创伤性假性动脉瘤和动静脉瘘的手术治疗

目的 探讨创伤性假性动脉瘤（pseudoaneurysm,PsAn)和创伤性动静脉瘘（arterio-venous fistula,AVF)的手术方法及其疗效。方法 回顾性分析1989年1月-2001年2月经手术治疗的PsAn及AVF共43例,根据分型分别采用单纯或四头结扎术10例;经瘤腔破裂口修补术13例;单纯血管移植5例;经动脉切开修补瘘口,重建动脉血流8例;经静脉切开修补瘘口,静脉结扎或切除3例;经瘤腔同时修补动静脉瘘口1例;瘘切断或切除,动静脉壁瘘口侧面修补术1例,经瘤腔修补静脉瘘口,动脉结扎或血管移植2例。结果 死亡2例,余41例近期疗效满意,随访34例,2例AVF肢端慢性溃疡者效果欠佳。余32例效果良好。结论 对创伤性PsAn和AVF应早期手术。根据分型采用不同手术方法,效果良好。     

颈外动脉供血型硬膜动静脉瘘的经血管治疗

目的：评估经动脉颗粒栓塞颈外动脉供血型硬膜动静脉瘘的应用技术和临床效果。材料和方法：１０例经血管造影证实的硬膜动静脉瘘患者,选择性插管入近病巢处的供养动脉或近供养动脉开口的主干动脉,在电视严密监视下缓慢注入ＰＶＡ颗粒直至血流静止、瘘道闭塞。术后１５分钟和６个月随访血管造影及评估临床情况。结果：７例术后瘘道完全闭塞,３例大部闭塞（８０％发以上）,６个月后随访血管造影者７例,均未显示瘘道。结论：经动脉采用颗粒栓塞颈外动脉供血型硬膜动静脉瘘,其操作简便,较为安全,临床效果好,应视为此类疾病的首选治疗方法。     

四肢主要动脉创伤性假性动脉瘤的外科治疗

目的 总结四肢主要动脉创伤性假性动脉瘤的外科治疗和疗效。方法 1998～2004年收治四肢主要动脉创伤性假性动脉瘤31例，均采用手术治疗，其中直接修补6例，端-端吻合5例，大隐静脉移植16例。人造血管移植3例，血管结扎1例。获随访23例，随访时间6个月～5年（平均18个月）。结果 28例一期治愈出院，其余3例术后血管闭塞二期再行自体静脉移植治愈。随访未见假性动脉瘤复发和肢体缺血症状。结论 四肢主要血管创伤性假性动脉瘤应强调尽早手术治疗；术中阻断动脉远近端血流是手术成败的关键；损伤血管直接或间接重建具有较好的治疗效果。     

非Galen静脉脑动静脉瘘的诊断和治疗

目的：对１９７９年至１９９５年治疗的１１例非Ｇａｌｅｎ静脉的脑动静脉瘘（ＡＶＦ）的诊断标准及治疗原则进行探讨。材料与方法：本组１１例，男４例，女７例。年龄１岁１０个月至３５岁，平均１２岁。占位症状４例，癫痫３例，出血５例。１例以球囊栓塞失败后行手术夹闭供血动脉；８例以丙烯酸酯胶（ＩＢＣＡ或ＮＢＣＡ）栓塞治疗，其中１例经３次栓塞缩小静脉球后手术切除残留的动静脉畸形（ＡＶＭ）；２例以弹簧圈栓塞瘘口。结果：动静脉瘘解剖治愈８例，恢复良好。８例中的６例于术后１０天至５个月行脑血管造影复查，未见复发；植物生存状态１例；死亡２例。结论：本病为一组先天性脑血管畸形，表现为脑内单支或多支动脉直接与静脉沟通，瘘口处静脉呈动脉瘤样扩张，其间无畸形血管团，静脉扩张引流入静脉窦。血管内栓塞治疗闭塞瘘口可取得良好疗效。     

四肢创伤性动脉瘤及动静脉瘘（附56例治疗报告）

1980～1984我院外科治疗四肢创伤性动脉瘤及动静脉瘘56例，以动脉瘤切除用静脉移植，重建血管连续性为最好的手术方式。单纯的动脉结扎要慎重，否则会发生肢体的缺血坏死。     

吲哚菁绿荧光血管造影技术对神经外科手术效果的影响

目的:研究在神经外科血管性疾病的手术中应用吲哚菁绿(ICG)荧光血管造影技术对手术效果的影响。方法:不同的神经外科血管性疾病患者47例,男性21例,女性26例;年龄16～73岁,平均57岁。在手术中进行ICG荧光造影,以进一步指导及评估手术效果。其中,颅内动脉瘤患者37例(后交通动脉瘤12例,前交通动脉瘤14例,大脑中动脉动脉瘤11例);颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉吻合术7例;脊髓动静脉瘘3例。上述患者均在术后行DSA血管造影或CTA以明确手术效果。结果:37例动脉瘤术中经ICG血管造影,发现动脉瘤颈夹闭后载瘤动脉狭窄3例,动脉瘤颈残留4例,远端分支狭窄2例,均根据术中吲哚菁绿血管造影情况重新调整瘤夹位置后,瘤颈夹闭满意,术后DSA血管造影及CTA显示载瘤动脉通畅,远端分支无狭窄,术后早期CT检查显示无脑梗死。7例颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉吻合术中行ICG造影见1例吻合口狭窄,予以拆除吻合线重新缝合,再次ICG造影显示吻合血管通畅。3例脊髓动静脉瘘切除病变前均可发现畸形血管轮廓、供血动脉、引流静脉情况,引导精准的切除动静脉瘘,术后血管造影显示3例畸形血管团均被彻底切除。结论:吲哚菁绿荧光血管造影可以准确判断动脉夹闭后瘤颈是否有残留、穿通动脉是否闭塞;可以及时发现血管吻合是否通畅;可以明确脊髓动静脉瘘的轮廓及其供血动脉、引流静脉;能显著提高上述血管性疾病的手术效果。     

创伤性假性动脉瘤与动静脉瘘血管内治疗

目的：探讨创伤性假性动脉瘤与动静脉瘘治疗效果．方法：本组共１１８例病人，其中颈内动脉海绵窦瘘８８例、动静脉瘘８例、假性动脉瘤２２例．采用可脱性球囊栓塞６４例；弹簧圈与钨丝螺旋圈栓塞３４例；肌瓣“放风筝”法治疗６例；眼上静脉穿刺注入栓塞材料２例；瘤腔直接穿刺注入栓塞材料２例；气囊导管暂时阻断动脉腔内血流与手术相结合治疗１０例．结果：除４例颈内动脉海绵窦瘘术后出现偏瘫、半年内恢复外，余皆治愈．结论：可脱性球囊栓塞颈动脉海绵窦瘘是目前国内外首选治疗方法．气囊导管暂时阻断动脉腔内血流，然后施行血管重建，可控制大出血并减少术中出血．本法是直接手术时安全有效的辅助措施，可提高邻近躯干部位大血管损伤救治成功率．     

创伤性动脉瘤的治疗

目的：探讨创伤性动脉瘤的外科手术治疗方法。方法：对近6年收治的创伤性动脉瘤39例进行回顾性分析。结果：24例行急诊手术治疗，动脉瘤切除后，10例作单纯动脉结扎，3例作动脉修补，26例用自体大隐静脉或人工血管移植重建血运，手术治愈37例，高位截肢2例，治愈率94．9％，术后随访26例（2个月－6年），均保存肢体。结论：外科手术仍是目前首选的外周创伤性动脉瘤治疗方法，应视具体情况选择手术方式，并重视感染性假性动脉瘤的治疗。     

PVA颗粒栓塞硬膜动静脉瘘

目的：评价经血管ＰＶＡ颗粒栓塞硬膜动静脉瘘的临床效果及其安全。材料和方法；５例经血管造下实的硬膜动静脉瘘（２例累及海绵窦，１例累及右横窦、乙状窦、１例累及上乔状窦，１例累及右侧中颅凹）患者，选择性插管入近病巢处的供养动脉或近供养动脉开口的主干动脉（颌内动脉或颈外动脉），采用ＰＶＡ颗粒悬液加适量优维显３００本成不透光混合液，在透视监视下缓慢主供养动脉坡至栓塞瘘道，术后１５分钟和６个月随因管造影及评价     

创伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘的介入治疗

目的:探讨不同类型的创伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘的介入治疗方法。材料和方法:回顾性分析63例经全脑数字减影血管造影(DSA)诊断的创伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘的治疗方法:血管内栓塞、栓塞结合手术孤立瘘口或瘘口所在的颈内动脉内覆膜支架置入等方式。结果:63例创伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘中,术后59例动静脉瘘完全闭塞,4例大部分闭塞;临床症状消失62例,好转1例。本组无并发症发生。结论:创伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘治疗的关键在于闭塞瘘口。根据其动静脉瘘的部位、供血动脉及瘘口的数量、引流静脉的特点等综合考虑栓塞材料的选择是保证治疗成功的重要因素。     

Management of vascular perforations that occur during neurointerventional procedures

This article describes a number of treatment strategies for the management of perforations that occur during neurointerventional procedures. During the past 5 years, we have performed over 1200 endovascular procedures to treat vascular disorders involving the brain and spinal cord (400 cerebral arteriovenous malformations, 230 tumors, 197 carotid cavernous fistulas, 183 aneurysms, 130 dural fistulas, 80 spinal arteriovenous malformations, 18 vein of Galen aneurysms, and 20 cases of vasospasm). Fifteen patients (1.1%) sustained a vascular perforation as a direct result of these procedures. Among these 15 patients, indications for endovascular treatment were six symptomatic arteriovenous malformations, two spinal cord arteriovenous malformations, two cavernous sinus dural fistulas, one transverse sinus fistula, one case of vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage, one direct carotid cavernous fistula, one vein of Galen malformation, and one ruptured basilar artery aneurysm. The vascular perforations were grouped into three probable mechanisms: mechanical perforation of a normal vessel (six patients), mechanical disruption of a dysplastic vessel or aneurysm (five patients), and fluid overinjection (four patients). Treatment of the perforations included immediate reversal of anticoagulants (12 patients) and direct closure of the perforation site with coils (five patients). In addition, closure of the intravascular compartment adjacent to the perforation was achieved with coils (six patients), liquid adhesives (four patients), balloons (two patients), or particles (two patients). In two patients a detachable balloon was placed transiently across the perforation site for several minutes, deflated, and removed when no further extravasation was noted. Five patients were started on anticonvulsant therapy, two of whom have had a new onset seizure related to the perforation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

A proposed angiographic classification of intracranial arteriovenous fistulae and malformations

We propose an angioarchitectural classification of intracranial vascular lesions as arteriovenous, arteriolovenous and arteriolovenulous fistulae. In order to validate this classification, 99 intracranial arteriovenous lesions were reviewed in 98 patients. Arteriolovenulous fistulae included 39 isolated brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) and 1 AVM associated with a giant arteriovenous fistula (AVF). Arteriovenous fistulae included 8 giant AVFs of the brain, 6 vein of Galen aneurysms and 10 direct caroticocavernous fistulae. Arteriolovenous fistulae included 1 isolated brain AVM, 4 vein of Galen aneurysms and 30 dural AVMs. The angioarchitectural classification has three advantages. It is simple and accurate, with no reference to the congenital or acquired nature of the lesion. It allows separate identification of a special group, the arteriolovenous fistulae. It also indicates the endovascular approach: arteriolovenulous fistulae should be treated via the arterial route only, while arteriovenous and arteriolovenous fistulae can be treated via transarterial or transvenous approaches.     

Stab wounds of the renal artery branches: angiographic diagnosis and treatment by embolization

Renal artery branch injury resulting from stab wounds of iatrogenic origin or street violence is an important cause of renal hemorrhage. Over a period of 10 years we accurately diagnosed the injury and successfully managed the associated hemorrhage in 15 patients by using angiography and percutaneous embolization techniques. Nine branch injuries in eight patients were due to street knifings and seven injuries were complications of invasive medical procedures (four from renal biopsy, two from nephrostolithotomy, and one from nephrostomy). All patients had gross hematuria at the time of angiographic evaluation. False aneurysms were present in six patients (one with associated frank extravasation), false aneurysm/arteriovenous fistula in three, false aneurysm/arteriocaliceal fistula in one, and isolated arteriovenous fistula in two. Frank extravasation without associated false aneurysm/arteriovenous fistula was present in two. One patient had two injuries, an upper-pole false aneurysm and a lower-pole false aneurysm/arteriovenous fistula. In the eight patients injured in street knifings, hematuria recurred after surgical exploration and treatment. None of the 16 injuries involved the main renal artery. Gelfoam was used for embolization of nine lesions and steel coils for four. Three others were treated with Gelfoam plus coils. Hemostasis was achieved in all and none required subsequent surgery. Renal tissue loss was small to moderate (less than 30%) in 12 patients and large (30-50%) in three patients. Transient postembolization hypertension occurred in one of the latter. We consider selective angiography/embolization to be an effective and safe means for diagnosing and treating wounds of the renal artery branches.     

Embolization in traumatic intrarenal vascular injuries

A retrospective study was made of 42 patients who had traumatic intrarenal false aneurysms or arteriovenous fistulae. Forty of these patients were treated by embolization. The majority of patients had renal stab wounds (23), while the other main causes were blunt injury (9), and iatrogenic injury following renal biopsy (7). Forty patients presented with persistent or recurrent haematuria and two with high output cardiac failure due to large arteriovenous fistulae. Embolization was performed using gelfoam and coils and was successful in 35 (87.5%) with complete resolution of haematuria. Re-embolization in the remaining five patients proved successful in four cases and a failure in only one. Complications included renal intimal dissection in three, ectopic coil placement and contrast extravasation each involving three patients while post-embolization pyrexia occurred in one patient. No patients developed hypertension after the procedure. Embolization was shown to provide a safe and effective form of treatment of intra-renal vascular injuries.     

Initial clinical experience with spiral CT and 3D arterial reconstruction in intracranial aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations

We studied 32 consecutive patients with known or suspected cerebrovascular abnormalities studied with spiral CT following a intravenous bolus injection of iodinated contrast medium with a power injector. Flow was 3 or 4 ml/s. In an attempt to define the appropriate delay time and scan duration a cranial angio-CT without table increment was performed on 10 patients. Enhancement was measured by manually placed regions of interest within the left middle cerebral artery and the inferior sagittal sinus. All patients except one had intraarterial angiography (DSA) for comparison. In 6 patients with an arteriovenous malformation (AVM) follow-up was possible after one and/or two embolisation procedures. These patients had plain and contrast-enhanced spiral CT. The diagnosis was aneurysm in 9 (8 berry aneurysms, one giant fusiform aneurysm), AVM in 13 (all supratentorial) and traumatic arteriovenous fistula in one. In 9 patients there were no detectable pathological vascular findings. After 3D reconstruction the size (between 5 and 28 mm), location and the relationship to the parent vessel of the aneurysms, the extent of the AVMs and the distribution of the embolisation material could be demonstrated clearly. The main feeding vessel(s), nidus and draining veins were reliably shown. The decreased extent of the AVMs after embolisation was clearly demonstrated. There was no difference in diagnosis when DSA and 3D-CT were compared by two independent radiologists. We consider arterial spiral CT with 3D reconstruction to have the potential of offering important diagnostic information for the treatment of intracranial AVMs and aneurysms.The authors would like to dedicate this paper to Prof. Dr. sc. med. R. Lehmann     

20例心脏大血管创伤后晚期后遗症的诊断与治疗

目的：报告心脏大血管创伤后晚期后遗症的诊断和治疗。方法：收集我科１９５４年６月～１９９５年４月治疗２０例心脏大血管损伤后遗症，其中穿入性损伤９例，闭合性损伤６例和医源性损伤５例。病变有瓣膜损伤８例，心脏异物５例，假性动脉瘤和动静脉瘘４例，右心室动脉瘤加心室间隔缺损（ＶＳＤ）、晚期心脏压塞和右下肺弹头、术后缩窄性心包炎各１例。施行手术早期取出心脏异物和心包腔引流４例。择期手术１５例，其中施行瓣膜替换术６例，瓣膜成形术２例，假性动脉瘤和动静脉瘘缝补术３例，心室间隔缺损加右心室室壁瘤缝补术、心腔内异物、血心包和缩窄性心包炎各１例。结果：１９例经手术治疗痊愈出院，１例因动脉导管结扎后假性动脉瘤，控制感染时突然瘤体破裂出血死亡。结论：早期诊断、早期或择期手术可取得良好效果。     

Interventional neurovascular treatment of traumatic carotid and vertebral artery lesions: results in 234 cases

Traumatic injuries to the head and neck that result in arteriovenous fistulae are often difficult to treat by direct surgical access. This is because of anatomic location, instability of the acutely injured patient, and difficulty in localizing the exact site of injury. Between 1974 and 1988, 234 consecutive cases of traumatic injuries to the carotid or vertebral artery were evaluated by our group for intravascular embolization therapy. This included 206 cases of direct and seven cases of indirect carotid-cavernous sinus fistulae and 21 cases of traumatic vertebral fistulae. A variety of devices including detachable balloons, liquid tissue adhesives, microcoils, and silk suture were used with the goal of fistula occlusion and preservation of the parent vessel. This was achieved in 193 cases (82%). In the remaining 41 cases (18%), the carotid or vertebral artery had to be occluded by endovascular occlusion techniques because of extensive vascular injury in 28 cases and subtotal occlusion of the fistula in 13 cases. Complications included transient cerebral ischemia in six cases, pseudoaneurysm formation in five cases, stroke in five cases, and peripheral nerve injury in one case. The development of interventional neurovascular techniques has altered the management of these acutely injured patients. The preferred method for treatment has shifted from direct surgical access under general anesthesia to endovascular therapy under local anesthesia.     

How Do We Treat Arteriovenous Malformations (Tips and Tricks)?

Ethanol embolization is sufficient to eliminate or improve symptoms of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) in a high percentage of patients, but with substantial risk of minor and major complications. Inadvertent embolization must be avoided by superselective catheterization or direct puncture of the nidus. According to the angiographic morphology of the nidus, AVMs of the trunk and extremities can be classified into four types: type I (arterio-venous fistulae), type II (arteriolo-venous fistulae), type IIIa (arteriolo-venulous fistulae without dilation of the fistula), and type IIIb (arteriolo-venulous fistulae with dilation of the fistula). The described angiographic classification provides considerable information concerning the characteristics of AVMs in the body and extremities, the optimal therapeutic approach, and the likely therapeutic outcome.     

Sonography of the radial artery at the wrist

The radial artery as a superficial structure at the wrist is susceptible both to direct penetrating injury and to blunt trauma, with the potential development of both false and true aneurysms. This report summarizes the sonographic features of seven consecutive patients who were referred for evaluation of the radial artery. The diagnoses include two cases of radial artery aneurysm, one tortuous nonaneurysmal artery, two cases of arteriovenous fistulae (one surrounded by fluid and one aneurysmal), a ganglion, and an inflammatory mass of the wrist. Although radial aneurysms are unusual and angiography may be required to define the nature and extent of distal embolization to the hand, the nature of a palpable aneurysm in this region, vascular vs avascular, is easily and quickly assessed with high-resolution sonography.