喂养行为与婴幼儿营养发育的关系

目的探讨喂养行为与婴幼儿营养发育的相关性.方法采用自编的"婴幼儿营养调查表"对346个0～18个月婴幼儿的主要养护人进行入户访谈.结果出生后4个月内母乳喂养率高,婴幼儿营养状况良好.4个月后由于辅食添加的不合理,其营养状况相对较差.营养发育正常的婴幼儿与营养发育稍差(低于均值1个标准差者)婴幼儿相比较,在辅食添加时间上(P<0.01),及添加的种类上(P<0.01)均有非常显著性差异.其中辅食添加时间的分布方面,7～9个月的差异最明显(P<0.01).结论在社区健康教育中,利用各种传媒向孕妇、年轻父母及其家人普及喂养新观念,重点宣传辅食添加知识,转变不良喂养行为.     

婴儿辅食添加现场制作示范健康教育效果分析

目的了解婴儿辅食添加喂养状况及家长对辅食添加知识的掌握程度、态度及相关的行为。方法采取整群随机抽样问卷调查方法,对410名婴儿家长进行调查,并定期进行各类辅食的现场制作示范并作喂养指导。结果婴儿辅食添加的好坏与父母文化程度、喂养知识的强化培训、家庭的经济收入呈正相关。通过干预可使儿童家长能按正确方法添加和制作辅食,干预组与对照组辅食添加时间差异有显著性(P<0.01)。结论实施婴儿辅食添加现场制作示范及喂养指导能有效提高家长的育儿水平,促进儿童体格发育,减少营养不良儿的发生,应大力推广。     

婴儿辅食添加现场制作示范健康教育效果分析

目的 了解婴儿辅食添加喂养状况及家长对辅食添加知识的掌握程度、态度及相关的行为.方法 采取整群随机抽样问卷调查方法,对410名婴儿家长进行调查,并定期进行各类辅食的现场制作示范并作喂养指导.结果 婴儿辅食添加的好坏与父母文化程度、喂养知识的强化培训、家庭的经济收入呈正相关.通过干预可使儿童家长能按正确方法添加和制作辅食,干预组与对照组辅食添加时间差异有显著性(P＜0.01).结论 实施婴儿辅食添加现场制作示范及喂养指导能有效提高家长的育儿水平,促进儿童体格发育,减少营养不良儿的发生,应大力推广.     

喂养方式与婴儿贫血因素分析及对策

目的为更进一步了解引起小儿贫血的相关因素，实施积极有效措施防治小儿贫血，保障婴儿的健康成长。方法根据来我院进行系统保健的6个月-3周岁婴儿1322名，其中母乳喂养1180名，人工喂养47名，混合喂养95名，贫血患病率进行分析。结果母乳喂养组贫血患病率为55．08％，明显低于人工喂养组贫血患病率78．72％。和混合喂养组贫血患病率77．89％。及时常添加辅食组贫血患病率41．98％，又明显低于及时不常添加辅食组贫血患病率59．59％。和不添加辅食组贫血患病率78．46％，差异有显著意义。结论不同喂养方式和能否及时常添加辅食，对小儿贫血有着不同影响，因此，在保健过程采取相应对策，对预防小儿贫血将取得积极作用。     

正确辅食添加对婴幼儿饮食行为及营养状况的影响

目的:对正确辅食添加对婴幼儿饮食行为及营养状况的影响进行分析探讨。方法:选择在该院门诊做系统保健的婴儿150例作为研究对象,将其随机分成两组,分别定义为干预组与对照组,每组75例。干预组婴儿喂养人定期参加辅食添加知识讲座以及个体化的喂养行为指导,对照组婴儿按照保健常规进行体检、育儿指导。而后对这两组婴儿的体格发育指标进行检测,并对两组婴儿的饮食行为问题、辅食添加情况、家庭喂养行为等进行对比分析。结果:对比发现,干预组饮食行为问题发生率较对照组发生显著降低(P0.05);两组婴儿超重、肥胖的发生率比较存在明显差异,表现为对照组肥胖、超重发生率高于干预组(P0.05)。结论:在婴儿时期,正确的添加辅食、科学的喂养行为指导,对于树立喂养人正确的喂养观念具有很大的帮助,可以建立良好的家庭食物环境,有效促进了婴幼儿合理喂养以及健康教育,值得关注并推广。     

内蒙古0～2岁蒙汉族婴幼儿母亲关于儿童辅食添加的KAP调查分析

目的:了解内蒙古0~2岁蒙、汉族婴幼儿辅食添加现状及其母亲关于合理添加辅食的知识和态度,为开展儿童喂养健康教育干预提供信息。方法:采用分层整群随机抽样方法,使用自行设计的问卷,于2004年4月在内蒙古四子王旗调查335名蒙汉族婴幼儿母亲。采用SPSS软件进行资料分析。结果:蒙古族婴幼儿平均于194d开始添加辅食,而汉族婴幼儿平均于218d开始添加辅食,二者的差异有显著性(P<0.05);蒙汉族婴幼儿6~12个月龄喂养指数仅为4.24,喂养指数合格率仅为8.8%,明显低于全国水平;婴幼儿母亲对于合理添加辅食有积极的态度,但其缺乏合理添加辅食知识,仅有22.1%的婴幼儿母亲知道正确的开始添加辅食时间。结论:蒙汉族婴幼儿辅食添加时间晚、品种单调、次数不足,是儿童辅食添加方面存在的主要问题,婴幼儿母亲关于辅食添加知识亟待提高。     

喂养行为与婴幼儿营养发育的关系

目的 探讨喂养行为与婴幼儿营养发育的相关性。方法 采用自编的“婴幼儿营养调查表”对346个0－18个月婴幼儿的主要养护人进行入户访谈。结果 出生后4个月内母乳喂养率高，婴幼儿营养状况良好。4个月后由于辅食添加的不合理，其营养状况相对较差。营养发育正常的婴幼儿与营养发育稍差（低于均值1个标准差者）婴幼儿相比较，在辅食添加时间上（P＜0．01），及添加的种类上（P＜0．01）均有非常显著性差异。其中辅食添加时间的分布方面，7－9个月的差异最明显（P＜0．01）。结论 在社区健康教育中，利用各种传媒向孕妇、年轻父母及其家人普及喂养新观念，重点宣传辅食添加知识，转变不良喂养行为。     

0～12月龄婴儿维生素D缺乏性佝偻病患病情况及相关因素调查分析

目的:对遵义市0～12月龄婴儿Vit D缺乏性佝偻病发病情况及相关因素进行调查,以了解Vit D缺乏性佝偻病的影响因素并提出指导性意见。方法:收集进行健康体检的0～12月龄婴儿的资料,分别对不同喂养方式的发病率和添加辅食时间早晚的发病率进行比较分析。结果:混合喂养组发病(31.6%)明显高于母乳喂养组(14.6%)和人工喂养组(12.3%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);7～12月龄添加辅食组发病率(32.6%)明显高于4～6月龄添加辅食组(12.4%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:要预防婴儿Vit D缺乏性佝偻病,应指导母亲重视母乳喂养,积极宣教,加强婴幼儿合理喂养,4月龄后按顺序及时添加含钙质丰富的食物,另外还应适当增加户外日晒时间,必要时可指导家长添加Vit D和钙剂。只有采取综合措施,才能有效降低小儿Vit D缺乏性佝偻病的发病率。     

遵义市婴幼儿喂养状况调查

目的了解遵义市婴幼儿喂养状况、存在问题及添加辅食对婴幼儿健康水平的影响。方法根据最新婴幼儿喂养建议,以婴幼儿喂养合理、正确与否进行分组,由专人负责,统一表格、标准和要求,进行统一规定的～6、～9、～12、～18月四个年龄段儿童的生长情况监测和母亲的一人一表问卷调查。结果遵义市4月龄儿童添加辅食率为86.2%,6月龄为92.7%,0～6月龄添加辅食正确率为60.6%。合理添加辅食组～6、～9、～12月龄儿童的体重生长速率大于不合理添加辅食组,〈0.05。～9、～12月龄组血红蛋白浓度合理添加辅食组明显高于不合理添加辅食组,〈0.01。添加辅食合理与否对各年龄组儿童身长生长速率,对婴幼儿感冒、支气管炎及肺炎、腹泻、佝偻病等发病率的影响,均无显著性差异,〉0.05。结论合理及时的添加辅食是保障儿童健康成长的基础。应在大力提倡科学母乳喂养的同时,进一步加强儿童辅食添加知识的宣传和指导,促进婴幼儿的生长发育。     

婴幼儿主要照顾者辅食添加认知现状及影响因素调查

目的 调查婴幼儿主要照顾者辅食添加知识、态度、行为(KAP)现状并探讨其影响因素.方法 便利抽取某市两所三级甲等医院儿科门诊的婴幼儿主要照顾者200名,采用自制问卷进行调查.结果 辅食添加知识问卷及格率为53.8％,主要照顾者喂养态度普遍较好,其中35.4％的主要照顾者选择在婴幼儿6～8个月时添加辅食.影响主要照顾者辅食添加知识、态度问卷得分的因素有文化程度、现居住地及家庭月收入.结论 主要照顾者辅食添加态度普遍较好,但知识、行为有待改善,应加强喂养知识宣传教育,培养正确的喂养行为.     

喂养方式对儿童牙、牙列、颌骨生长发育的影响

不同的喂养方式以及喂养时间等因素会对婴幼儿的牙、牙列甚至颌骨的发育造成不同程度的影响。国内外已有诸多学者对喂养方式进行了研究,但国内的家长关于喂养方式仍存在不少误解,喂养方式选择及应用的不当可能会给儿童牙、牙列、颌骨甚至全身的发育带来不利的影响。本文旨在讨论喂养方式对儿童牙、牙列及颌骨生长发育的影响。     

The science of infant nutrition and the art of infant feeding

Using the recommendations of the Committe on Nutrition of the American Academy of Pediatrics for infant formulas as a scientific base, practical guidelines for feeding infants are given. Breast feeding or the use of a prepared formula meets these recommendations while evaporated milk, fresh cow's milk, and skimmed milk, despite widespread use for many years, do not. The feeding of strained foods and infants cereals should be begun when the infant has reached the stage of development appropriate for feeding from a spoon and swallowing nonliquid foods, usually between 3 and 6 months of age. Lifelong eating patterns begin during this period. Adjusting caloric intake to needs and learning to enjoy a variety of foods are major objectives of feeding practices.     

爱婴医院院后婴儿喂养方式影响因素的多因素分析

目的探讨婴儿喂养方式的影响因素，提高母乳喂养率。方法采用自编“哺乳情况调查表”，访谈及信访爱婴医院的哺乳妇女共２２１人。结果在出生后１～４个月内随着婴儿月龄增加，纯母乳喂养方式比例逐步减少，混合喂养逐步增多。Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归分析表明，影响母乳喂养比例减少的主要因素是母乳量不足，乳母缺少母乳喂养知识以及缺少医疗卫生部门的健康教育。结论健康教育活动中加强母乳喂养重要性的知识教育与社会服务，是提高母乳喂养比例的重要手段之一。     

Egg and cows' milk hypersensitivity in exclusively breast fed infants with eczema, and detection of egg protein in breast milk

Forty nine eczematous infants who were still solely and exclusively breast fed and who had never received anything but breast milk were studied for evidence of sensitisation to foods. Thirty four similar infants without eczema formed a control group. The eczematous infants were divided into three groups according to clinical criteria: (1) definite atopic eczema; (2) possible atopic eczema; (3) atopic eczema unlikely. Twenty three infants showed cutaneous hypersensitivity to foods, usually egg and cows' milk. Seven of 14 infants in group 1 and nine of 20 in group 2 were sensitised compared with four of 15 in group 3 and three of 34 controls (p less than 0.01). Ovalbumin was detected in breast milk from 14 of 19 mothers tested after ingestion of egg, the concentrations being the same for mothers feeding eczematous and normal infants. Breast fed babies developing eczema may be sensitised by foods eaten by their mothers.     

Breast Feeding Practice among Medical Women in Nigeria

BACKGROUND: Health care workers are important in the promotion, protection and support of breast feeding. Their ability to do this may be influenced by their knowledge, personal experiences and work. PATIENTS AND METHOD: The breast feeding experience of 36 female medical doctors who had babies within the preceding two years and had resumed work was evaluated using a semi-structured self administered questionnaire. RESULT: All respondents knew that babies should be exclusively breast fed for the first six months of life but only 60% knew that breast feeding should continue until two years. The exclusive breast feeding rate for the studied doctors was 11.1%. Before their babies were six months old, about 75% of respondents had resumed work whilst over 50% had started taking calls. Most could not breast feed during working or call hours. Alternative feeds during working or call hours included expressed breast milk in 34.4% and infant formula in 21.9%. Feeding bottle was the major method (77.4%) for feeding these alternatives. Work schedule was rearranged to allow breast feeding in only 27.3% of respondents. CONCLUSION: Failure to carry out exclusive breast feeding, the use of infant formula and feeding bottles (rather than cup feeding) are practices that may be inimical to the practice of breast feeding in society in general. The suboptimal breast feeding experience in these doctors and the identified knowledge deficits may limit their effectiveness in promoting and supporting breast feeding among their patients and communities. Female medical personnel should be empowered to carry out optimal feeding of their own infants.     

Rate of inactivation of cytomegalovirus in raw banked milk during storage at -20 degrees C and pasteurisation

Samples of milk from 23 mothers attending the department of obstetrics and gynaecology and 36 who donated milk to the department's milk bank were cultured for cytomegalovirus. Virus was isolated from samples from 12 of the milk donors but none of the mothers attending the department; follow-up studies during lactation in seven of these 12 women showed that five continued to excrete the virus. Samples were taken on three occasions from one woman who regularly excreted high titres of the virus. Storage at -20 degrees C for over three days reduced the titre by over 99%; after pasteurisation at 63 degrees C for eight minutes the milk did not contain any viable virus. It is recommended that raw banked milk used for feeding preterm babies should be kept frozen for at least 72 hours before feeding.     

World Health Assembly recommends exclusive breastfeeding for first six months

Exclusive breastfeeding means that the infant receives only breast milk (from his or her mother or a wet nurse or expressed breast milk) and no other liquids or complementary foods with the exception of undiluted drops or syrups consisting of vitamin and mineral supplements or medicines. During this period water is not permitted. The resolution (WHA 54.2) urges Member States to support exclusive breastfeeding for first six months as a global public health recommendation and to provide safe and appropriate complementary foods, with continued breastfeeding for up to two years or beyond. Breastfeeding Promotion Network of India (BPNI) has issued guidelines for breastfeeding and complementary feeding.     

Iron status and infants feeding practice in children with anaemia

A cross sectional study was carried out in the then IPGM&R now (Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh) to detect the pattern of feeding practice among the anemic children who were below 2 years of age and to find out a relationship between feeding practice and iron status. Hemoglobin was measured on finger prick blood samples using Haemoglobinometer. A peripheral blood film, and serum-ferritin was estimated by micro particle enzyme-immonoassay (MEIA). A dietary questionnaire was completed with particular emphasis on the type of feeding, breast and formula and at which age the weaning was introduced. 140 clinically suspected anemic patients were selected randomly for this study. Among them 111 (79.3%) patient had hemoglobin value ranging between 7.2-6.4 gm and their serum-ferritin level at or below 12 ngm/ml. It was observed that female children were predominantly affected and incidentally all patients were malnourished. In this study it was found that babies with an exclusive diet of breast milk were mildly anemic and not deficient in iron. On the contrary infants with mixed feeding habits or prolonged breast-feeding without weaning at all or babies devoid of any breast milk had moderate to severe anaemia and all were deficient in iron.     

Feeding pattern, supplementary foods and growth of low birthweight and normal birthweight infants in Machakos, Kenya

Feeding pattern, food consumption, and growth in weight were assessed for 168 low-birthweight and 187 normal birthweight infants in Machakos district, Kenya, an agricultural region 80 km East of Nairobi, between September 1977-December 1980. Birthweight was defined as the weight taken within 48 hours after birth, and the old WHO cutoff point of 2500 g or less was used to define low birthweight. It was planned to measure the infant's weight and food intake at 6-week inttervals during the 1st year; however, the number of measurements per infant ranged from 1 to 9. No differences were found in the breastfeeding pattern or the type of supplementary foods given to low birth weight (LBW) and normal birth weight (NBW) infants. At 6 weeks, 60% of the infants were exclusively breastfed. The number decreased over time, but only 1.7% were completely weaned before 52 weeks. At 5-6 months, and 10-12 months the energy intake from supplementary foods was 225 and 450 kcal (950 and 1900 kJ) respectively; at the same ages daily protein intake was 9 and 14 g respectively. Yet both groups followed their own growth channel, maintaining the difference in weight observed at birth. It is assumed, therefore, that LBW infants had a lower breast milk intake than NBW infants, as yield is influenced by vigor of suckeling and the nutritional status of the mother. No data is available for breast milk intake. However, in Machakos, LBW does carry a high mortality risk.     

笼养棉顶狨猴的育婴行为

笼养棉顶狨猴的育婴行为直接影响婴猴的存活率。作者的研究发现，除了双亲猴的抚育经验外，母猴产后身体状况、婴猴的体重及每胎仔猴个体数均与双亲猴背负、残害、遗弃婴猴行为有关。采取人工喂养是提高婴猴存活率的主要手段。