良性前列腺增生患者术前压力-流率测定的局限性

目的评估良性前列腺增生(BPH)患者术前行压力一流率测定的应用价值。方法BPH患者69例,根据尿动力学检查直线被动尿道阻力关系(PURR)图结果分为膀胱出口梗阻(BOO)组50例,无或可疑BOO组19例,术前行剩余尿、尿流率、膀胱有效容量和压力-流率测定,国际前列腺症状评分(IPSS)、生活质量评分(QOL)。术后3个月复查比较尿动力学指标变化。结果无或可疑BOO组和有BOO组平均Qmax分别为12.8 ml/s和7.6 ml/s,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),2组年龄、膀胱最大容量、剩余尿、膀胱有效容量、IPSS和QOL等参数差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后2组平均Qmax分别提高了7.2 ml/s和10.8 ml/s,BOO组Qmax提高幅度与无或可疑BOO组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);2组IPSS和QOL与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),IPSS和QOL的改善幅度2组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。BOO组术前逼尿肌活动过度21例(42%),无或可疑BOO例组逼尿肌活动过度7例(37%)。BOO组和无或可疑BOO组术后3个月IPSS和QOL等参数改善不明显分别有15例(30%)和6例(32%)。结论压力-流率测定有无BOO,对大部分BPH患者仍有预测疗效的作用;但术前膀胱有效容量大小以及逼尿肌活动过度等因素影响了手术疗效。部分伴严重下尿路症状(LUTS)的BPH患者无BOO,手术疗效满意。术前BPH患者压力-流率测定应有选择应用,结果分析个体化。     

良性前列腺增生患者合并前列腺炎与膀胱出口梗阻的相关性研究

目的 探讨BPH患者合并前列腺炎与膀胱出口梗阻(BOO)的相关性.方法 选取2008年1月至2012年1月BPH患者300例.年龄47 ～ 93岁,平均69岁.按是否合并前列腺炎分为单纯BPH组136例,PSA(4.9±8.3) μg/L,前列腺体积(41.4±18.1)ml,IPSS评分(21.9 ±7.0)分;合并前列腺炎组164例,PSA(7.0±8.5) μg/L,前列腺体积(48.7±20.7) ml,IPSS评分(27.5±5.1)分.比较两组尿动力学检查梗阻指标的差异.结果 单纯BPH组与合并前列腺炎组的Qmax分别为(8.8±4.8)ml/s和(6.3±3.7) ml/s,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);最大尿流率时逼尿肌压力分别为(96.7±33.0)cm H2O(1 cm H2O=0.098 kPa)和(113.2 ±39.8)cmH2O,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);Abrams-Griffiths(A-G)指数分别为77.7 ±31.9和93.9 ±39.6,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);Schafer分级值分别为3.3±1.5和4.4±1.2,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).Logistic回归分析显示前列腺炎症(OR=2.66,P=0.002)、前列腺体积(OR=1.37,P=0.000)、Qmax(OR =0.72,P=0.000)与Schafer分级有相关性.结论 前列腺炎会加重BPH患者BOO程度.     

尿动力学检查术前对BPH患者TVP术后疗效的评价作用

目的：探讨尿动力学检查在术前对前列腺增生（BPH）患者行经尿道前列腺电汽化术（TVP）术后疗效的评价作用。方法：对800例拟行TVP的BPH患者术前行尿动力学检查、国际前列腺症状（IPSS）评分,并于术后随访1年,观察最大尿流率,IPSS评分。结果：800例BPH患者术前最大尿流率均〈15ml／s,IPSS评分平均〉29分。根据术前最大尿道压力、最大尿道压力与充盈时膀胱最大压力的关系、膀胱顺应性及是否存在尿道外括约肌与膀胱逼尿肌压力不协调等指标共分为四组。术后1年最大尿流率平均分别为18．3ml／s、17．9ml／s、9．2ml／s和8．2ml,s,IPSS评分平均分别为12分、11分、23分和26分。其中各组术后最大尿流率〉15ml／s,分别占89．8％、85．5％,29,2％和22．5％。Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组术后各项指标与Ⅲ组,Ⅳ组比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：尿动力学榆查对BPH患者行TVP术的疗效有良好的评价作用,可为BPH患者采用何种治疗方法提供重要依据。     

良性前列腺增生患者膀胱出口梗阻和逼尿肌功能的分析

目的：探讨尿动力学检查对BPH患者膀胱出口梗阻（BOO）和逼尿肌功能的诊断意义.方法：对95例BPH患者进行压力-容积和压力-流率测定.结果：95例BPH患者中BOO 57例,无BOO23例,其余15例为可疑或分析困难.BOO组前列腺体积大于无BOO组（62.4±16.1）cm^3 vs（41.0±7.1）cm^3（P＜0.05）,最大尿流率（Qmax）小于无BOO组（5.4±1.9）ml/s vs（12.4±5.0）ml/s（P＜0.05）,两组IPSS评分无差别（23.7±4.4）分vs（25.2±4.9）分（P＞0.05）.BOO组有逼尿肌不稳定收缩（DD34例,无BOO组D119例.结论：尿动力学检查有助于判断有无BOO存在,了解BPH患者的逼尿肌功能.IPSS不能判断患者的下尿路症状（LUTS）是否因BOO导致.BPH患者前列腺体积不足很大,但LUTS明显时,应行尿动力学检查.自由尿流率测定对BOO诊断有一定帮助.DI是无BOO患者发生LUTS的重要因素.     

压力-流率测定中尿道内置测压导管对尿流率的影响

目的　探讨尿道内置测压管在压力 流率测定中对尿流率的影响。　方法　对 4 4例良性前列腺增生 (BPH)患者进行自由尿流率和压力 流率测定。压力 流率测定中尿道内放置 7F测压导管。统计学分析比较自由尿流率和置管后尿流率的变化。　结果　 4 4例患者自由尿流率和带管尿流率的排尿量分别为 (174 .72± 74 .6 2 )ml和 (186 .4 8± 6 9.71)ml(P >0 .0 5 )。最大自由尿流率(9 .5 5± 4 .10 )ml/s ,最大带管尿流率 (7.32± 3.2 8)ml/s(P =0 .0 0 0 )。最大尿流率下降值为 (2 .2 2± 3.0 7)ml/s。膀胱出口梗阻 (BOO) 0～Ⅰ级、Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级时自由尿流率和带管尿流率两者差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,BOOⅡ级、Ⅴ～Ⅵ级时自由尿流率和带管尿流率差异无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。　结论　尿道内置 7F测压导管可影响最大尿流率测定值。     

压力-流率测定在诊断老年男性排尿困难中的意义

目的探讨压力-流率测定在老年男性排尿困难诊断中的意义.方法老年男性排尿困难伴前列腺增大者125例,年龄56～83岁,平均68岁,均行尿动力学全项检查,对成功排尿并获得满意尿流率曲线者行压力-流率测定,结果分为膀胱出口梗阻(BOO)、可疑梗阻、无梗阻3类,并将逼尿肌收缩功能分为很弱、弱、正常、强烈4级.结果125例患者中87例获满意压力-流率测定结果,其中BOO 39例,可疑梗阻18例,无梗阻30例.BOO组、可疑梗阻组和无梗阻组的最大尿流率逼尿肌压分别为(99.2±34.3)cmH2O(1 cmH2O=0.098 kPa)、(46.9±9.9)cmH2O和(30.8±10.0)cmH2O,膀胱开口压分别为(99.4±39.6)cmH2O、(43.7±9.9)cmH2O和(29.9±9.7)cmH2O,排尿期最小逼尿肌压分别为(61.3±27.5)cmH2O、(33.9±14.1)cmH2O和(22.1±12.5)cmH2O,最大逼尿肌压分别为(113.0±42.1)cmH2O、(55.8±14.9)cmH2O和(38.4±11.3)cmH2O,BOO组与无BOO组和可疑BOO组差异均有极显著性意义(P均＜0.001).BOO组、可疑梗阻组和无梗阻组逼尿肌收缩功能正常级以上者分别占74.4%(29/39)、27.8%(5/18)和26.7%(8/30),BOO组与另两组比较差异均有极显著性意义(P均＜0.001).结论压力-流率测定是目前诊断BOO的惟一方法和金标准,对老年男性BOO的诊断和治疗有重要意义.     

精阜增生症尿流动力学检查的临床意义：附21例报告

本文报道21例精阜增生症尿流动力学检查结果。术前最大尿流率、平均尿流率、排尿时间、排尿压和精阜压分别为11.2±3.8 ml/s、6.7±2.3ml/s、42.1±16.3s、78.3±17.4cmH2O和32.4±5.7cmH2O,术后分别为18.9±4.1ml/s、11.6±2.8ml/s、26.6±8.5s、60.9±15.6cmH2O和21.6±4.0cmH2O,手术前后对比差异显著。表明排尿期尿流动力学检查可确定膀胱出口梗阻及其程度,尿道压力图可确定梗阻的部位。     

452例前列腺增生患者尿动力学检查的应用

目的分析良性前列腺增生(benign prostatic hyperplasia,BPH)患者的尿动力学数据,为治疗BPH提供依据。方法选取BPH患者452例,均为男性,平均年龄(65.6±5.65)岁,对其进行尿动力学检查(urodynamics,UDS),根据结果对不同患者选择不同的治疗方法,并对术后效果进行评估。结果所有患者中未出现膀胱出口梗阻(bladder outlet obstruction,BOO)15例,BOO患者430例,其中包括膀胱逼尿肌收缩乏力65例,膀胱逼尿肌不稳定(detrusor instability,DI)365例。剔除其中3例正常,4例膀胱逼尿肌收缩乏力。445例患者的平均最大尿流率为(8.32±3.15)ml/s,平均残余尿量(87.68±79.46)ml,平均最大尿流率时逼尿肌压(62.32±7.54)cm H_2O,最大尿道闭合压为(86.43±18.35)cm H_2O,其中19例患者不适合行手术治疗,最后对426例患者行手术治疗,术后随访3~18个月,国际前列腺症状评分(international prostate symptom score,IPSS)0~5分,生活质量指数(quality of Life,QOL)评分0~1分,最大尿流率为11~21 ml/s,残余尿(45.6±36.2)ml。各项指标与术前比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论尿动力学检查能指导前列腺增生患者的治疗,有利于掌握手术时机及判断预后。     

索利那新联合坦索罗辛治疗男性帕金森病患者下尿路症状的疗效观察

目的 探讨索利那新联合坦索罗辛治疗男性帕金森病患者LUTS的疗效及安全性.方法 2010年1月至2013年12月收治的45例伴有LUTS的男性帕金森病患者.年龄52275岁,平均62岁.帕金森病病史1.0210.5年,平均2.3年.治疗前患者IPSS评分为(18.3±3.3)分,最大尿流率为(8.5±3.9) ml/s,膀胱过度活动症状评分(overactive bladder symptom score,OABSS)为(10.9±2.2)分,残余尿量为(41.1±14.0) ml,最大尿流率逼尿肌压为(68.1±28.2)cmH2O(1 cmH2O=0.098 kPa).予琥珀酸索利那新(5.0 mg/d)联合盐酸坦索罗辛(0.2 mg/d)治疗,第4、8周随访,第4周尿急症状改善不明显者增加索利那新至10.0 mg/d.治疗8周后行超声影像尿动力学检查.比较治疗前后患者IPSS评分、OABSS评分、最大尿流率、残余尿量、最大尿流率逼尿肌压等参数变化,并记录不良反应. 结果 本组45例治疗4、8周后的IPSS评分分别为(13.3±2.4)分和(12.6±2.2)分,最大尿流率分别为(13.7±4.1) ml/s和(14.2±3.2) ml/s,OABSS评分分别为(7.8±2.1)分和(5.9±1.9)分,与治疗前比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).治疗4、8周后OABSS评分间比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).治疗8周后残余尿量为(38.5±12.7) ml,最大尿流率逼尿肌压为(63.2±30.1) cmH2O,与治疗前比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).治疗期间发生口干3例,视物模糊2例,便秘l例,无急性尿潴留发生. 结论 索利那新联合坦索罗辛治疗男性帕金森病患者LUTS症状疗效显著、不良反应少,可显著改善患者生命质量,是控制男性帕金森病患者LUTS症状的可选方法之一.     

逼尿肌活动过度对良性前列腺增生患者的影响分析

目的 探讨逼尿肌活动过度(DO)对BPH患者的影响.方法 对临床怀疑因BPH导致下尿路症状(LUTS)的47例患者按术前尿动力学检查中DO存在与否分为2组,其中有DO组22例,无DO组25例.2组均行TURP,分别记录患者相关临床资料,术前IPSS和QOL,Q~(max),残余尿及压力-流率检查等数据;术后随访并再次记录上述指标,采用SPSS10.0软件,对2组数据进行t检验.结果 DO组、无DO组前列腺体积分别为(77±25)、(56±27)ml(P=0.02),初尿意时膀胱容量(104±36)、(161±54)ml(P=0.001),急迫尿意时膀胱容量(245±73)、(328±94)ml(P=0.006),术前残余尿(71±49)、(149±125)ml(P=0.015),linPURR梗阻级别4.63±0.95、3.35±1.90(P=0.014).2组间手术前后IPSS及QOL比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 前列腺体积大、膀胱出口梗阻明显的患者易存在DO.DO组患者膀胱容量及术前残余尿量明显少于无DO组.DO存在与否并不明显影响BPH患者的IPSS及QOL.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.