MRI引导头颈及躯干部静脉血管畸形硬化治疗的可行性

目的评价MRI在头颈及躯干部静脉血管畸形硬化治疗中的应用价值。方法在MRI引导下对21例头颈及躯干部静脉血管畸形患者进行硬化治疗。治疗后随访12～36个月,分别对比治疗前、后临床症状及MRI的变化,评估治疗效果。结果对21例患者共行29次穿刺及硬化治疗,技术成功率为100%（29/29）,未出现严重并发症。21例患者平均随访时间为（23.3±6.9）个月,其中17例（17/21,80.95%）症状有所改善。13例患者在随访时接受MR检查,首次治疗到随访MR的平均时间间隔为（19.0±4.2）个月。MRI见9例（9/13,69.23%）病灶缩小,其中6例（6/13,46.15%）病灶轻度变小,3例（3/13,23.08%）病灶明显变小,4例（4/13,30.77%）病灶体积无明显变化或增大。结论 MRI可以作为硬化治疗头颈及躯干部静脉血管畸形的影像学引导手段。     

低流量先天性血管畸形的腔内治疗(附132例分析)

目的 总结低流量先天性血管畸形的腔内治疗经验。方法 2009年7月~2014年7月,对低流量先天性血管畸形132例,采用聚桂醇经皮硬化治疗61例,无水乙醇经皮硬化治疗3例,乙烯-乙烯基醇共聚物(ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer,Onyx)经皮硬化2例,联合聚桂醇、无水乙醇、Onyx、平阳霉素或弹簧圈经皮硬化66例。结果 随访6~66个月,平均18.8月。治愈57例(43.2%),显效51例(38.6%),好转18例(13.6%),无效6例(4.5%)。1例(0.8%)治疗时发生一过性病灶疼痛。结论 腔内治疗是低流量先天性血管畸形的有效治疗方案。     

经皮注射硬化剂治疗低流速型血管畸形

目的报告经皮注射硬化剂治疗低流速型血管畸形的疗效。方法23例浅表低流速型血管畸形患者进入研究。平阳霉素8mg、地塞米松5mg、2%利多卡因2ml、生理盐水2ml与少量对比剂混合后溶解配制硬化剂。DSA引导下经皮注射硬化剂,根据弥散情况及时终止注射。结果6个月至3年随访显示,血管畸形治愈率86.96%（20/23）,好转率13.04%（3/23）,总有效率100%。治疗后全部患者出现局部肿胀、疼痛,逐渐自行缓解;3例出现局部色素沉着;无发热、皮肤破溃、感觉异常、肺纤维化发生。结论经皮注射硬化剂治疗低流速型血管畸形安全、有效。     

体表巨大血管畸形的介入诊断分型及治疗

目的：研究体表巨大血管畸形的介入诊断和治疗方法。方法：对32例体表巨大血管畸形患者进行介入治疗,瘤体位于颌面部、躯干、四肢等处。在透视下经股动脉穿刺,导丝引导下插入微导管至病变部位,注射造影剂碘海醇,根据血管特征,分为动静脉瘘或静脉畸形或混合血管畸形等不同类别,对于动静脉瘘以NBCA胶或明胶栓塞治疗,对于静脉畸形则向病变内部注射碘油＋平阳霉素＋明胶海绵颗粒混合物。结果：动静脉畸形和静脉畸形分别进行栓塞或硬化治疗后,病变区域皮肤颜色变浅,患者48h内局部均有肿胀感甚至疼痛,瘤体逐步萎缩变小,血管搏动减弱或消失。结论：介入下可以对血管畸形进行准确诊断和分型,同时进行栓塞或硬化治疗可以取到良好的治疗效果,对于位于重要脏器和结构周围的巨大病变十分安全有效。     

影像学研究硬脊膜动静脉瘘进展

硬脊膜动静脉瘘(SDAVF)为低发病率脊柱血管畸形,临床表现不典型且较为隐匿,易误诊。早期诊断SDAVF主要依靠影像学检查,包括MRI、CT血管造影及数字减影血管造影,三者各有其优势。本文就影像学研究SDAVF进展进行综述。     

脊髓动静脉畸形MRI表现与临床分析

目的探讨脊髓动静脉畸形MRI表现与临床特点。方法回顾性分析2005-02-2009-109例脊髓动静脉畸形患者的MRI表现及临床资料。结果畸形血管位于颈段2例,胸段2例、腰段1例、胸腰段4例。9例显示畸形血管:髓外6例,髓内2例,髓内外1例。结论本文讨论了MRI的诊断、检查技术问题,MRI与传统影像学方法相比,在诊断脊髓动静脉畸形上具有无创伤,显示病变更全面、直观,便于随访观察的优点。     

脊髓血管畸形的诊断和治疗

目的:探讨脊髓血管畸形的临床特征、分型、诊断、治疗和预后。方法:1991年1月~2003年7月收治经MRI、DSA和(或)术后病理证实的脊髓血管畸形(AVM)59例。其中硬脊膜动静脉瘘(SDAVF)18例,膜内髓周动静脉瘘(PMAVF)12例,髓内动静脉畸形(SCAVM)29例。手术切除37例,单纯血管内栓塞治疗13例,先血管内栓塞后再手术6例,未治疗3例。结果:经治疗的56例治愈16例,明显好转17例,稳定18例,加重5例。结论:根据临床症状、影像检查可初步判断脊髓血管畸形的病变类型,选择相应治疗方案,早期治疗效果好。     

多层螺旋CT三维重建技术在头颈部软组织血管畸形诊治中的应用

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT三维重建对头颈部软组织血管畸形的诊断和临床治疗价值. 方法 2005年6月至2007年10月,对20例头颈部软组织血管畸形,采用64排螺旋CT及三维重建进行扫描分析,根据螺旋CT影像结果选择治疗方法,并进行术后效果评估. 结果 16例患者的螺旋CT影像可完整或部分显示瘤体的边界,清晰显示病灶的立体解剖和空间位置;4例患者的螺旋CT影像均可见异常扩张的供血动脉.根据螺旋CT影像结果,2例唇部静脉畸形患者行手术切除,病损均完全消退;11例颊部和1例口底静脉畸形行区室化硬化治疗,病损完全消退或大部分消退;2例口底静脉畸形行手术切除联合硬化治疗,病损大部分消退;4例动静脉畸形患者行超选择性的动脉栓塞治疗,术后病损部分消退,病损区搏动明显减弱或者消失. 结论 多层螺旋CT三维重建对头颈部软组织血管畸形的诊断和治疗方法的选择具有重要的参考价值.     

MRI指导硬化治疗胃底静脉曲张及早期疗效评价

目的探讨MRI指导胃镜下硬化治疗胃底曲张静脉出血及评价其早期疗效的价值。方法收集73例接受胃镜下硬化治疗胃底静脉曲张出血患者,治疗前应用MRI评估胃底曲张静脉团的范围及其供血、引流途径,并根据MRI估算硬化治疗所需硬化剂用量。治疗后再次行MR检查,比较治疗前后胃底曲张静脉团体积、胃左静脉管径的变化,并比较胃镜与MRI评价疗效的价值。结果治疗前MRI能全面评估曲张静脉团的范围、体积及其供血、引流途径;治疗后MRI示曲张静脉团缩小,胃左静脉管径缩小(P均0.01)。MRI与胃镜对无效的判断一致,对有效及显效的判断差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论胃底静脉曲张硬化治疗前,MRI评估有助于为出血风险较高患者选择合理治疗方案。应用MRI可观察硬化治疗即时疗效,较胃镜更直观、全面。     

临床及影像学评价硬化治疗静脉畸形效果研究进展

静脉畸形（VM）为最常见先天性脉管畸形,其临床表现取决于病灶范围及位置,包括疼痛、肿胀、活动受限及出血等;治疗VM方法包括硬化治疗、手术治疗及激光治疗等,硬化为一线治疗方案。目前对于评价硬化治疗VM效果尚未建立统一标准。本文围绕临床及影像学评价硬化治疗静脉畸形效果进展进行综述。     

Outcomes of sclerotherapy and embolization for arteriovenous and venous malformations

Vascular malformations result from an arrest of development of a normal vascular structure or from abnormal growth of a vascular structure. Treatment continues to be a challenge. We sought to study the outcomes of sclerotherapy and embolization for vascular malformations. We reviewed clinical data of all patients treated with sclerotherapy or embolization for arteriovenous or venous malformations between 2006 and 2010 at Mayo Clinic. Follow-up information was obtained from clinical charts and a questionnaire sent to all patients. Overall, 60 patients (24 male and 36 female; mean age 31.7 years; range, 5.6 to 72.4 years) had 163 unique sclerotherapy or embolization procedures for lesions involving the lower extremity (55%), upper extremity (18.3%), pelvis (11.7%), abdomen (5%), chest (5%), back (3.3%), and multiple locations (1.7%). Thirty-one patients had low-flow venous malformations and 29 patients had high-flow arteriovenous malformations. Twenty-four patients required more than three sessions. The most common indication for intervention was pain (57 of 60 [95%]). Sixteen patients (27%) had documented or patient-reported complications. There was no significant difference in complication rates or lesion size between patients with low-flow or high-flow lesions. There were no procedural deaths. Mean available follow-up was 2.0 ± 1.3 years (range, 0.5 to 5.0 years). Median pain scores at most recent follow-up decreased significantly (P<.001). Eighty-three percent of the responders (24 of 29) would recommend treatment to others. With appropriate patient selection, sclerotherapy and embolization can decrease the pain of patients with arteriovenous and venous malformations. Multiple interventions might be necessary. Practitioners should be aware of the potential complications and counsel their patients about these risks.     

Vaskuläre Malformationen

The therapy of extended vascular anomalies necessitates a differentiated interdisciplinary treatment regime; therefore, exact knowledge of the classification of these anomalies is essential. The system was established by the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies (ISSVA) and classifies vascular anomalies into proliferating vascular tumors and congenital vascular malformations. The vascular malformations are subdivided into high-flow and low-flow malformations. To confirm the initial clinical diagnosis it is necessary to obtain diagnostic tomographic images of the vascular lesion and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the imaging modality of choice complemented by magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). The indications for therapy depend on the clinical characteristics of the vascular malformation and should be planned in an interdisciplinary setting. In addition to open surgery interventional radiology including percutaneous sclerotherapy and transarterial embolization have evolved as crucial elements of the interdisciplinary treatment management of vascular malformations.     

Classification, diagnosis, and interventional radiologic management of vascular malformations

Vascular anomalies are comprised of either hemangiomas or vascular malformations.Low-flow vascular malformations can be divided into capillary, venous, and lymphatic types and are usually present at birth, undergo pari passu growth, and produce symptoms related to mass effect or stasis. High-flow malformations are comprised pre-dominantly of arteriovenous malformations that follow a more aggressive clinical course of hyperemia, adjacent mass effect, steal phenomenon, tissue destruction, and ultimately high output failure. Ultrasound, CT, nuclear medicine, angiography, and particularly MRI have greatly enhanced diagnostic accuracy and provide detailed information for percutaneous and surgical treatment planning and an objective means of following therapeutic efficacy. Interventional radiologic percutaneous sclerotherapy for low-flow lesions and embolosclerotherapy for high-flow lesions with or without adjunctive surgical intervention have become the mainstay of therapy.     

Pulmonary emboli in sclerotherapy for peripheral vascular malformations under general anesthesia; a report of two cases

Sclerotherapy with absolute ethanol and/or polidocanol is a well-established therapeutic modality for the treatment of peripheral vascular malformations, although systemic complications such as hemoglobinuria and pulmonary embolism could occur. We report two cases of pulmonary embolism associated with sclerotherapy for peripheral vascular malformations. Two patients, a 17-year-old man and a 17-year-old woman, undergoing absolute ethanol sclerotherapy for vascular malformations of the leg developed pulmonary embolism after injection of ethanol. Pulmonary embolism, suspected by the clinical symptoms such as hypoxia and hypocapnia, was confirmed by the pulmonary scintigraphy showing minimal pulmonary defects. Hemoglobinuria was also observed with injection of ethanol. Patients recovered rapidly with heparin and urokinase therapy. The review of perioperative complications with sclerotherapy for peripheral vascular malformations in our institution for past four years revealed that complications were observed in 18 out of 88 patients (20.5%), and in 32 out of 183 cases (17.5%). Major complications were hemoglobinuria, pulmonary embolism, shivering and delayed emergence from general anesthesia. We conclude that sclerotherapy for vascular malformations under general anesthesia is a risky procedure and this must be carefully managed with keen monitoring of Spo2 and Etco2.     

Sclerotherapy after embolization of draining vein: a safe treatment method for venous malformations

BACKGROUND: Treatment of congenital venous malformations poses a major clinical challenge. Great successes have been achieved with ethanol sclerotherapy in most lesions; however, severe complications are more likely to occur when more ethanol is used. OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the safety and efficacy of a new sclerotherapy treatment that uses absolute alcohol and bleomycin A5. We evaluated our experience to present a safe treatment method for venous malformations. METHODS: The study population comprised 201 patients. Before treatment, lesions were categorized according to magnetic resonance imaging features: 120 patients had limited venous malformations, and 81 had infiltrating venous malformations. Percutaneous sclerotherapy was performed by direct injection of absolute alcohol and bleomycin A5 under fluoroscopy. The mean dose of the two medicines was 3.4 mL and 3.7 mg, respectively. We investigated 592 sclerotherapy sessions. A retrospective study was performed of medical records and color photographs and magnetic resonance imaging before and after treatment The mean follow-up was 29 months (range, 12-65 months). RESULTS: After embolization of the drainage vein with ethanol, a subsequent sclerosis therapy with bleomycin A5 was judged beneficial in 196 of 201 patients. Among the 196 responders, 56 showed disappearance of their chief symptoms, 42 showed improvement to nearly normal, and 62 showed marked improvement. The best response to our treatment was among the patients with limited venous malformations, with 114 (95%) showing at least marked improvement. Complications were tissue necrosis in 6 sessions, peripheral nerve palsy in 5, pigmentation in 10, blistering in 5, and 87 sessions resulted in transient side effects related to bleomycin A5, such as fever and gastrointestinal irritation. All were self-limited. No major complications such as cardiopulmonary collapse or pulmonary fibrosis were observed. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous sclerotherapy of venous malformations using absolute ethanol and bleomycin A5 is safe and effective. The simplicity, speed, and safety of sclerotherapy, combined with the quality and stability of the outcome achieved with our novel procedure, may make the technique the choice for treatment of venous malformations.     

Sclerotherapy for congenital lesions in the head and neck.

OBJECTIVES: This study retrospectively reviews the results of sclerotherapy using several sclerosants for congenital lesions of the head and neck. METHODS AND PATIENTS: Between May 1990 and May 2002, patients with lymphatic malformations were treated by sclerotherapy; 10 with bleomycin, and 25 with OK-432. OK-432 sclerotherapy was also applied in 9 patients with plunging ranula and in 1 patient with branchial anomaly. Percutaneous sclerotherapy with ethanolamine oleate was used in 29 patients with venous malformations, and 28 patients with pyriform sinus fistula were treated by trichloroacetic acid chemocauterization. RESULTS: Overall, two thirds of patients with these lesions showed marked to complete response. One case of mortality occurred in the bleomycin sclerotherapy group. However, no major complications by other sclerosants were found. In lymphatic malformations, history of excision before sclerotherapy was a poor prognostic factor. CONCLUSION: Sclerotherapy using these sclerosants is a safe and effective primary treatment for congenital lesions in the head and neck.     

Duplex-Guided Foam Sclerotherapy for the Treatment of the Symptomatic Venous Malformations of the Face

BACKGROUND: New sclerosing foam is considered to have the advantage of causing more damage on the intima than liquid form. Therefore we recently applied duplex-guided foam sclerotherapy in a patient with venous malformations of the face. METHODS: A 20-year-old man was referred to our institute for the evaluation and treatment of vascular malformations of the face. Preoperative duplex scanning and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed subcutaneous and intramuscular venous malformations. The sclerosing foam was produced by Tessari's method using 1% polidocanol, and the duplex-guided foam sclerotherapy was performed under general anesthesia. A 20-gauge plastic needle was inserted into the venous space using ultrasound guidance and a total of 5 ml of sclerosing foam was infused followed by immediate tie-over dressing. RESULTS: The venous malformations were successfully reduced in size and postoperative MRI showed significant reduction of the venous malformations. CONCLUSION: Although further collective study is necessary to ensure the validity of this treatment, duplex-guided foam sclerotherapy could have great promise in the treatment of symptomatic venous malformations.     

Experience of sclerotherapy and embolosclerotherapy using ethanolamine oleate for vascular malformations of the head and neck

Sclerotherapy is effective in the treatment of vascular malformations. However, in lesions with relatively high blood flow, its effect is not always adequate. We therefore developed a three-grade classification of vascular malformations to facilitate the selection of treatments according to vascular flow. We also developed the technique of embolosclerotherapy, in which transarterial embolisation is done before sclerotherapy to control blood flow in the lesion during sclerotherapy. We now have 14 years’ experience with 112 cases of vascular malformations of the head and neck treated with sclerotherapy. Results were evaluated with pretreatment and post-treatment photographs, and reduction of volume was calculated on findings from magnetic resonance imaging. Clinical improvement in 110 cases was graded as excellent in 32 (29%), good in 48 (43%), fair in 19 (17%), and poor in 11 (10%). In 84 cases, mean rate of reduction of volume was 35%. The most common complication was haemolytic haemoglobinuria (n=37, 33%). Our results suggest that this three-grade classification is useful to judge resistance to sclerotherapy and decide on treatment. Our experience indicates that ethanolamine oleate (EO), with or without arterial embolisation, was effective using our classification of vascular dynamics. We consider EO to be equivalent or superior to other sclerosants such as ethanol.     

Reversible Cardiac Arrest After Polidocanol Sclerotherapy of Peripheral Venous Malformation

BACKGROUND: Polidocanol sclerotherapy is a well-established therapeutic modality for the treatment of venous malformations. Systemic complications are extremely rare. OBJECTIVE: To report a case of cardiac complication after polidocanol injection of peripheral venous malformation. METHODS: A case report and a review of the English language literature using a published MEDLINE search strategy. RESULTS: A patient undergoing polidocanol sclerotherapy for a symptomatic venous malformation of the right inferior limb developed cardiac arrest shortly after injection of the sclerosing agent which was promptly reversed. CONCLUSION: Systemic complications following sclerotherapy may occur even when the sclerosant is injected in peripheral veins or venous malformations. Clinicians should be alerted to the possibility of uncommon but life-threatening adverse effects.     

肌肉内静脉畸形硬化治疗后肢体挛缩的预防策略探讨

目的:探讨硬化剂注射治疗肌肉内或关节区静脉畸形后继发肢体挛缩的康复预防策略。方法:针对静脉畸形硬化治疗后易发生肢体挛缩的部位,制定预防性抗挛缩训练方案。对于病变位于肌肉内或关节附近的患者,预防性进行抗挛缩训练,观察硬化治疗后相关肢体挛缩发生情况。结果:本组163例患者参与预防性抗挛缩训练,其中涉及肩、肘、腕、掌指、髋、膝、踝等关节,训练自硬化治疗后3d开始并维持至术后3~6个月,平均随访10.4个月,期间出现1例(0.6%)肩关节外旋位外展上举功能受限患者,随后通过加强功能训练后症状缓解。结论:预防性抗肢体挛缩训练可以有效预防硬化剂注射治疗静脉畸形可能带来的肢体挛缩并发症的发生。