用骨髓脂肪建立脂肪栓塞综合征动物模型

观察脂肪栓塞综合征动物模型表明：①犬的静脉血凝块冰冻切片油红Ｏ染色，可以找到桔红色的脂滴，并可计算出脂滴数量和大小；②取实验犬的肺组织冰冻切片油红Ｏ染色，也可看到大量的桔红色脂滴沉着于肺组织内；③用气相色谱法检测血浆游离脂肪酸时，发现静脉注射骨髓脂肪后游离脂肪酸明显升高；④犬的动脉血氧分压下降，当降至７．９９±０．３０ｋＰａ时，犬出现呼吸困难等症状。上述结果说明，用骨髓脂肪静脉注射建立脂肪栓塞综合征的动物模型是可靠的。     

血小板在脂肪栓塞综合征发病及诊断中的作用

探讨凝血系统的变化在脂肪综合征发病及诊断中的作用。方法健康杂种犬７只，通过静脉注射骨髓脂肪建立脂肪栓塞综合征动物模型。于各时相点检测动脉血氧分压、凝血相才血小板聚集率，于栓塞后４８ｎ处死动物并取肺组织行病理学检查。     

脂肪栓塞综合征胸部X线诊断(附12例报告)

目的　探讨脂肪栓塞综合征胸部X线诊断要点。方法　综合分析 1 2例长管骨骨折后脂肪栓塞的临床及胸部X线表现。结果　全部于创伤后 1 9～ 70h出现呼吸困难、中枢神经症状、皮肤出血点 ,部分出现血小板减少、尿或血中找到脂肪滴。胸片表现为双肺弥漫性分布斑片状阴影。结论　双肺弥漫性分布斑片状实变影是肺脂肪栓塞的X线特征     

脂肪栓塞综合征25例分析

目的：探讨脂肪栓塞综合征的发病机制、早期诊断指标及治疗措施。方法：分析25例脂肪栓塞综合征病人的临床表现及诊治过程。结果：本组中1例死亡、1例出现脑梗塞后遗症，其余均完全康复。中枢神经系统症状和呼吸系统症状的出现率最高，分别为88％和80％。结论：脂肪栓塞综合征的诊治中要重视氧饱和度及动脉氧分压监测，注意观察中枢神经系统症状和呼吸系统症状可早期诊断，纠正低氧血症为治疗的重点。     

地塞米松对脂肪栓塞综合征防治作用的实验研究

在用同种异体犬骨髓脂肪建立脂肪栓塞综合征（ＦＥＳ）动物模型的基础上，通过检测动脉血氧分压、血浆游离脂肪酸（ＦＦＡ）、静脉血凝块内脂滴、肺组织形态及病理学检查，对比观察了地塞米松在ＦＥＳ中的防治作用．对照组只单纯静脉注射骨髓脂肪，而治疗组在注射骨髓脂肪后２小时，静脉滴注地塞米松１ｍｇ／ｋｇ，每６小时一次，连续观察４８小时．结果发现治疗组由于应用地塞米松，使其动脉血氧分压无明显下降；血浆ＦＦＡ不升高而逐渐下降；静脉血凝块冰冻切片油红“０”染色显示脂滴数量和直径都低于未用地塞米松的对照组；病理检查肺组织的损害程度也明显轻于对照组．上述结果说明地塞米松对ＦＥＳ有较好的防治作用     

脂肪栓塞简易尿脂测定

脂肪栓塞综合征是创伤严重并发症，早期诊断意义重大。在处理这类病人中，我们研究的简易尿脂测定法能简单，迅速测出尿脂肪增高。与正常人对比差异显著，有助早期诊断。     

脂肪栓塞综合征及其影像学表现

脂肪栓塞(fat embolism,FE)是由于循环血流中出现的脂滴阻塞于小血管所致的栓塞,常见于长骨骨折、严重脂肪组织挫伤或脂肪肝挤压伤时,脂肪细胞破裂,游离出的脂滴经破裂的小静脉进入血流而引起脂肪栓塞,脂肪栓塞的后果取决于脂滴的大小和多少以及全身受累的程度.脂肪栓塞综合征(fat embolism syndrome,FES)是血循环内的脂肪栓塞导致的以神经系统异常、呼吸衰竭及斑点状皮疹为主要表现的综合征,最常见的栓塞部位有肺、脑及皮肤.脂肪栓塞临床症状和检查无特异性,确诊率低、死亡率高.早期诊断脂肪栓塞可降低死亡率,减少额外费用.CT及MRI检查可以早期发现肺部及脑部病变,尤其是MRI已成为评估脑脂肪栓塞(cerebral fat embolism,CFE)最敏感的检查技术.笔者现就脂肪栓塞的流行病学、病理生理机制和临床表现进行综述,重点介绍肺及脑脂肪栓塞的影像表现.     

脂肪栓塞综合征3例报告

探讨脂肪栓塞综合征的早期治疗。通过分析 3例骨折并发脂肪栓塞综合征 (FES)的临床资料 ,认为脂肪栓塞综合征的治疗重在预防 ,大剂量激素和白蛋白治疗非常重要     

脂肪栓塞综合征早期诊断的实验研究

探讨脂肪栓塞综合征的早期诊断方法。     

多发伤中长骨骨折的治疗与脂肪栓塞综合征

脂肪栓塞综合征是骨折后严重并发症之一,多见于长骨骨折后,以呼吸困难、神经系统症状、发热及皮肤粘膜出血点为主要表现。严重创伤后肺部脂肪栓塞的发生率为９０％～１００％。脂肪栓塞发生后,多数患者表现为亚临床经过,仅少数发展为临床症状明显的脂肪栓塞综合征,甚...     

Pulmonary fat embolism after pelvic and long bone fractures in a trauma patient

Fat embolism is a common complication of pelvic and long bone fractures. Macroscopic fat emboli in the pulmonary arteries on computed tomography have been reported postoperatively after fixation of long bone fractures for trauma, however the quantification of attenuation values of fat emboli have been infrequently reported in the literature. We present a case of pulmonary fat embolism in a 52-year-old female after acute bony trauma sustained during a motor vehicle accident. To the authors' knowledge however, pulmonary fat embolism has not been described on the initial trauma CT scan.     

自制可回收下腔静脉滤器预防急性肺栓塞的实验研究

目的 探讨一种新型可回收下腔静脉滤器预防急性肺栓塞的有效性、安全性.方法 12只犬制备成髂股深静脉血栓模型,分为滤器组(实验组)与无滤器组(对照组),每组6只.滤器组在深静脉血栓脱落前于对侧股静脉置入下腔静脉滤器,其后使血栓脱落;对照组直接使血栓脱落即形成肺动脉栓塞.通过血栓脱落前后的肺动脉造影、肺动脉测压以及动脉血氧饱和度测定评价滤器的血栓捕获性能.结果 滤器组均成功捕获脱落的深静脉血栓,无一例发生肺动脉栓塞,8 h后滤器均能成功回收;而对照组在推注血栓后均发生了肺动脉栓塞.结论 自制可回收下腔静脉滤器能有效预防下肢深静脉急性血栓脱落引起的肺动脉栓塞,其置入和回收简便.     

犬急性骨水泥肺栓塞的实验研究

目的通过股静脉注入骨水泥建立犬急性肺栓塞模型,探讨一定剂量范围内不同量骨水泥肺栓塞引起的生理病理变化间的差异。方法 18只成年家犬随机分成A、B、C 3组,每组6只,麻醉后行胸部CT平扫,穿刺右股静脉、左股动脉并置入血管鞘,经静脉鞘注入聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)A组0.5 ml,B组1 ml,C组2 ml。于注入PMMA前和注入后即刻、30 min及1 h分别检测血气分析、平均肺动脉压;于注入PMMA前、后5 min行肺动脉造影。术后1h行胸部CT平扫+增强。术后2 h将犬处死,开胸解剖观察大体形态后,沿肺动脉分支方向随机取肺组织3块进行病理学检查。结果 18只实验犬经股静脉注入PMMA操作均成功,经CT及病理证实均成功建立急性骨水泥肺栓塞模型。各组实验犬动脉血氧分压、二氧化碳分压在骨水泥注入前后差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。仅C组骨水泥注入后即刻平均肺动脉压为(24.12±1.74)mmHg,注入后30 min为(23.84±1.25)mmHg,注入后1 h为(24.17±1.63)mmHg,均较注射前的(16.47±0.55)mmHg差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。A组、B组平均肺动脉压在骨水泥注入前后差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。各组实验犬术后胸部CT平扫均可见两肺高密度影,下肺多见,C组尤为明显。部分实验犬平扫见条索状阴影及肺不张征象。C组部分实验犬胸部增强CT可见肺动脉小分支内部分充盈缺损。肺动脉造影仅C组部分实验犬出现肺内部分细小血管减少,血管纹理稀疏,未见肺动脉主干及分支的充盈缺损。病理学检查均发现肺动脉分支存在骨水泥栓子,未见继发血栓形成。结论≤2 ml的骨水泥致急性肺栓塞的严重程度与注入骨水泥剂量没有相关性。在心肺功能正常情况下,≤2 ml的急性骨水泥肺栓塞不会引起明显的呼吸功能障碍。     

肺栓塞的螺旋CT诊断(附15例分析)

目的:探讨螺旋CT对肺栓塞的诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析15例肺栓塞患者CT平扫及增强扫描表现。结果:15例平扫显示片状实变影、磨玻璃影、楔型影、“马赛克”征等。增强扫描中央型肺栓塞12例,周围型肺栓塞3例;中央肺动脉扩张10例;右心室增大7例;支气管动脉显示15例,其中扩张6例;支气管静脉显示并扩张1例;根据肺动脉内栓子形态分4类。结论:CT对肺动脉栓塞具有较高的诊断价值。     

Imaging of nonthrombotic pulmonary embolism: Biological materials,nonbiological materials,and foreign bodies

Nonthrombotic pulmonary embolism is defined as embolization to the pulmonary circulation caused by a wide range of substances of endogenous and exogenous biological and nonbiological origin and foreign bodies. It is an underestimated cause of acute and chronic embolism. Symptoms cover the entire spectrum from asymptomatic patients to sudden death.     

Pulmonary fat embolism induced by exposure to high ambient temperature in rats with a fatty liver

The aim of this study was to investigate whether a fatty liver contributes to pulmonary embolism under a high ambient temperature. As an experimental model, we exposed fatty liver rats to a high temperature (45°C) and then looked for fat emboli in the alveolar capillaries using the fat-staining method. Fat emboli were detected in the alveolar capillaries of the fatty liver rats, but not in those of the normal liver rats. Moreover, the degree of pulmonary fat embolism tended to become more severe in proportion to the severity of the fatty liver. In addition, fat emboli did not appear at a core body temperature of 40°C, but were detected at a core body temperature of 44°C. From these results, we conclude that a fatty liver may contribute to the formation of pulmonary fat embolism and that high temperatures act as a trigger for the onset of pulmonary embolism. Moreover, it is possible that fatty liver affects the development of heat stroke induced by exposure to a high ambient temperature and that pulmonary fat embolism is a significant finding which helps to enable a diagnosis of heat stroke in autopsy cases.     

Pulmonary cement embolism: a complication of percutaneous vertebroplasty

Background: Percutaneous vertebroplasty (PV) has recently become a very common procedure for vertebral compression fractures. Extravasation of cement, a common event associated with vertebroplasty, may lead to cement emboli in the lungs.

Purpose: To determine the frequency of pulmonary cement embolism after percutaneous vertebroplasty.

Material and Methods: Between 2002 and 2006, 128 percutaneous vertebroplasties were performed in 73 patients (56 women and 17 men) in our institution. Postprocedural chest radiographs were obtained for all patients and assessed for the presence of pulmonary cement emboli.

Results: Pulmonary cement embolism was detected on chest radiographs and confirmed with chest computed tomography (CT) in four patients treated with percutaneous vertebroplasty for osteoporotic collapse and one patient treated for multiple myeloma. The imaging finding of pulmonary cement embolism was solitary or multiple fine radiodense lines with occasional branching patterns. The frequency of pulmonary cement embolism was 6.8%.

Conclusion: An incidence of pulmonary cement embolism of 6.8% during PV was found. Close clinical follow-up, postprocedural chest radiographs, and chest CT scans, if necessary, are important for the detection of pulmonary cement embolism at an early stage.     

尿激酶动静脉溶栓治疗犬急性肺动脉栓塞的对照研究

目的 评价动脉内尿激酶(UK)溶栓治疗犬急性肺动脉栓塞的安全性和有效性.方法 用犬自体血栓建立选择性急性肺动脉栓塞模型,24只犬随机分为动脉溶栓组(30 min内经导管注入UK10 000 u/kg)、静脉溶栓组(2 h内经静脉滴入UK 20 000 u/kg)及对照组(2 h内经静脉滴入生理盐水100ml),每组8只.监测其平均肺动脉压(PAMP)、血气分析(PaO2、PaCO2)、凝血指标(PT、APTT)和D-二聚体(D-D)以及肺动脉造影复查.结果 溶栓后2 h三组PAMP、PaO2及D-D值比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),溶栓后4 h动脉组与静脉组的PAMP、PaO2及D-D值比较无差异(P＞0.05).造影复查显示:动脉组比静脉组能更快溶解血栓,恢复肺组织血供.结论 动脉溶栓较静脉溶栓所需的UK剂量小,并能更快降低肺动脉压、提高动脉血氧分压,恢复肺组织血流.     

Ultrafast computed tomography in experimental pulmonary embolism.

Computed tomography (CT) has proven useful in the diagnosis of central pulmonary embolism; however, its ability to detect peripheral emboli has not been established. The authors evaluate the usefulness of ultrafast CT (UFCT) in detecting experimental peripheral pulmonary emboli. Three Gelfoam emboli measuring 0.7 x 1.5 cm were introduced into the pulmonary arteries of each of seven dogs, and contiguous, 3-mm, axial UFCT images from the lung apex to the base were obtained after the administration of a contrast bolus. After scanning, the dogs were killed, and the locations of the emboli were determined by a pulmonary pathologist blinded to the imaging results. Concomitantly, the locations of the emboli on the UFCT images were determined by consensus of three chest radiologists blinded to the autopsy results. All 21 emboli were identified on UFCT images; the locations of the emboli corresponded exactly with the autopsy findings. The authors conclude that UFCT can reliably detect Gelfoam emboli in second- to fourth-division pulmonary vessels. Further studies are needed to determine if in vivo blood clots can be similarly visualized.