成年人智力发育与年龄和教育的关系

本文对韦氏成人智力量表中国修订本２５岁及其以上成年人城乡样本共１９７６人在校正各年龄组的文化程度以后，比较了年龄和教育因素对成年人智力发展的影响。结果发现：与晶体智力有关的测验成绩并不随年龄增大而下降，某些测验（如知识；领悟等）甚至呈上升趋势；与流体智力有关的测验成绩随年龄的增大而下降；而测量精神运动速度（数字符号测验）的成绩受年龄影响最为明显。看来流体－晶体智力理论能较好地解释成年人的典型智力发     

小学儿童执行功能各成分的发展特点

目的:探讨小学生执行功能中抑制、工作记忆和认知灵活性的发展特点.方法:选取某小学二、四、六年级共144名学生,使用go/no-go任务、计算广度任务、点矩阵任务和大小形状转换任务分别测查各执行功能,用瑞文推理测验测查智力.结果:在抑制和视空间工作记忆上,11岁组好于7岁组儿童,言语工作记忆三个年龄组间差异均显著,在认知灵活性上9岁和11岁组好于7岁组.智力水平高的学生抑制能力、言语工作记忆均好于智力水平低的学生,但在视空间工作记忆上没有表现出差异.女生的认知灵活性优于男生.结论:各执行功能的发展具有不同的速度和广度.智力和执行功能关系密切.     

龚氏非文字智力测验在洛阳市汉族老人中的测验结果分析

目的 :探讨年龄对 5 6岁以上老人智力的影响。方法 :采用龚氏非文字智力测验在 14 6 0名洛阳市汉族老人中施测。结果 :消除文化程度对智力的影响后 ,各年龄组各分测验粗分均数均随年龄的增加而降低 ,差异有高度显著性 (P <0 .0 0 1)。随年龄增加 ,反映流体智力的编码测验下降明显 ,反映晶体智力的认色辩数、分类、填图、填数、接龙等分测验保持的较好。结论 :年龄对智力有明显的影响     

中国幼儿智力量表测验形式在7—15岁儿童中的适用性研究

目的：了解中国幼儿智力量表在7－15岁儿童中的适用性。方法：以中国幼儿智力量表为基础，包括8个基本量表的分测验和一个附加分测验，对除模型旋转外的8个分测验在增加测题难度后，试用于7至15岁儿童。测试样本包括7、9、11、13、15岁5个年龄组，采用个别法进行测试，每组测试40人，男女比例相等。结果：①各分测验中约50％的条目难度指数在0．30－0．70之间，各分测验平均难度指数在0．46－0．69范围，50－80％测验项目鉴别指数在0．20以上，这表明幼儿智力量表各分测验项目具有向儿童阶段的可延伸性；②各分测验平均分半信度在0．76－0．95之间，大多数0．80以上，平均为0．86，与国际上同类智力量表结果如WISC－R（韦氏儿童智力量表修订版）、S－B4（斯坦佛一比奈智力量表第四版）等的结果相接近，达到了心理测量学的要求，提示各分测验项目具有良好的内部一致性；③各分测验组分均值随年龄的增长而呈稳定的递增趋势，符合人们对智力发展的理论认识；④结果还发现在模型旋转分测验条目偏小，缺少难的项目，这有待于今后做进一步的改进。结论：中国幼儿智力量表的测验形式在7至15岁儿童阶段具有良好的适用性，基本达到了预定的构想。     

钢琴学习对老年人的加工速度、工作记忆及流体智力的影响

目的:了解老年开始钢琴学习对老年人认知能力的影响.方法:采用实验法和测验法,对老年被试的认知加工速度、工作记忆容量和流体智力进行测量.结果:老年时开始钢琴学习有利于老年人视听材料加工速度和听觉材料工作记忆容量的保持;流体智力与视觉材料加工速度和工作记忆容量相关显著,老年钢琴学习者在流体智力上的优势不明显.结论:老年时开始钢琴学习对老年人的认知能力发展有一定的积极作用.     

儿童青少年智力的双生子研究

目的 应用双生子法探讨遗传和环境因素对儿童青少年智力影响.方法 采用中国修订版-韦氏儿童智力量表评定6～16岁333对双生子的智力特点.应用结构方程模型分析遗传和环境因素对智力的影响.结果 6～16岁儿童青少年的总智商(intelligence quotient,IQ)遗传度为0.43,其中言语智商(verbal intelligence quotient,VIQ)遗传度为0.37,而遗传因素对操作智商(performance intelligence quotient,PIQ)影响甚小.10～16岁的青少年智力遗传度大于6～9岁的儿童(IQ:0.82 vs 0.00,VIQ:0.80 vs 0.00,PIQ:0.51 vs 0.00).男性的言语智商(0.47)受遗传影响大于女性(0.05);而在男性和女性中,操作智商均主要受共享环境的影响.结论 在儿童青少年时期,总智商和言语智商有中度的遗传度,而共享环境因素对操作智商的影响更大;但智商总分及言语智商和操作智商分测试分在年龄较大的青少年的遗传度都明显高于年龄较小的儿童.     

儿童青少年智力的双生子研究

目的 应用双生子法探讨遗传和环境因素对儿童青少年智力影响.方法 采用中国修订版-韦氏儿童智力量表评定6～16岁333对双生子的智力特点.应用结构方程模型分析遗传和环境因素对智力的影响.结果 6～16岁儿童青少年的总智商(intelligence quotient,IQ)遗传度为0.43,其中言语智商(verbal intelligence quotient,VIQ)遗传度为0.37,而遗传因素对操作智商(performance intelligence quotient,PIQ)影响甚小.10～16岁的青少年智力遗传度大于6～9岁的儿童(IQ:0.82 vs 0.00,VIQ:0.80 vs 0.00,PIQ:0.51 vs 0.00).男性的言语智商(0.47)受遗传影响大于女性(0.05);而在男性和女性中,操作智商均主要受共享环境的影响.结论 在儿童青少年时期,总智商和言语智商有中度的遗传度,而共享环境因素对操作智商的影响更大;但智商总分及言语智商和操作智商分测试分在年龄较大的青少年的遗传度都明显高于年龄较小的儿童.     

儿童青少年智力的双生子研究

目的 应用双生子法探讨遗传和环境因素对儿童青少年智力影响.方法 采用中国修订版-韦氏儿童智力量表评定6～16岁333对双生子的智力特点.应用结构方程模型分析遗传和环境因素对智力的影响.结果 6～16岁儿童青少年的总智商(intelligence quotient,IQ)遗传度为0.43,其中言语智商(verbal intelligence quotient,VIQ)遗传度为0.37,而遗传因素对操作智商(performance intelligence quotient,PIQ)影响甚小.10～16岁的青少年智力遗传度大于6～9岁的儿童(IQ:0.82 vs 0.00,VIQ:0.80 vs 0.00,PIQ:0.51 vs 0.00).男性的言语智商(0.47)受遗传影响大于女性(0.05);而在男性和女性中,操作智商均主要受共享环境的影响.结论 在儿童青少年时期,总智商和言语智商有中度的遗传度,而共享环境因素对操作智商的影响更大;但智商总分及言语智商和操作智商分测试分在年龄较大的青少年的遗传度都明显高于年龄较小的儿童.     

儿童青少年智力的双生子研究

目的 应用双生子法探讨遗传和环境因素对儿童青少年智力影响.方法 采用中国修订版-韦氏儿童智力量表评定6～16岁333对双生子的智力特点.应用结构方程模型分析遗传和环境因素对智力的影响.结果 6～16岁儿童青少年的总智商(intelligence quotient,IQ)遗传度为0.43,其中言语智商(verbal intelligence quotient,VIQ)遗传度为0.37,而遗传因素对操作智商(performance intelligence quotient,PIQ)影响甚小.10～16岁的青少年智力遗传度大于6～9岁的儿童(IQ:0.82 vs 0.00,VIQ:0.80 vs 0.00,PIQ:0.51 vs 0.00).男性的言语智商(0.47)受遗传影响大于女性(0.05);而在男性和女性中,操作智商均主要受共享环境的影响.结论 在儿童青少年时期,总智商和言语智商有中度的遗传度,而共享环境因素对操作智商的影响更大;但智商总分及言语智商和操作智商分测试分在年龄较大的青少年的遗传度都明显高于年龄较小的儿童.     

儿童青少年智力的双生子研究

目的 应用双生子法探讨遗传和环境因素对儿童青少年智力影响.方法 采用中国修订版-韦氏儿童智力量表评定6～16岁333对双生子的智力特点.应用结构方程模型分析遗传和环境因素对智力的影响.结果 6～16岁儿童青少年的总智商(intelligence quotient,IQ)遗传度为0.43,其中言语智商(verbal intelligence quotient,VIQ)遗传度为0.37,而遗传因素对操作智商(performance intelligence quotient,PIQ)影响甚小.10～16岁的青少年智力遗传度大于6～9岁的儿童(IQ:0.82 vs 0.00,VIQ:0.80 vs 0.00,PIQ:0.51 vs 0.00).男性的言语智商(0.47)受遗传影响大于女性(0.05);而在男性和女性中,操作智商均主要受共享环境的影响.结论 在儿童青少年时期,总智商和言语智商有中度的遗传度,而共享环境因素对操作智商的影响更大;但智商总分及言语智商和操作智商分测试分在年龄较大的青少年的遗传度都明显高于年龄较小的儿童.     

White matter lesions account for all age-related declines in speed but not in intelligence

MRI scans measured white matter lesion prevalence (WMLP) in 65 people ages 65-84 years who also took 17 cognitive tests: 3 tests of general fluid intelligence, 3 of vocabulary, 2 of episodic and 3 of working memory, 2 of processing speed, and 4 of frontal and executive function. Entry of age with WMLP into regression equations as predictors of test scores showed that inferences about the functional relationships between markers of brain aging and cognitive impairments are seriously misleading if they are based on simple correlations alone. A new finding that WMLP accounts for all of the age-related variance between individuals in tests of speed and executive ability but for none of the age-related variance in intelligence revises current hypotheses that gross brain changes affect general fluid intelligence and other mental abilities solely through their effects on information-processing speed.     

Arithmetic and algebraic problem solving and resource allocation: The distinct impact of fluid and numerical intelligence

This study investigates cognitive resource allocation dependent on fluid and numerical intelligence in arithmetic/algebraic tasks varying in difficulty. Sixty‐six 11th grade students participated in a mathematical verification paradigm, while pupil dilation as a measure of resource allocation was collected. Students with high fluid intelligence solved the tasks faster and more accurately than those with average fluid intelligence, as did students with high compared to average numerical intelligence. However, fluid intelligence sped up response times only in students with average but not high numerical intelligence. Further, high fluid but not numerical intelligence led to greater task‐related pupil dilation. We assume that fluid intelligence serves as a domain‐general resource that helps to tackle problems for which domain‐specific knowledge (numerical intelligence) is missing. The allocation of this resource can be measured by pupil dilation.     

WMS-R and MAS correlations in a neuropsychological population.

The present study was an attempt to examine the relationship between the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R; Wechsler, 1987) and the Memory Assessment Scale (MAS; Williams, 1991). The sample consisted of 51 patients referred for neuropsychological examination. Average age was 55.29 (SD = 20.94). Average education was 11.94 years (SD = 3.18). Average Full Scale IQ was 94.75 (SD = 15.44). The results showed that no MAS index correlated higher than.60 with any of the WMS-R indices. There was minimal specific prediction between instruments across each memory domain. Agreement between the tests clinically was low as well. Corrections for such factors as age, education, intelligence or diagnosis lowered the relationships between the tests although not significantly. Corrections to the correlations for the inherent reliability of each test increased correlations between the tests but still resulted in a maximum common variance of 56% (for the visual measures) down to 40% (for General Memory). These results are consistent with the argument that "general memory" is not as useful a construct as that of "general intelligence" and that these tests of general memory measure different underlying constructs. This has important impact on how we conceive and report memory test results.     

龚氏记忆成套测验(儿童本)的初步编制

目的 :以当代认知心理学和认知神经科学关于人类记忆的重要研究成果为指导 ,编制一种用于记忆评估的成套测验并在儿童样本中初步试用。方法 :龚氏记忆成套测验由 10个分测验构成 ,分别涉及听觉和视觉即时记忆 ,听觉和视觉延时记忆以及工作记忆等方面的内容。研究样本取自湖南长沙市和湖南沅江市在校学生 ,总计 2 85人 (男 137人 ,女 14 8人 ) ,年龄 7～ 15岁 ,平均年龄 11.11± 2 .38岁。结果 :(1)项目分析显示 ,各分测验的平均难度指数为 0 .5 6 ,平均鉴别指数为 0 .35。 (2 )各分测验的重测相关系数为 0 .6 5～ 0 .97;除图片记忆分测验外 ,其余各分测验的分半相关系数 ,Cronbachα系数及概化系数均在 0 .80左右。 (3)探索性因素分析提取出 4个特征根大于 1的因子 ,4因子累计解释变异的 77.5 2 %。 (4)本测验与WMS -RC的理解记忆、视觉再生、背数 3个分测验相关较高 ,与WMS -RC的联想学习分测验有低至中度相关 ,与WMS -RC图片回忆分测验相关较低。 (5 )所有记忆指数及大多数分测验成绩与语文、数学成绩呈显著正相关 ,其中 ,听觉记忆成绩与语文成绩的相关高于与数学成绩的相关 ,视觉记忆成绩及工作记忆与数学成绩的相关高于与语文成绩的相关。结论 :龚氏记忆成套测验的项目难度和区分度符合心理测量学要     

Performance on the NEPSY among children with spina bifida.

Usefulness of the NEPSY: A Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment (NEPSY) to assess attention/executive function skills was examined in a sample of 30 children with spina bifida and shunted hydrocephalus (SBSH; 20 females/10 males; age range: 6-12 years). Statistically significant moderate-to-strong correlations between the NEPSY and other measures of executive functioning were obtained. The strength of these associations decreased when controlling for intelligence as measured by the WISC-III. The Attention and Executive Function domain appeared more closely associated with tests requiring focused attention and an ability to shift set than those emphasizing more abstract reasoning, memory, or non-verbal problem-solving skills. The NEPSY appears useful in the assessment of specific executive function abilities in young individuals with SBSH. More research into the NEPSY and particularly its Attention and Executive Function domain is needed among individuals with SBSH before its use as a stand-alone tool apart from adjunctive cognitive assessment instruments.     

Resource allocation and fluid intelligence: Insights from pupillometry

Thinking is biological work and involves the allocation of cognitive resources. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of fluid intelligence on the allocation of cognitive resources while one is processing low-level and high-level cognitive tasks. Individuals with high versus average fluid intelligence performed low-level choice reaction time tasks and high-level geometric analogy tasks. We combined behavioral measures to examine speed and accuracy of processing with pupillary measures that indicate resource allocation. Individuals with high fluid intelligence processed the low-level choice reaction time tasks faster than normal controls. The task-evoked pupillary responses did not differ between groups. Furthermore, individuals with high fluid intelligence processed the high-level geometric analogies faster, more accurately, and showed greater pupil dilations than normal controls. This was only true, however, for the most difficult analogy tasks. In addition, individuals with high fluid intelligence showed greater preexperimental pupil baseline diameters than normal controls. These results indicate that individuals with high fluid intelligence have more resources available and thus can solve more demanding tasks. Moreover, high fluid intelligence appears to be accompanied by more task-free exploration.     

Are Smarter Brains Running Faster? Heritability of Alpha Peak Frequency, IQ, and Their Interrelation

It has often been proposed that faster central nervous system (CNS) processing amounts to a smarter brain. One way to index speed of CNS processing is through the assessment of brain oscillations via electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings. The dominant frequency (peak frequency) with which neuronal feedback loops in an adult human brain oscillate in a relaxed state is around 10 cycles/sec, but large individual differences exist in peak frequencies. Earlier studies have found high peak frequencies to be associated with higher intelligence. In the present study, data from 271 extended twin families (688 participants) were collected as part of a large, ongoing project on the genetics of adult brain function and cognition. IQ was assessed with the Dutch version of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IIIR), from which four dimensions were calculated (verbal comprehension, working memory, perceptual organization, and processing speed). Individual peak frequencies were picked according to the method described by Klimesch (1999) and averaged 9.9 Hz (SD 1.01). Structural equation modeling indicated that both peak frequency and the dimensions of IQ were highly heritable (range, 66% to 83%). A large part of the genetic variance in alpha peak frequency as well as in working memory and processing speed was due to nonadditive factors. There was no evidence of a genetic correlation between alpha peak frequency and any of the four WAIS dimensions: Smarter brains do not seem to run faster.     

学习障碍初中生智力与学习成绩探讨

目的:探讨学习障碍初中生智力及其与学习成绩的关系.方法:将学习障碍初中生分为语文障碍组、数学障碍组和复合障碍组,应用韦氏儿童智力测验量表(WISC-CR)测查其智力,并与对照组比较;将测验结果与学习成绩进行多元逐步回归分析.结果: 各学习障碍组的智力水平基本在正常范围,但与对照组相比差异仍有显著性;数学障碍组九项分测验均低于对照组;语文障碍组以言语分测验分数低于对照组为主;复合障碍组的智力不平衡性表现明显;言语智商、算术、理解、词汇测验分数对语文成绩影响较大;言语智商、操作智商、算术、常识、积木测验分数对数学成绩影响较大.结论:不同类型学习障碍初中生的智力结构不同;学习障碍初中生的语文和数学成绩受不同智力因素的影响.     

高智商注意缺陷多动障碍男性儿童的生态学执行功能特点

目的:探讨高智商注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)男性儿童生态学执行功能特点。方法:对50名7～14岁符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-IV)诊断标准的高智商(总智商≥120)ADHD男性儿童与50名年龄匹配的高智商正常男性儿童、723名一般人群男性儿童对照,用执行功能行为评定量表父母版(BRIEF)进行测评生态学执行功能。结果:高智商ADHD组的BRIEF评分,经多重检验校正后,抑制、转换、感情控制、任务启动、工作记忆、计划、组织、监控8个因子,行为管理指数、元认知指数2个维度得分及总分均高于高智商正常对照组和一般人群对照组[总分,(150±22)vs.(108±20),(104±21),P'0.05]。结论:本研究显示高智商ADHD男性患儿生态学执行功能在各层面均差于正常儿童。     

Prediction of general mental ability based on neural oscillation measures of sleep

The usual assessment of general mental ability (or intelligence) is based on performance attained in reasoning and problem-solving tasks. Differences in general mental ability have been associated with event-related neural activity patterns of the wakeful working brain or physical, chemical and electrical brain features measured during wakeful resting conditions. Recent evidences suggest that specific sleep electroencephalogram oscillations are related to wakeful cognitive performances. Our aim is to reveal the relationship between non-rapid eye movement sleep-specific oscillations (the slow oscillation, delta activity, slow and fast sleep spindle density, the grouping of slow and fast sleep spindles) and general mental ability assessed by the Raven Progressive Matrices Test (RPMT). The grouping of fast sleep spindles by the cortical slow oscillation in the left frontopolar derivation (Fp1) as well as the density of fast sleep spindles over the right frontal area (Fp2, F4), correlated positively with general mental ability. Data from those selected electrodes that showed the high correlations with general mental ability explained almost 70% of interindividual variance in RPMT scores. Results suggest that individual differences in general mental ability are reflected in fast sleep spindle-related oscillatory activity measured over the frontal cortex.