阻滞患者术后自控镇痛的可行性和有效性。方法45例拟行上肢择期手术的患者随机分为罗比卡因组(R组)、布比卡因组(B组)和对照组(N组),每组15例。术前均予肌间沟径路或腋路臂丛阻滞以及臂丛神经鞘内置管。术后R组与B组使用便携式患者自控镇痛泵,泵内液体分别为0.125%的罗比卡因和0.125%的布比卡因,N组为对照组,观察24h。记录3组患者的疼痛视觉模拟评分和镇痛药使用情况,记录R组与B组患者的运动阻滞、麻木感、局麻药用量、满意度、镇痛技术问题和并发症。结果R组与B组两组在术后各个时间点的疼痛评分均较低,组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。N组疼痛评分在术后0h、3h时与R组和B组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);在术后6h、12h、18h、24h均较高,与前两组间相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。R组与B组两组镇痛满意度较高,组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),运动阻滞、麻木感、补充用药、局麻药用量差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);技术问题与并发症两组发生率均低。结论0.125%罗比卡因与0.125%布比卡因均可有效地用于上肢术后的连续臂丛阻滞患者自控镇痛,并且效果相似。     

High-dose bupivacaine, levobupivacaine and ropivacaine in axillary brachial plexus block

BACKGROUND: Racemic bupivacaine is clinically similar to levobupivacaine, or ropivacaine. The drugs were compared in brachial plexus block for the first time in the same randomized and double-blind study. METHODS: In 90 patients scheduled for hand and forearm surgery, a perivascular axillary brachial plexus block was performed with 45 ml of 5 mg ml(-1) of either racemic bupivacaine-HCl, levobupivacaine-HCl, or ropivacaine-HCl. Sensory (cold) and motor (hand clasp, and movement of elbow) block were scored, and the patient was interviewed in the postoperative evening and the following morning. Time to normal function of the arm was registered. RESULTS: After similar onsets of sensory block, the sum of completely anaesthetized innervation areas of the four main nerves at 45 min was greater in the ropivacaine group than in the levobupivacaine group (P < 0.01). Simultaneously, complete motor block at the elbow was more frequent in the ropivacaine group (67%) than in the bupivacaine (47%) and levobupivacaine groups (30%) (P < 0.01). In the hand, the corresponding results were 83%, 77%, and 57%, respectively (NS). Two patients in the levobupivacaine and one in the ropivacaine group needed general anaesthesia. Mean duration of the blocks was similar in the bupivacaine, levobupivacaine and ropivacaine groups at 19.3 h, 19.5 h, and 17.3 h, respectively (NS). Two patients were dissatisfied with the long block duration. CONCLUSION: Ropivacaine-HCl 5 mg ml(-1) produced slightly better sensory and motor block intensity than the same dose of levobupivacaine-HCl. General success in relation to surgery and in the duration of the blocks was similar in the three groups.     

Cardiac arrest after interscalene brachial plexus block with ropivacaine and lidocaine

Serious adverse reactions to ropivacaine and lidocaine are rare. In this report, we describe a case of sudden cardiac arrest after an interscalene brachial plexus block with a mixture of 150 mg of ropivacaine and 360 mg of lidocaine in a previously healthy, 34-year-old, 97-kg man. Severe hypotension occurred after successful resuscitation, necessitating an infusion of epinephrine. The patient developed pulmonary oedema, and was mechanically ventilated for 22 h. He eventually made a good recovery. We conclude that although ropivacaine and lidocaine are often considered relatively safe local anesthetics, serious cardiovascular complications can occur after the use of these drugs.