中国人重伤住院调查：创伤原因,部位,程度,救治和结局分析

目的：探讨我国严重创伤的伤因、伤情、救治结局及不同地区或医院间的差异。方法：分层抽样回顾前瞻设计，从６省１２市县１７家医院筛选前时间≤２４小时、ｍＡＩＳ≥３伤员１０４３８例，调查其伤因、伤势、院前过程和院内处理、结局等指标并评分。结果：我国主要伤因３类，占伤因的９９．５％；创伤部位以头、四肢和多发伤为主，占７５．８％；院前时间随地区而异，与伤因和部位无关，时间越短的ＲＴＳ越低；手术率７９．３５％；     

341例交通事故胸外伤评分与评价

目的：研究胸伤为主的交通事故多发伤的临床特点和救治现状．方法：选择交通事故伤患者３４１例（５．７％），按来源、胸部伤情和结局分组评分，并预测生存概率Ｐｓ．结果：３４１例中，男２７３例，女６８例，０～８１（４１．８±１５．３）岁，胸闭合伤３４０例，伴多发伤２３４例，三个以上部位的９５例．各种并发症９２例次．存活组３０４例，死亡组３７例，两组年龄相同，死亡组院前时间较短，生理评分ＲＴＳ和ＧＣＳ较低，ＩＳＳ值和胸部ＡＩＳ值高于生存组；两组Ｐｓ有高度显著性差异．结论：胸伤和头伤受损伤程度对车祸患者死亡率的影响较大，可用以分型：胸伤为主型者，若呼吸加快则提示伴胸壁和胸膜腔损伤，或若有ＡＲＤＳ则提示大的肺挫伤或创伤性湿肺；胸伤为次型者，ＡＲＤＳ提示脑伤后神经源性肺水肿；脑伤为主且意识下降者，死亡较高．大型医院的胸部车祸患者伤势较重而死亡率较高，非预期死亡率较低．     

302例汽车驾驶员交通伤特点分析

汽车驾驶员交通伤因车辆碰撞部位不同 ,伤情复杂。笔者总结我院收治的30 2例汽车驾驶员交通伤伤情特点 ,报告如下。资料与方法我院交通伤急救中心 1995年 7月～ 1999年 7月共收治汽车驾驶员交通伤30 2例 ,其中男 2 6 6例 ,女 36例 ;年龄 2 0～48岁。按所驾驶汽车被碰撞部位分为前部碰撞、尾部碰撞、侧方碰撞和车辆翻滚。对不同碰撞类型驾驶员受伤部位和损伤程度进行比较分析。损伤严重度采用Ｂａｋｅｒ等[1 ] 提出的ＩＳＳ评分法进行评估。损伤严重度分为Ⅲ度 :轻度损伤 ,ＡＩＳ≤ 2 (ＩＳＳ≤ 8分 ) ;中重度损伤 ,ＡＩＳ =3(ＩＳＳ 9～ 15…     

中国人重伤住院调──创伤原因、部位、程度、救治和结局分析

目的：探讨我国严重创伤的伤因、伤情、救治结局及不同地区或医院间的差异．方法：分层抽样回顾前瞻设计，从６省１２市县１７家医院筛选院前时间≤２４小时、ｍＡＩＳ≥３伤员１０４２８例，调查其伤因、伤势、院前过程和院内处理、结局等指标并评分．结果：我国主要伤因３类１２种，占伤因的９９．５％；创伤部位以头、四肢和多发伤为主，占７５．８％；院前时间随地区而异，与伤因和部位无关，时间越短的ＲＴＳ越低；手术率７９．３５％；并发症率２１．６９％；住院时间２８．９±３１．９天；总病死率９．８３％，非预期病死率４．６１％．结论：我国１５～４５岁男性为创伤高危人群；交通、治安和工伤是主要伤因；交通事故伤引起的多发伤伤情最重；头和四肢为创伤高发区，而头、胸、腹为重伤区；院前时间长、中转率高和非预期病死率高说明我国创伤的院前、院内急救亟待提高     

颌面颅脑伤特点与救治

颌面颅脑伤特点与救治徐平肖光裕田应德徐邦宗我院１９７５年８月～１９９６年２月救治面颅伤病人２５０例．现就伤情特点、诊治等有关问题进行探讨．临床资料１．一般资料：本组２５０例中，男１９９例，女５１例；平均年龄２７．５岁（１５～６５岁）．伤因：交通伤１１...     

用损伤严重度评分法评价1488例病人伤情

目前对医院内的伤情严重度评分方法仍多用损伤严重度评分法（ＡＩＳ－ＩＳＳ法，简称ＩＳＳ）。我们以ＡＩＳ－９０版为依据，应用ＩＳＳ对１９８５～１９９２年间收治的１４８８例创伤病人伤情严重程度进行了评价，现将其结果报告如下。资料与方法一、一般资料：男１０４...     

不同等级医院交通事故伤伤员分布特征与结局的比较研究

目的：比较不同医院的车祸伤员分布特点和伤情、抢救水平和疗效．方法：临床流行病学调查与创伤评分相结合，抽取车祸重伤员１９１５例，按医院等级分组，进行创伤评分和统计处理．结果：（１）伤员分布：大医院的伤员解剖损伤和生理紊乱重而生存概率低，二三级医院平均ＩＳＳ＞１６．（２）转诊的影响：重伤员向上级医院转运使院前时间延长５～９小时．（３）死亡因素分析：①评分值：生理评分ＲＴＳ与死亡概率Ｐｓ密切相关；解剖评分ＩＳＳ／ＡＰ与死亡概率Ｐｓ中度相关，ｍａｘＡＩＳ＝５组和院前时间＜６小时组死亡率明显升高．②并发症：死亡组并发症率显著高于生存组．③医院等级：大医院死亡率高于基层医院，但非预期死亡率较低，平均住院日较短．结论：上述结果能反映车祸伤员在各级医院的分布特点．     

156例伤员修正创伤指数与损伤严重度评分值的比较

目的：将修正创伤指数（ＲＴＩ）与损伤严重度评分（ＩＳＳ）值进行比较，探讨其规律以及严重多发伤ＩＳＳ值的界定．方法：复习１９９０～１９９３年我科救治的多发伤伤员１５６例，ＲＴＩ为１５．４６±２．８８，ＩＳＳ为２０．１３±５．６９．ＩＳＳ≥２０组段死亡率为２３．６１％，ＩＳＳ在１６～１９组段死亡率为３．５１％．对两种评分分值进行相关回归分析，两组段死亡率进行χ２检验．结果：两种评分分值之间存在中度直线相关关系（ｒ＝０．４，Ｐ＜０．０１）．两组段死亡率差别有统计学意义（χ２＝８．８１，Ｐ＜０．００５）．结论：本组多发伤伤员ＲＴＩ与ＩＳＳ之间存在着一定的对应关系．建议院前评分选用ＲＴＩ，并将严重多发伤的ＩＳＳ值界定在≥２０．     

颅脑火器伤的临床特征与救治

目的 总结和分析颅服火器伤的临床特征与救治经验，提高其诊治水平。方法 回顾性分析了259例颅脑火器伤患者的损伤特点和救治情况。结果 本组火器伤类型为：盲管伤162例（62．5％）；贯通伤（32．8％）；切线伤12（4．6％）；合并其他部位伤63例（24．3％），损伤特点是：伤情急、创伤重、病情变化快。经急救和手术处理后，生存225例（86．9％），死亡34例（13．1％）。对187例平均随访5．6年；恢复良好105例（56．1％）；轻残54例（28．9％）；重残23例（12．3％）；植物生存状态5例（2．7％）。结论 迅速对患者开展现场急救、正确地进行伤情评估和急诊手术处理，是提高救治水平的关键。     

严重交通伤与坠落伤救治结局比较和创伤急救模式探讨

目的 进一步提高严重交通伤（ＲＴＴ）与坠落伤（ＦＩ）的救治水平。方法 为重庆急救中心１９９６年８月～１９９７年７月救治的严重ＲＴＴ和ＦＩ（ＩＳＳ≥１６或ＡＩＳ≥３）结局进行比较分析。结果 ＲＴＴ２１９例,ＦＩ１１７例。严重多发伤组的致死率及其死亡及其死亡组ＩＳＳ值ＦＩ显著高于ＲＴＴ（Ｐ〈０．０５）,其腹部和（或）盆腔脏器伤、上肢伤、下肢和（或）骨盆伤、脊柱的发生率ＦＩ显著高于ＲＴＴ（Ｐ〈０．０１或     

多发伤并长骨损伤的固定方式与处理时机

目的 分析严重多发伤与长骨损伤的救治关系,探讨骨折固定方式与处理时机.方法 对随机采集的357例多发伤并长骨损伤患者按其长骨损伤特征、固定方式以及处理时间分组进行回顾性分析,采用ALS、ISS和TRISSRTS法对创伤的严重程度进行3个层次衡量评定,以控制组内和组间的可比性与统计学分析.结果 全组长骨损伤AIS最大值(MAIS)=3.28 ±1.15,并发其他部位伤MAIS=4.45 ±1.69,ISS=35.57 ±19.64,Ps=0.67±0.29.伤员生存危险与长骨损伤状况及所并发损伤的部位或器官有关,组合或混合方式固定患者并发损伤部位和长骨数多而伤情复杂,后期固定患者多存在延迟骨折固定的影响因素.结论 建立损害控制的概念,依据伤情进行分类救治有助于权衡骨折治疗利弊并做合理选择或分期实施.     

Antipersonnel mine injuries in Southern Croatia

OBJECTIVES: In this retrospective study, antipersonnel mine casualties in Southern Croatia from 1991 to 1995 are analyzed and treatment options are discussed. METHODS: Mechanism, degree of injury according to Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) and Injury Severity Score (ISS), as well as surgical treatment were analyzed. RESULTS: Of a 2,693 war trauma population, 422 (15.67%) patients sustained antipersonnel mine injuries, 241 (57.11%) from pressure mines and 181 (42.89%) from fragmentation mines. Military personnel were injured in 329 cases, civilians in 60 cases, and children in 33 cases. AIS was 3.01 +/- 0.56 and ISS was 17.92 +/- 6.59. Of 39 fatalities (9.24%) with a mean age of 27.98 +/- 1.70 years, 34 were soldiers, 4 were civilians, and 1 was a child. AIS was 5.35 +/- 0.39 and ISS was 54.94 +/- 2.36. CONCLUSION: Fatalities and morbidity arising from antipersonnel mines can be reduced by the provision of appropriate surgical and evacuation facilities at the actual battlefield.     

改良面部损伤严重度评分法评价颌面部创伤1134例

目的 用损伤严重度评分（ISS）法改良后得到的改良面部ISS（revised facial injury severity score,RFISS)法评价1134例颌面部创伤。方法 将急诊入院的1134例颌面部创伤病例依损伤部位分为颌面部单一伤（A组）、颌面部多处伤（B组）两组,用ISS法和RFISS法分析。结果 ISS法和RFISS法都能判别A组与B组伤情严重度,两组比较,差异有非常显著性意义（P＜0．01）。但RFISS更能将伤情严重程度显示出来。另外,在反映损伤处数方面,RFISS法也优于ISS法（P＜0．01）。结论 在颌面部损伤严重度研究中,RFISS法有效,且优于ISS法。     

复合型颅脑损伤特点与救治分类

目的　探讨复合型颅脑伤的损伤特点与救治关系以及对预后结局的影响。方法　通过创伤评分法 ,对 76 1例多发伤合并有颅脑损伤患者的生理指标和解剖损伤进行伤情量化评定 ,并计算其生存概率(Ps)。依据各部位伤的AIS分值在ISS评分组合作用大小和顺位分为 4类 ,以此对损伤程度、生理改变、组合关系以及预后等方面进行对比与统计学分析。结果　交通伤比较多见 ,常为多重暴力所致 ,颅内损伤与颅外损伤可有组合差异 ,生理状态与解剖损伤常呈不对称相关 ,颅脑性因素与非颅脑性因素多为复合影响。伤员的生存概率与ISS分值组合分布密切相关。结论　明确颅脑损伤与颅外损伤组合特点 ,对认识各部位伤情的组合关系 ,强调整体复合意识 ,指导分类救治是有益的     

46例钝性与穿透性膈肌损伤的临床比较研究

目的　分析比较钝性与穿透性膈肌损伤的临床特点和伤情,以指导创伤的救治。　方法　46例胸外伤合并膈肌破裂病人分为穿透伤组和钝性伤组,比较两组的损伤情况,并应用创伤评分系统进行创伤严重度评估。　结果　钝性胸外伤造成膈肌破裂的发生率低,复杂,常合并全身多发伤,但伤情进展相对较慢;穿透性胸外伤造成膈肌破裂的发生率高,伤情进展迅速,早期易出现失血性休克。比较损伤严重度评分(ISS)、修正创伤评分(RTS)和胸部简明损伤定级(AIS),两组间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,但钝性伤组入院时格拉斯哥昏迷指数(GCS)和腹部AIS较低,分别为12.69±2.69,1.62±1.66（P<0.05）。　结论　针对钝性与穿透性膈肌损伤的不同临床特点,应采取相应的治疗措施,减少并发症,改善预后。     

重型颅脑外伤合并腹部脏器损伤延迟加重的诊治

目的　探讨重型颅脑外伤合并腹部脏器损伤延迟加重的诊断和治疗。　方法　回顾 4年来收治的 3 7例重型颅脑外伤合并腹部脏器损伤体征延迟出现并进行性加重的患者资料 ,分析此类患者腹部手术前后损伤严重度评分 (ISS)和简明损伤定级 (AIS)差异、死亡及并发症发生率与伤后是否直接入ICU的关系。　结果　伤后直接入ICU与未直接入ICU患者格拉斯哥昏迷评分 (GCS)、ISS、AIS比较 ,差异无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5) ,患者腹部手术前后ISS及AIS差异有非常显著性意义 (P =0 .0 0 0 ) ,死亡率与伤后是否直接入ICU密切相关 (P =0 .0 18) ,并发症发生率与是否直接入ICU差异无显著性意义 (P =0 .0 67)。　结论　重型颅脑外伤合并腹部脏器损伤延迟加重的患者伤后直接入ICU ,适当放宽手术指征可能有助于提高抢救成功率     

Forensic pathological evaluation of injury severity and fatal outcome in traffic accidents: five illustrative autopsy cases of clinically unexpected death

In forensic casework, investigation of injury severity in traffic accidents is important for evaluating the mortality, occasionally in terms of the adequacy of clinical management. The present study evaluated 5 cases of clinically unexpected delayed collapse followed by death using the abbreviated injury scale (AIS), injury severity score (ISS), and a clinical trauma care method (trauma and injury severity score, TRISS). In these cases, major injury (AIS = 3–5) was found in the head, chest and/or abdomen at autopsy, and ISS was estimated to be 11–45 (serious to critical but not incompatible with life). By the TRISS method, the probability of survival (P _s) was estimated to be >0.5 for all cases (0.60–0.99), suggesting that these were preventable deaths. However, the present cases showed several common features: (a) fatality due to closed injury/-ies to the thoracic and/or abdominal viscera, (b) alert and poor symptoms/clinical signs, and (c) poor positive findings in diagnostic imaging at early times after injury, and (d) complications of other evident injuries, suggesting difficulties in the clinical diagnosis of potentially fatal injuries, but (e) possibly predictable fatal injury when typical patterns of traffic accident injury were considered.     

1 168例颌面部交通伤伤情分析

目的　应用改良面部损伤严重度评分 (revisedfacialISS ,RFISS)法回顾性分析 116 8例颌面部交通伤伤情。　方法　将全组病例按合并伤情况、损伤处数、伤员分类等 3种标准先后分组 ,用RFISS法对各组病例伤情作统计分析。　结果　 116 8例中 ,男 883例 ,女 2 85例 ;年龄 0～ 83(2 9.6± 13 .1)岁 ,高峰年龄段 15～ 44岁共 896例 (占 76 .7% )。其中颌面部单发伤 832例 ,合并颅脑伤 186例。全组各部位损伤共 3 6 0 0处 ,人均 3.1处。交通伤组RFISS值 (5 .89± 2 .30 )显著高于非交通伤组 (5 .2 3± 2 .6 4) (P <0 .0 0 1)。合并颅脑伤组、多处伤组、机动车驾驶员组的RFISS值最高 ,分别为 6 .5 8± 2 .37,7.14± 1.75 ,6 .70± 2 .38,与同类其他组RFISS值比较 ,差异有非常显著性意义 (P<0 .0 1)。　结论　交通事故比其他原因导致的颌面部损伤重 ,合并有颅脑伤的颌面部交通伤伤情最重。用RFISS法分析颌面部交通伤 ,能客观、准确地评价损伤的严重程度     

The Abbreviated Injury Scale and its correlation with preventable traumatic accidental deaths: a study from South Delhi

Anatomic trauma scoring systems are fundamental to trauma research. The Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) and its derivative, the Injury Severity Score (ISS), are the most frequently used scales. In a prospective study, 400 autopsies of road traffic accident victims performed between January 2002 and December 2003 were coded according to the AIS and ISS methods. All the cases were classified into different injury groups according to the Injury Severity Scale. Fifty-eight cases (14.5%) were assigned an ISS value of <25; 244 (61%) cases were valued between 25-49; 38 cases (9.5%) were valued between 50-74 and 60 (15%) cases had a value of 75. On analysis of medical care, in cases with ISS<50, about 96% of the victims did not receive optimal care quickly enough with a lack of pre-hospital resuscitation measures and lengthy transportation time to hospital being of major importance.     

Evaluation of skiing injuries by Injury Severity Score

The goal of this study was to evaluate the Injury Severity Score (ISS) in an alpine area. Hafjell Alpine Centre was the 1994 Winter Olympic Alpine arena in Lillehammer. A total of 2,044,484 lift transportations and 183 injuries were registered in the two winter seasons 1991 and 1992. The injury rate was 1.8 injuries per 1000 skier days. The mean ISS was 3.6 per injury for this particular alpine area. Thirty-six per cent of the injured were women and 35.5% were between 15 and 19 years of age. There was no difference in mean ISS between male and female skiers, but mean ISS was higher in adolescents than in the other age groups. Injuries to the knee represented the single most frequently injured body region, but injuries to the abdomen had the highest mean ISS. Alpine skiers suffered more severe injuries than telemark and snowboard skiers. Severe injuries (ISS > 16) were recorded when unexpected objects, such as a grooming machine, a net, a root, etc., appeared on the slope. The Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) and ISS give us additional information about the condition of the slopes, and their use as a tool in preventing skiing injuries is recommended.