二氧化碳吸入负荷试验对脑动脉重度狭窄或闭塞患者脑血管储备能力的评估

目的采用单光子发射计算机断层摄影结合CO2吸入负荷试验评价老年患者单侧颈内动脉或大脑中动脉狭窄至闭塞患者的脑血管储备能力。方法选择单侧颈内动脉或大脑中动脉狭窄的老年患者29例,分别在静息状态下及CO2吸入负荷试验后行单光子发射计算机断层摄影检查,设定左右共12个感兴趣区(ROI),计算各ROI的平均局部脑血流量比值(rCBF),比较正常侧与患侧rCBF的差值及CO2吸入负荷试验前后各ROI的rCBF变化。结果 29例患者共有348个ROI,静息状态和CO2吸入负荷试验后各ROI rCBF均正常的ROI有149个;静息状态rCBF正常、CO2吸入负荷试验后rCBF减低的ROI有101个;静息状态rCBF减低、CO2吸入负荷试验后减低更明显的ROI有26个;静息状态rCBF减低、CO2吸入负荷试验后较前升高的ROI有72个。有8例患者CVR正常,占27.6%。结论单侧颈内动脉或大脑中动脉狭窄至闭塞的老年患者储备能力存在4种不同情况,单侧颈内动脉或大脑中动脉狭窄至闭塞的老年患者中存在CVR正常者。     

颈动脉支架成形术对颈内动脉重度狭窄患者认知功能的影响

目的观察颈动脉支架成形术(CAS)对颈内动脉重度狭窄患者认知功能与生活质量的影响。方法选择32例未发生大面积脑梗死的重度颈动脉狭窄(狭窄程度≥70%)患者行CAS,手术前及术后3个月采用简易智能状态检查量表(MMSE)及视觉保持测验(VRT)观察认知功能的变化,用WHO生存质量量表简表(WHOQOL-BREF)观察患者生活质量变化。结果所有患者均成功行CAS,成功率100%。与术前颈动脉狭窄率比较,术后3个月狭窄率明显降低[(83.4±7.6)%vs(4.3±1.3)%,P<0.01];与术前比较,术后3个月MMSE评分、VRT正确计分、WHOQOL-BREF评分明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);VRT错误计分明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。随访期无症状性脑卒中复发。结论严重颈动脉狭窄可能是导致患者认知功能障碍的原因之一,CAS可以改善患者的认知功能和生活质量。     

症状性大脑中动脉狭窄患者支架置入术对脑血管反应性的影响

目的观察脑血管反应性(CVR)降低的大脑中动脉(MCA)重度狭窄患者血管内支架置入术后CVR的变化。方法纳入症状性单侧MCA M1段重度狭窄伴CVR下降的患者10例,男性6例,女性4例,年龄61~73(66.6±3.6)岁。在吸入5%CO_2及95%O2的混合气体前后,用CT灌注(CTP)测定患者局部脑血流量,评价其CVR,患者均予以血管内支架成形术,术后6个月再次相同方法测定CVR,并与术前CVR比较。结果 10例患者均完成了血管内治疗与随访,置入支架前狭窄率70%~95%,置入支架后残余狭窄20%,6个月复查残余狭窄50%。置入支架前CVR值为-14%~-29%,置入支架后CVR值-2%~24%,其中2例CVR仍未改善,8例患者CVR恢复正常。结论血管内支架置入可以改善单侧MCA M1段严重狭窄患者的CVR。     

颈动脉支架成形术治疗老年重度颈内动脉狭窄患者的疗效观察

目的评价脑保护装置下老年重度颈动脉狭窄患者颈动脉支架成形术的有效性及安全性。方法选择年龄≥70岁的重度症状性颈动脉狭窄患者43例,均行颈动脉支架成形术,术中均应用脑保护装置,观察术后狭窄改善情况,围术期并发症的发生情况以及回收的脑保护装置内脱落栓子情况,对患者随访1年。结果在43例患者中,脑保护装置及颈动脉支架均放置到位,术后残余狭窄率均<30%,患者颈动脉平均狭窄程度从(82.8±6.5)%降低至(12.4±5.9)%,支架置入手术前后比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。回收的脑保护装置中,发现27个有脱落的组织碎片,患者术后缺血相关症状均有明显改善,围术期所有患者均未出现症状性脑卒中,无手术相关死亡事件发生,1年随访无缺血性脑血管事件发生,颈动脉超声复查未见支架内发生再狭窄。结论脑保护装置下,对老年重度颈内动脉狭窄患者行颈动脉支架成形术安全、有效。     

CT灌注成像对颈动脉狭窄支架置人后脑血流动力学的评价

目的使用CT灌注成像（CTP）评价颈动脉支架置人术后脑血流灌注的变化。方法前瞻性纳入31例颈动脉中、重度狭窄患者,将其分为3组：无症状组,7例;脑梗死组,11例;TIA组,13例。均经DSA确诊单侧颈内动脉中、重度狭窄（无症状组一侧狭窄率〉70％,另一侧狭窄率〈30％,脑梗死、TIA组患侧狭窄率均〉50％）。对全部患者行颈动脉支架置入术,共置入支架33枚。对所有患者均于术前及术后7d,行脑CTP检查。分别比较3组术前、术后7d的相对脑血流量（rCBF）,相对脑血容量（rCBV）,相对平均通过时间（rMTF）及相对达峰时间（rTFP）。结果①同组术前、术后比较：无症状组术后胛P（1．01±0．02）缩短,其余灌注指标变化不显著;TIA组的rTrP（1．10±0．06）、rMTT（1．06±0．04）较术前缩短,rCBF（0．96±0．02）增加;脑梗死组的rTFP（1．11±0．05）、rMTT（1．06±0．04）较术前缩短,rCBF（0．96±0．02）增加。均P〈0．05;rCBV均无明显变化。②3组比较：术前3组rTTP、rMTF、rCBF的差异有统计学意义,均P〈0．05;3组rCBV差异无统计学意义。术后3组肿P比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,3组rMTT、rCBF、rCBV差异无统计学意义。结论CTP可以相对准确地反映颈动脉狭窄患者支架成形术前后的脑血流动力学状况,可成为头颈部动脉狭窄支架置入术后脑血流动力学改变的无创性评价方法。rTTP是评价早期缺血以及侧支循环代偿能力非常敏感的指标。     

22例颈动脉支架成形术治疗症状性颈动脉重度狭窄的临床分析

目的 探讨颈动脉支架成形术治疗重度颈动脉狭窄的体会.方法 应用Seldinger技术,对22例颈动脉狭窄患者经股动脉置管行主动脉弓、颈动脉、椎动脉、颅内血管造影,采用远端脑保护装置,在狭窄的颈动脉植入自膨式支架.结果 采用NASCET法计算狭窄率,颈动脉70％～95％狭窄患者19例,95％以上狭窄3例,均完全覆盖粥样斑块,残余狭窄＜30％,有效改善脑供血不足,患者临床症状均有不同程度改善,未发生严重的并发症,无死亡病例.结论 颈动脉支架成形术治疗颈动脉重度狭窄是一种预防脑缺血事件发生的有效治疗方法,但是出现栓塞、再灌注等并发症的几率较高.     

颈动脉支架成形术治疗症状性颈动脉狭窄的疗效观察

颈动脉狭窄是导致缺血性脑卒中的主要原因之一。颈动脉支架成形术(CAS)是近年来治疗颈动脉狭窄的有效手段,在国内外已广泛应用。但其有效性及安全性需大样本多中心的研究。本文回顾分析CAS治疗症状性颈动脉狭窄患者的疗效,为其应用提供依据。     

颈动脉支架成形术治疗老年症状性颈动脉狭窄23例

颈动脉内膜切除术(carotid endarterectomy,CEA)在降低缺血性脑卒中(TIA)发生率、残疾率和病死率方面优于内科保守治疗[1].近年来,颈动脉支架血管成形术(CAS)以其微创、成功率高、围术期脑卒中发生率和死亡率与CEA类似,已成为治疗颈动脉狭窄的有效手段之一.2007年1月至2009年12月我院采用血管内自膨式支架,治疗老年症状性颈动脉狭窄患者23例,取得了满意的治疗效果.     

颈内动脉支架置入对重度颈动脉狭窄患者认知功能的影响

目的观察颈内动脉支架置入术(CAS)对颈内动脉狭窄患者认知功能的影响。方法对67例颈内动脉狭窄患者行支架置入术,分别于术前及术后1、3、6、12个月进行MMSE、ADL、RVR、DS量表评分。结果患者均成功置入支架,无并发症发生。随访1、3、6个月时,患者的MMSE、ADL、RVR、DS评分逐步增加,且随着时间的延长改善明显,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。有60名患者成功进行了12个月的随访。随访12个月的患者其认知功能较6个月时无明显变化,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论颈动脉支架置入术后患者的认知功能不断提高,但在术后6～12个月的过程中,患者的认知功能停留在一定的程度保持不变。     

血管内支架成形术治疗有症状大脑中动脉狭窄

目的：探讨血管内支架成形术在有症状大脑中动脉狭窄治疗中的应用。方法：对3例临床诊断脑梗死和3例短暂性脑缺血发作患者行全脑血管造影术，发现大脑中动脉M1段存在不同程度狭窄，对狭窄段大脑中动脉行颅内支架成形术。结果：6例大脑中动脉支架成形术均获得成功。大脑中动脉M1段平均直径狭窄程度从92．8％降至6％（P〈0．01）。1例患者在支架置入10min后出现急性血栓形成，术中经微导管注入尿激酶接触性溶栓，25min后血栓溶解。术后随访6个月，所有患者均无脑缺血事件发生。结论：采用血管内支架成形术治疗有症状大脑中动脉狭窄可行。     

Effects of carotid artery stenting on cognitive impairment in patients with severe symptomatic carotid artery stenosis

The effect of carotid artery stenting and medication on improvement of cognitive function in patients with severe symptomatic carotid artery stenosis is unknown. To investigate the effect of stenting compared with medication alone for severe carotid atherosclerotic stenosis on cognitive impairment. Patients with carotid stenosis and cognitive impairment were prospectively randomly divided into 2 groups of stenting or medication alone. Cognitive function was evaluated with the Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA), Mini-Mental State Examination, and Barthel Index of Activities of Daily Living (BI). Continuous data in normal distribution were tested with the t-test but with the Mann-Whitney U test if not in normal distribution. Categorical data were presented as frequency and percentages and tested with the Fisher exact test. A P value < .05 was regarded as statistical significant. Carotid artery stenting was successfully performed in all patients (100%) in the stenting group. Compared with before treatment, the Mini-Mental State Examination, MoCA and BI scores at 6 months in the medication alone group and at 1, 3, and 6 months in the stenting group were significantly (P < .005) improved. The stenting group had significantly (P < .05) better scores than the medication alone group at the same time. At 6-month follow-up, the visuospatial/executive functions (3.69 ± 1.42 vs 2.42 ± 1.23), attention (5.24 ± 1.52 vs 3.63 ± 1.47), and language (2.64 ± 0.71 vs 1.96 ± 0.69) were significantly (P < .05) improved in the stenting group compared with the medication alone group. Carotid artery stenting may significantly improve cognitive impairment and neurological function compared with medication alone in patients with severe carotid atherosclerotic stenosis concurrent with cognitive impairment.     

Carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with severe internal carotid artery stenosis

Several clinical trials have demonstrated that carotid endarterectomy (CE) in symptomatic patients with 70-99% internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis, when used appropriately in experienced surgical hands (postoperative complications of stroke and death must not exceed 7%) is safe and effective in preventing recurrence of ipsilateral carotid ischemia and, in particular, in preventing disabling ipsilateral stroke. Only five patients need to be treated to prevent one stroke in three years. The time of greatest risk of stroke after the development of symptoms was in the first six months, and the incremental risk decreased out to two years. Instead the risk of stroke with asymptomatic carotid stenosis is low. Forty-five percent of strokes in patients with asymptomatic 60% to 99% stenosis are attributable to lacunes or cardioembolism. Because CE cannot prevent stroke of cardioembolic origin and is less likely to prevent stroke of lacunar origin, it is doubtful that CE can be justified for most patients with asymptomatic arteries.     

Protected carotid artery stenting in patients with severe stenosis

Intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH) and ulcers are the major findings of unstable plaques. In addition, initial symptoms are associated with postprocedural complications after carotid artery stenting (CAS). The aim of this study was to determine the safety of CAS using an embolic protection device in symptomatic patients with severe carotid artery stenosis and unstable plaques such as IPH and ulcers.This retrospective study included 140 consecutive patients with severe carotid stenosis. These patients underwent preprocedural carotid vessel wall imaging to evaluate the plaque status. We analyzed the incidence of initial clinical symptoms, such as headache, nausea, and vomiting, after CAS. The primary outcomes analyzed were the incidence of stroke, myocardial infarction, and death within 30 days of CAS.Sixty-seven patients (47.9%) had IPH, and 53 (38.9%) had ulcers on carotid wall imaging/angiography. Sixty-three patients (45.0%) had acute neurological symptoms with positive diffusion-weighted image findings. Intraluminal thrombi on initial angiography and flow arrest during CAS were significantly higher in patients with IPH and symptomatic patients. Symptoms were significantly higher in patients with IPH than in those without (63.5% vs 35.1%, P < .001). There were no significant differences in clinical symptoms after stenting or in primary outcomes, regardless of IPH, ulcer, or initial symptoms.IPH and plaque ulceration are risk factors in symptomatic carotid stenosis. However, IPH and plaque ulceration were not a significant risk factors for cerebral embolism during protected carotid artery stent placement in patients with carotid stenosis. Protected CAS might be feasible and safe despite the presence of unstable plaques.     

支架置入对颈动脉重度狭窄患者认知功能障碍的影响

颈动脉粥样硬化所导致的颈动脉狭窄（carotid artery stenosis,CAS）不仅是缺血性脑血管疾病的独立危险因素,而且严重的CAS可能还与认知功能受损相关。有研究显示,轻度认知功能障碍（mild cognitive impairment,MCI）是可     

Elective stenting of carotid artery stenosis in patients with severe coronary artery disease

Aims To evaluate the feasibility and safety of elective carotid stentimplantation in patients with carotid stenoses and concomitantcoronary artery disease, as an alternative to combined carotidand coronary surgery. Methods We treated 50 patients with >70% stenoses in 53 carotid arterieswith balloon angioplasty followed by elective stent implantation.All patients had severe coronary artery disease, and/or mitralinsufficiency, aortic stenosis, rhythm disorders or generalizedarteriosclerosis. In three patients the opposite carotid arterywas occluded; nine patients had bilateral stenoses of whichtwo received stents bilaterally. Results Fifty-six successful stent implantations (42 Wallstents, eightBeStents, two AVE-Microstents, one Palmaz Schatz stent, threeSito stents) were performed, reducing the baseline percent stenosisfrom 78±18% to 13±11%. Complications includedthree transient ischaemic attacks, one minor and one major stroke.Follow-up was available for 46 patients over a mean of 10 months.Three asymptomatic restenoses and one deformation of a BeStentoccurred. Conclusion Our preliminary results indicate that carotid artery stentingin patients with concomitant severe coronary artery diseaseis feasible, safe, and may be an alternative to combined carotidand coronary surgery. ^f1 Correspondence:Jürgen Waigand, M.D. Franz Volhard Clinic,Wiltberg Strasse 50, 13122 Berlin, Germany.     

无症状性颈内动脉中重度狭窄及支架置入对患者认知功能的影响

目的探讨颈内动脉狭窄对患者认知功能的影响及颈内动脉支架置入对认知功能的改善作用。方法回顾性分析兰州军区兰州总医院神经内科2007年5月—2013年6月经全脑血管造影诊断的无症状性颈内动脉C1段狭窄患者92例的资料,其中中度狭窄49例和重度狭窄43例(支架置入31例),评估纳入患者的蒙特利尔认知评估量表(Mo CA)评分、美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分以及支架置入后3个月Mo CA评分的改善情况。结果 (1)重度狭窄组Mo CA评分低于中度狭窄组[(22.6±2.9)分比(27.4±2.3)分,P0.01],Mo CA评分26分的患者占83.7%(36/43),明显高于中度狭窄组的22.4%(11/49),两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。(2)在重度狭窄组中,术前Mo CA评分支架治疗组[(22.9±3.0)分]与未置入支架组[(21.9±2.4)分]比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);支架置入术后3个月支架治疗组Mo CA评分[(25.4±2.7)分]明显高于未行支架治疗组[(22.2±2.8)分],差异有统计学意义(P0.01);支架置入治疗后Mo CA评分26分者的比例(48.4%,15/31)明显低于未置入支架者(83.3%,10/12,P=0.037)。结论颈内动脉重度狭窄可造成认知功能减退,颈内动脉支架置入术有利于颈动脉重度狭窄患者的认知功能改善。     

单侧颈内动脉重度狭窄或闭塞患者侧支循环与临床预后的关系

目的探讨单侧颈内动脉重度狭窄或闭塞的缺血性脑卒中患者侧支循环与临床预后的关系。方法选择经CT血管成像(CTA)检查证实有单侧颈内动脉重度狭窄或闭塞的急性缺血性脑卒中患者40例,分为重度狭窄组21例和闭塞组19例。并分为有侧支循环29例和无侧支循环11例,记录入院时、入院后2周、随访时美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分,分析侧支循环与临床预后的关系。结果重度狭窄组有侧支循环开放12例(57.14%),闭塞组有侧支循环开放17例(89.47%),闭塞组侧支循开放率明显高于重度狭窄组(P=0.02)。29例有侧支循环建立的患者中初级代偿19例(65.52%),次级代偿10例(34.48%,P<0.05)。重度狭窄组初级代偿比例明显高于次级代偿比例(76.92%vs 23.08%,P<0.01)。有侧支循环2周NIHSS评分[(4.1±1.7)分vs(12.0±2.6)分,P=0.037]和随访时NIHSS评分[(1.9±1.2)分vs(10.4±2.4)分,P=0.000]较无侧支循环明显降低。结论侧支循环建立与动脉血管狭窄程度有一定相关性,初级侧支代偿是其主要代偿方式。     

单侧颈内动脉重度狭窄或闭塞患者颅内侧支循环的超声检测

目的探讨经颅多普勒超声(TCD)检测单侧颈内动脉狭窄≥70%或闭塞患者颅内动脉侧支循环开放类型。方法比较51例单侧颈内动脉狭窄≥70%或闭塞患者双侧大脑中动脉(MCA)的收缩期峰值流速(PSV)、血管搏动指数(PI)。并分为无症状组9例、短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)组14例及卒中组28例,经统计学分析颅内侧支循环类型与临床表现的相关性。结果①患侧PSVMCA和PIMCA明显低于健侧,分别为(66±21)cm/s、0.63±0.16与(138±54)cm/s、0.86±0.20,P=0.000。②无症状组及TIA组中,前、后交通动脉同时开放者占39.2%(20/51),卒中组单支开放或后交通动脉与颈内-外侧支同时开放者占29.4%(15/51),P=0.005。结论TCD对单侧颈内动脉闭塞性病变患者颅内血流动力学检测,可为临床提供侧支循环建立的评估依据。