扩大的额下硬膜内外联合入路切除巨大垂体腺瘤

目的:探讨经扩大的额下硬膜内外联合入路切除巨大垂体腺瘤的方法。方法:对于巨大垂体腺瘤,鞍上和鞍旁的部分可以经硬膜内切除,长入蝶窦、后组筛窦及斜坡部位的部分,可以经硬膜外切除。本文主要讨论该入路手术方法及注意事项。结果:本组6例垂体腺瘤,5例全切,1例大部切除。无死亡及严重手术并发症。结论:采用该入路切除巨大垂体腺瘤,疗效满意。     

联合入路显微手术切除巨大侵袭性垂体腺瘤

目的探讨一种巨大侵袭性垂体腺瘤的联合入路显微手术切除方法。方法1997年至2003年对14例体积巨大、肿瘤由鞍内向鞍上、第三脑室及侧脑室内生长的侵袭性垂体腺瘤，采用经侧脑室及经额下或经纵裂联合入路一期手术治疗。结果4例肿瘤全切除，9例次全切除，1例大部切除。本组病人无死亡结论选择合适病例采用一次性联合入路显微手术切除巨大侵袭性垂体腺瘤，可以提高手术切除率，降低死亡率和致残率。     

扩大额下硬膜内外联合入路在巨大垂体瘤手术中的应用

应用扩大额下硬膜内外联合入路治疗7例巨大垂体腺瘤。本入路适用于位于后组筛窦、蝶窦、上斜坡、鞍上和脚间池等的肿瘤。在颅外部分肿瘤切除后,打开硬膜进入颅内,根据鞍隔完整情况,分别作鞍隔切开和推拽鞍隔,最后完成鞍上和脚间池部位肿瘤的切除。本组4例全切,2例次全切除,1例部分切除,无死亡。     

经眶——额下人路手术联合术后X刀治疗大型垂体腺瘤

目的 探讨大型垂体腺瘤的根治方法与手术安全性。方法 1999年1月∽2002年4月我院对14例大型、巨大型垂体腺瘤采用一侧眶-额下入路手术，尽可能充分地切除肿瘤，至少做到将肿瘤的鞍上部分完全切除。术后1．5～3．5个月内X刀进一步治疗鞍内残瘤。结果 肿瘤全切除4例，鞍内残留10例，无一例出现严重手术并发症。8例残瘤术后行X刀治疗，未出现视力损害和垂体功能减退。X刀补充治疗的8例随访5～26个月，平均14．8个月，无一例肿瘤复发。结论眶-额下入路手术操作方便，利于充分切除肿瘤和减少手术并发症。术后加行X-刀治疗可能控制肿瘤复发。     

经眶-额下入路手术联合术后X刀治疗大型垂体腺瘤

目的探讨大型垂体腺瘤的根治方法与手术安全性. 方法 1999年1月～2002年4月我院对14例大型、巨大型垂体腺瘤采用一侧眶-额下入路手术,尽可能充分地切除肿瘤,至少做到将肿瘤的鞍上部分完全切除.术后1.5～3.5个月内X刀进一步治疗鞍内残瘤. 结果肿瘤全切除4例,鞍内残留10例,无一例出现严重手术并发症.8例残瘤术后行X刀治疗,未出现视力损害和垂体功能减退.X刀补充治疗的8例随访5～26个月,平均14.8个月,无一例肿瘤复发. 结论眶-额下入路手术操作方便,利于充分切除肿瘤和减少手术并发症.术后加行X-刀治疗可能控制肿瘤复发.     

经颅显微外科手术切除垂体腺瘤

报道经颅显微外科切除垂体腺瘤２８例，选择额下、翼点、额－颞联合三种不同术式入路和显微手术技巧。所有病例术前接受ＣＴ或／和ＭＲＩ扫描检查，经颅内路应用显微外科技术对肿瘤施行全切除。肿瘤全切除２０例，次全切除８例，无手术死亡。术后平均２年以上随访无肿瘤复发。认为肿瘤鞍上部分较大或瘤块向鞍上周围伸展，经颅入路是较理想的途径。     

扩大额下硬膜内外联合入路在巨大垂体瘤手术中的应用

应用扩大额下硬膜内外联合入路治疗7例巨大垂体腺瘤。本入路适用于位于后组筛窦、蝶窦、上斜坡、鞍上和脚闾池等的肿瘤。在颅外部分肿瘤切除后，打开硬膜进入颅内，根据鞍隔完整情况，分别作鞍隔切开和推找鞍隔。最后完成鞍上和脚间池部位肿瘤的切除。本组4例全切，2例次全切除，1例部分切除，无死亡。     

扩大经蝶窦入路切除侵袭性垂体腺瘤

目的探讨采用扩大经蝶窦入路切除侵袭性垂体腺瘤的有效性和安全性。方法根据鞍区显微解剖学研究结果,采用扩大经蝶窦手术入路治疗64例侵袭性垂体腺瘤。结果肿瘤全部切除51例,次全切除13例。术后发生短暂性尿崩症26例,脑脊液鼻漏5例及急性腺垂体功能低下者1例,无死亡及颅内感染。8例患者术后给予放射治疗,6例予以溴隐亭治疗。随诊3个月至6年,未见肿瘤复发或继续生长。结论采用扩大经蝶窦入路切除巨大或不规则鞍外生长垂体腺瘤时,肿瘤显露满意,全切除率高,无明显手术并发症,是一种安全、有效的方法。对于那些肿瘤切除不彻底的患者,术后应密切随访,必要时给予放射或药物治疗。     

脑肿瘤

内窥镜经蝶窦入路垂体瘤切除术的临床观察；磁共振成像诊断海绵窦侵袭型垂体瘤(附39例报告)；采用扩大经蝶窦入路方法切除鞍区和斜坡巨大肿瘤；神经导航在经蝶显微切除侵袭性鞍区肿瘤手术中的应用；神经内镜辅助锁孔显微外科治疗颅内胆质瘤；垂体瘤术后水钠紊乱的治疗；经蝶窦垂体瘤切除手术入路的探讨；脑转移瘤的外科治疗；岩斜区脑膜瘤的临床治疗研究；复发垂体ACTH腺瘤的诊断和再次经蝶手术治疗；巨大型垂体腺瘤经颅入路显微外科治疗；组织定向活检诊断为胶质瘤与手术病理符合率的比较研究；荧屏监视下经鼻蝶窦穿刺治疗鞍内囊性肿瘤。     

大型垂体腺瘤经眉切口眶上锁孔入路显微切除的探讨

目的　总结和介绍经眉切口眶上锁孔入路 ,显微手术切除大型和巨型垂体腺瘤的临床体会。　方法　对经头颅CT及MRI检查确诊为大型和巨型垂体腺瘤的 44例 ,作一侧眉内长约 5cm的切口 ,眶上铣 2 5cm× 3 5cm半圆形的游离骨瓣 ,抬起额叶暴露鞍区 ,在手术显微镜下沿鞍膈和肿瘤包膜之间分离解剖肿瘤界限与肿瘤囊内分块切除交替进行 ,最终将肿瘤分离全切除。术后半年随访 ,进行头颅MRI检查 ,观察肿瘤切除情况 ,并检测血清激素水平和视力、视野 ,判断临床疗效。　结果　临床40例达到肿瘤全切除 ,2例近全切除 ,2例大部切除。术后原有临床症状均有明显改善 ,无死亡病例。　结论　采用经眉切口眶上锁孔入路 ,能够在手术显微镜下切除大型和巨型垂体腺瘤 ,而且损伤反应小 ,并发症少 ,康复快     

Surgery on pituitary adenomas in patients in a subarctic region

Summary The present series consists of 18 consecutive patients with pituitary adenomas operated on between 1977 and 1979 using the transfrontal route. Ten adenomas were 10, 20 or 30 times the normal maximum size of the pituitary measured according to Di Chiro and Nelson's (2) index (Table 2). Tumours without obvious suprasellar growth were operated on using the trans—sphenoidal route and thus are not included in the present series.Large and giant pituitary adenomas are preferably removed by the transfrontal route and using microsurgical techniques. Really poor vision associated with very large tumours seem to improve but not to normal level. A blind eye stays blind. Less poor vision returns to normal (Table 4). Prolactin values associated with giant prolactinomas are extremely high and may remain raised even after apparently radical extirpation. Isolated tumour-containing sellar crypts associated with these large tumours may be responsible for this observation. Postoperative radiotherapy and bromocriptine administration therefore seem advisable. Further operations may be necessary on patients with extensive posterior or lateral growths. Redundant partially intraosseal tumour fragments may be more easily removed later, possibly owing to the beneficial effects of radiation therapy. It is hoped that large and giant adenomas in the future will pass into history, even in the peripheral parts of the world. The trans—sphenoidal approach is always a better solution than the transfrontal approach whenever it can be carried out, but it requires earlier diagnosis.Presented at the 32. Scandinavian Neurosurgical Society Meeting in Linköping, September 3–6, 1980.     

Transsphenoidal extracapsular approach to pituitary tumors

Two years' experience with an extracapsular transsphenoidal approach to pituitary adenomas is presented. Some pituitary tumors contain an inordinate amount of connective tissue that often makes transsphenoidal resection difficult. By opening the tumor capsule and adjacent arachnoid membrane, such tumors with suprasellar extension can be safely removed. In some cases of functioning adenoma, resection of the diaphragma sellae and adjacent arachnoid membrane results in hormonal control. Among 62 cases of transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary adenomas, eight cases required this procedure. The surgical procedure is described and the cases are summarized. The indication and limitations of this procedure are discussed.     

Results of surgical management of 319 pituitary adenomas

Summary Of the 510 patients with pituitary adenoma treated surgically at our hospital in the period 1956–1984 319 were treated by the microsurgical technique, in the period 1973–1984, 235 by transsphenoidal approach and 84 by subfrontal-pterional approach. The transsphenoidal route was used almost exclusively in microadenomas, in intrasellar adenomas, in suprasellar adenomas with midline development, in adenomas invading the sphenoidal sinus and in haemorrhagic adenomas with considerable suprasellar development. In some giant adenomas the transsphenoidal route was used in a first stage operation for debulking the tumour, later removed by transcranial route. The latter route was preferred in large adenomas and especially in adenomas with laterosellar development. In some patients with PRL secreting adenomas post-operative treatment with bromocriptine proved useful when the hormone levels failed to noramlize. Post-operative radiotherapy was of value in invasive adenomas and in cases in which tumour removal was not radical.     

Corticotroph microadenomas of the pituitary stalk. Diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties

Thirteen percent of the pituitary adenomas in our series have been corticotroph adenomas. Most have been microadenomas located in the adenohypophysis, more often laterally than posteromedially. In a few rare cases, the corticotroph cells of the pars tuberalis gave rise to an adenoma. Only 16 cases of pituitary stalk adenomas have been published to date. We report here three new cases among a series of 150 patients who underwent surgery for corticotroph adenomas (2% incidence as in the literature). There was no difference in the clinical or biological presentation of intrasellar and pituitary stalk adenomas. This location must be systematically searched on the MRI, but a negative exploration cannot excluded the diagnosis of pituitary stalk adenoma like in intrasellar ones. Two anatomical entities seems to be separated. Some stalk adenomas developed preferentially in the supradiaphragmatic space (one in our series) and are accessible for selective resection. Others develop within the pituitary stalk itself and sometimes in the pars distalis (two patients in our series) which requires section of the pituitary stalk with hypophysectomy if the lower limit is not clearly seen during surgery. The subfrontal or pterional access is the approach of choice for suprasellar tumors. These approaches remain controversial for pituitary stalk adenomas because of the poor visibility of the pituitary stalk and the floor of the third ventricle. The transnasosphenoidal approach with extension to the sphenoidal planum and opening of the optochiasmatic cisterna appears to be the best alternative for surgical removal of these adenomas.     

Microsurgery of tumours of diencephalic region

Summary A report about the microsurgical treatment of large tumours involving or displacing the diencephalon (craniopharyngiomas 150, pituitary adenomas 450 out of 1100, meningiomas 200, and rare tumours as epidermoids and gliomas of the third ventricle). It is mandatory to save the floor of the third ventricle, the pituitary stalk and even the small vessels. The technical procedure is described in detail depending on the extent of the tumour. Craniopharyngiomas can be within the sella and above it, suprasellar and extraventricular or combined intraventricular and extraventricular. In each case the origin and extent of the tumour decide the approach, which can be unilateral or bilateral frontal, subtemporal, transtentorial, transventricular or any combination of these. In intraventricular tumours the approach by incising the lamina terminalis proved to be the best procedure in 50 cases. Radical removal was possible in 80%, but with a high mortality of 17%. In giant adenomas with involvement of the third ventricle the approach through the lamina terminalis is dangerous. In doing an intracapsular removal of the intraventricular portion of the tumour it is of great assistance to use a stomatological reverse mirror. The mortality of giant adenomas could be reduced from 30% to 11%. In meningiomas of the medial third of the sphenoidal wing and tuberculum sellae the microsurgical separation of the floor of the third ventricle and the stalk is the most important problem and has become possible in most cases. Some gliomas of the third ventricle can be separated completely via the lamina terminalis or the foramen of Monro without touching the floor of the third ventricle.     

Suprasellar adrenocorticotropic hormone-secreting ectopic pituitary adenoma: case report and literature Review

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: Functional ectopic pituitary adenomas are rare and can be misdiagnosed as extensions of pituitary adenomas when they are located in the vicinity of the normal gland. In this report, we present a case of an ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone-secreting suprasellar pituitary adenoma that caused Cushing's disease. A literature review of previously reported ectopic pituitary adenomas is included to illustrate the diverse clinical manifestations of this disease entity. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: An 11-year-old boy was noted to have hirsutism, a buffalo hump, and unexplained weight gain consistent with Cushing's syndrome. Laboratory investigations revealed that the boy had elevated adrenocorticotropic hormone and serum cortisol levels unsuppressed by dexamethasone. Magnetic resonance imaging scans were suggestive of a pituitary adenoma with suprasellar extension. INTERVENTION: The initial transsphenoidal approach failed to achieve complete surgical resection. A repeat operation in which the pterional approach was used revealed a suprasellar pituitary adenoma without association with intrasellar contents. The patient's cushingoid symptoms improved significantly 3 months after surgery. CONCLUSION: Ectopic pituitary adenomas should be considered in the differential diagnosis for all patients with Cushing's syndrome. Furthermore, surgical approaches should be chosen carefully once the diagnosis of ectopic pituitary adenoma is made.     

神经导航在经蝶垂体腺瘤手术中的应用

目的 总结神经导航下经蝶手术治疗垂体腺瘤的经验,并讨论其适应证.方法 对2006年1月至2010年12月138例神经导航下经蝶垂体腺瘤手术病例进行回顾性分析.手术适应证包括:既往经蝶手术后复发性垂体腺瘤36例,侵袭型垂体腺瘤45例,位于垂体侧方或深部的微腺瘤45例,蝶窦气化不良4例,颅底异常增厚3例,双侧颈内动脉间距狭窄4例,鼻中隔偏曲1例.结果 复发性垂体腺瘤全切除12例,次全切除9例,术后出现瘤腔血肿2例,脑脊液漏4例,其中3例合并颅内感染,2例合并交通性脑积水,永久性动眼神经麻痹1例,垂体功能低下者3例;治愈9例,缓解8例.侵袭型垂体腺瘤全切除5例,次全切除27例,术后出现脑脊液漏并颅内感染1例,瘤腔血肿1例;治愈2例,缓解22例;侵袭型激素分泌型垂体腺瘤30例均未治愈缓解.微腺瘤45例均为激素分泌型,均全部切除,治愈38例.颈动脉间距狭窄4例和鼻中隔偏曲1例均全切除和治愈.蝶窦气化不良肿瘤全切除2例,次全切除2例,治愈1例.颅底异常增厚肿瘤全切除2例,次全切除1例,治愈1例.结论 神经导航可以使部分经蝶垂体腺瘤切除手术更加准确、安全、有效,在一定程度上扩大了经蝶手术的适应证.

Abstract：

Objectives To summarize the experiences in clinical application of neuronavigation in transsphenoidal microsurgery of specific pituitary adenomas, and to discuss its indications. Methods From January 2006 to December 2010,138 cases of transsphenoidal microsurgery for specific pituitary adenomas under neuronavigation were reviewed. The indications for neuronavigation in transsphenoidal microsurgery includes: recurrent or regrowth of residual pituitary adenomas after former transsphenoidal surgery in 36 cases, invasive pituitary adenomas in 45 cases, extremely laterally or deeply situated microadenomas in 45 cases, poor pneumatization of the sphenoid in 4 cases, skull base anomalies due to osteodysplasia fibrosa in 3 cases, narrow space between bilateral internal carotid arteries in 4 cases, distortion of nasal septum in 1 case. Results In the recurrence group, 12 were totally removed, 9 subtotally removed;postoperative complications included hematoma within the tumor cavity in 2 cases, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage in 4 cases among which 3 developed intracranial infection and 2 communicating hydrocephalus, oculomotor paralysis in 1 case and hypopituitarysm in 3 cases;9 were cured and 8 remission. In the invasive group, 5 were totally removed, 27 subtotally removed;postoperative complications included hematoma within the tumor cavity in 1 case, CSF leakage and intracranial infection in 1 case;2 were cured and 22 remission. None of the 30 invasive hormone-secreting adenomas were cured or remission. The 45 cases of hormone-secreting microadenomas were all totally removed, among which 38 were cured. Among the poor sphenoid pneumatization group, total and subtotal tumor removal were achieved in 2 cases respectively with only one cured. In the skull base anomaly group, 2 were totally removed and 1 subtotally removed, with only one cured. For the cases with narrow space between bilateral internal carotid arteries and distortion of nasal septum, all were totally removed and cured. Conclusions Transsphenoidal microsurgery under neuronavigation can be applied for pituitary adenomas in above specific indications. It is an accurate, safe and effective approach for specific pituitary adenomas, which can not only expand the indication of transsphenoidal microsurgery for pituitary adenomas, but also reduce the harmful exposure of X-rays for the operating staff.     

Combined simultaneous endoscopic transsphenoidal and endoscopic transventricular resection of a giant pituitary macroadenoma

Intrasellar and sellar-suprasellar adenomas are generally removed through a transsphenoidal approach. Giant adenomas with significant suprasellar extension often require a craniotomy or combined "above and below" approach. The use of endoscopes has increased the visualization capacity of the transsphenoidal route and made these surgeries less invasive. In this report, we describe a novel combination of the endoscopic transsphenoidal approach with the endoscopic transventricular approach to remove a giant pituitary macroadenoma extending into the third and lateral ventricles. The tumor was initially removed via an endoscopic transnasal transsphenoidal, transtuberculum, transplanum approach. A second endoscope was then advanced into the lateral ventricle through a pre-coronal burr hole to assist in mobilizing the tumor and assure a complete resection. Multilayer closure and a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt were performed to insure a watertight seal of the skull base. Giant pituitary adenomas have traditionally been removed with staged or combined transsphenoidal and transcranial approaches. We describe the successful implementation of a minimal access endoscopic combined extended transsphenoidal and transventricular approach that avoids craniotomy and brain retraction.