慢性肾脏病患者高血压的控制及其相关因素

目的 研究并发高血压的住院慢性肾脏病（CKD）患者的降压药使用和血压控制情况,以及其相关因素。 方法 对象为2009年3月至2010年4月期间于本院住院的并发高血压的CKD患者共726例,记录其基本资料、血压、降压药使用及其他相关资料,分析其用药方案及血压控制率。 结果 91.74%患者接受了降压治疗,分别有21.21%、22.59%、19.56%、28.37%患者使用1、2、3、≥4种降压药。CKD患者总体高血压控制率为42.4%,平均血压为（137.86±20.75）/（76.30±11.35） mm Hg。CKD1+2、3、4+5期（未透析）、透析组的高血压控制率分别为50.8%、46.7%、42.0%、33.5%,各组间差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。非透析组高血压控制率（<130/80 mm Hg）显著高于透析组（<140/90 mm Hg）（44.9%比33.5%,P < 0.05）。血透组与腹透组高血压控制率差异无统计学意义（32.3%比38.7%,P > 0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,女性（优势比OR=1.787,95%CI 1.045~3.056）和应用ACEI类降压药（OR=4.378,95%CI 1.830~10.472）是高血压控制的有利因素;而脉压差增大（OR=0.847,95%CI 0.811~0.885）和并发糖尿病（OR=0.415,95%CI 0.188~0.919）是高血压控制的不利因素。 结论 住院CKD患者的高血压治疗率很高,但控制率仍较低。女性、ACEI类降压药是CKD患者血压控制的有利因素,而脉压差大、糖尿病是血压控制不良的独立危险因素。     

上海邮电系统慢性肾脏病患者高血压横断面研究

目的 对上海邮电系统职工慢性肾脏病(CKD)患者的高血压患病率、知晓率、控制率和降压药使用情况进行横断面研究.方法 回顾性分析在本院肾内科门诊就诊的上海邮电系统职工初诊CKD患者810例,其中男性422例(52.1％),女性388例(47.9％),年龄(26 ～96)岁.结果 ①83.58％的CKD患者伴高血压,高血压知晓率为占92.02％,治疗率达到了80.35％,高血压控制率为19.65％;②吸烟、肥胖、糖尿病、尿酸、肾功能减退、高龄,这些变量均为上海邮电系统职工CKD门诊患者高血压发病的危险因素;③上海邮电系统初诊CKD患者使用l、2和3种或以上降压药物者分别为72.8％ (493/677)、24.3％ (165/677)和2.9％(19/677).在已服药的544例中,单药服用的患者中,降压药物中使用比例最高药物是钙离子拮抗剂(CCB)48.0％ (261/544),血管紧张素受体Ⅱ受体拮抗剂(ARB) 31.6％ (172/544),其次为血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)9.9％ (54/544).联合治疗方案中,使用最多的是ARB+ CCB占18.8％(102/544);④上海邮电系统初诊CKD患者的CKD知晓率:46.67％.结论 上海邮电系统职工CKD患者的高血压发病率高,高血压知晓率与治疗率均较高,而CKD的知晓率低,且高血压的控制率仍低;吸烟、肥胖、糖尿病、尿酸、肾功能减退、高龄,这些变量均为CKD患者高血压发病的危险因素.     

慢性肾脏病中、晚期患者矿物质和骨代谢紊乱的知晓率、治疗率和控制率

目的 调查我院慢性肾脏病（CKD）中、晚期非透析和透析患者矿物质和骨代谢紊乱的知晓率、治疗率和控制率。 方法 选取503例CKD 3期以上的非透析和透析患者,通过问卷的形式,结合实验室检查了解患者对矿物质和骨代谢紊乱的知晓率、治疗率和控制率。 结果 CKD中、晚期患者矿物质和骨代谢紊乱知识知晓率以血液透析患者最高,腹膜透析患者其次,非透析患者最低,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.01）。知识调查总得分显示,腹膜透析[11（9,12）]和血液透析[13（11,15）]患者显著高于非透析患者[6（5,8）]（P < 0.01）。相关知识的了解程度与年龄（r = -0.11,P < 0.05）呈负相关;与文化程度（r = 0.226,P < 0.01）、肾脏病病程（r = 0.597,P < 0.01）和透析龄（r = 0.366,P < 0.01）呈正相关。医护人员宣教是CKD中、晚期患者获取知识的主要渠道,在非透析、腹膜透析和血液透析患者中分别占94.0%、79.5%和69.4%。腹膜透析（88.6%）和血液透析（96.9%）患者的矿物质和骨代谢紊乱治疗率均显著高于非透析患者（58.2%）（均P < 0.01）。在控制率方面,以K/DOQI指南为标准,非透析患者血钙、血磷、钙磷乘积和甲状旁腺素（PTH）等的达标率明显优于透析患者;在各项指标的达标数量上也显著优于透析患者（均P < 0.01）。以KDIGO指南为标准,非透析（46.7%）和腹膜透析（36.9%）患者的血磷达标率均显著高于血液透析患者（23.6%）（均P < 0.01）。 结论 CKD中、晚期非透析患者矿物质和骨代谢紊乱的知晓率和治疗率较低,控制率较高;而透析患者的知晓率和治疗率较高,但控制率较低。     

1031例冠脉造影患者慢性肾脏病流行情况调查

目的 调查疑似冠心病行冠脉造影患者的慢性肾脏病（CKD）流行情况。 方法 2008年12月至2009年10月,于东南大学附属中大医院心内科住院行选择性冠脉造影的1031例患者为对象,观察其CKD的患病率及其危险因素。CKD的定义为eGFR <60 ml?min-1?(1.73 m2)-1和(或)蛋白尿,eGFR以简化MDRD公式计算。冠心病定义为至少1支冠脉狭窄≥50%。 结果 患者平均年龄(64.37±11.02）岁,其中男性543例,女性488例;冠心病551例,CKD 134例（13%）。冠心病组CKD的患病率显著高于非冠心病组（18.33%比6.88%,P < 0.01）。随冠脉病变支数增加（0、1、2、3支）,eGFR逐渐下降[（84.24±19.00）、（81.61±23.92）、（75.16±20.99）、（73.92±20.66） ml?min-1?(1.73 m2)-1,P < 0.01];蛋白尿患者比例逐渐增加（0.42%、0.82%、1.96%、3.25%,P = 0.006）;CKD患病率逐渐增高（6.88%、13.11%、21.57%、23.38%,P < 0.01）。Logistic回归提示年龄增长（OR=1.094,95%CI 1.068~1.120）、冠脉病变支数增加（OR=1.288,95%CI 1.074~1.543）、高血压（OR=1.974,95%CI 1.082~3.603）、心脏收缩功能不全（OR=3.183,95%CI 1.696~5.972）、高尿酸血症（OR=5.366,95%CI 3.224~8.931）是CKD的重要危险因素。 结果 冠脉造影证实的冠心病患者中,CKD患病率显著高于非冠心病者,且随冠脉病变支数增加而显著增加。年龄增长、冠脉病变支数增加、高血压、心脏收缩功能不全、高尿酸血症为CKD的危险因素。     

广西城镇与农村慢性肾脏病的流行病学状况比较

目的 了解广西城镇和农村居民慢性肾脏病（CKD）流行情况及危险因素,为临床积极做好CKD防治工作提供有力依据。 方法 采用分层多级抽样方法,对广西18～74岁常住居民进行CKD抽样调查。被调查者均接受问卷调查,检测尿白蛋白/肌酐比值、血尿(离心后尿沉渣显微镜检查)和肾脏B超,结果异常者3个月后进行复查。用国人校正的简化MDRD公式计算估计肾小球滤过率（eGFR）。同时调查CKD的相关危险因素。 结果 城镇和农村居民白蛋白尿标化患病率（5.22%比5.47%）和血尿标化患病率（1.07%比1.11%）差异无统计学意义（均P > 0.05）。农村居民肾结石患病率高于城镇（10.54%比6.95%,P < 0.05）。城镇与农村居民肾功能下降患病率（3.87%比4.04%）和CKD患病率（9.58%比9.42%）差异均无统计学意义（均P > 0.05）。城镇与农村白蛋白尿患病率按年龄分布趋势不同,城镇随年龄增加而增高,农村则有两个发病高峰,年龄分别为30～40岁和60～74岁年龄段。根据Logistic回归分析,广西居民白蛋白尿的危险因素是糖尿病、高尿酸血症、心血管疾病史、慢性扁桃体炎、HBsAg阳性;肾功能下降的危险因素是年龄、高尿酸血症、高血压、糖尿病、肾结石和心血管疾病史。城镇居民CKD知晓率高于农村（14.45％比6.27％,P < 0.05）。 结论 广西城镇与农村居民CKD患病率差异无统计学意义,城镇居民CKD知晓率高于农村,需要加强农村CKD防治工作。     

慢性肾脏病患者脑卒中的发生及其相关因素

目的 探讨慢性肾脏病（CKD）患者脑卒中的发生情况及其影响因素,以及颈动脉粥样硬化对其的影响。 方法 回顾性分析2007年1月至2007年12月在上海仁济医院住院治疗的700例CKD患者的脑卒中发生情况。将患者分为CKDⅠ~Ⅲ期、Ⅲ～Ⅴ期非透析患者及透析患者3组,比较其脑卒中发生率。随机选取409例患者行颈动脉多普勒超声检查,探讨颈动脉粥样硬化在脑卒中发生中的作用。Spearman相关因素及Logistic回归分析CKD患者脑卒中的相关影响因素。 结果 700例CKD患者中,67例（9.57%）曾经发生过≥1次脑卒中,显著高于普通人群。CKD患者脑卒中与肾小球滤过率（GFR）、年龄、收缩压（SBP）、C反应蛋白（CRP）、脂蛋白a（Lpa）、空腹血糖、前白蛋白、高密度脂蛋白（HDL）及颈动脉粥样硬化相关。Logistic回归分析显示,CKD脑卒中的影响因素包括SBP （β = 1.021,P = 0.042）、CRP（β = 1.008, P = 0.024）及颈动脉粥样硬化（β = 3.456,P = 0.025）。CKD患者颈动脉粥样硬化发生率普遍增高,且脑卒中患者的动脉粥样硬化发生率显著高于无脑卒中史患者（80.0%比47.4%,P < 0.01）。 结论 CKD患者脑卒中发生率高,原因与高血压、炎性反应及糖脂代谢紊乱有关。CKD脑卒中患者颈动脉粥样硬化发生率高,这可能有助于筛查CKD患者中脑卒中的发生。     

血浆不对称二甲基精氨酸与慢性肾脏疾病非透析患者心血管并发症的关系

目的 探讨不对称二甲基精氨酸（ADMA）与慢性肾脏疾病（CKD）非透析患者心血管并发症（CVD）的关系。 方法 高效液相色谱-质谱联用仪检测76例患者的血浆ADMA水平，分析其与颈动脉超声、心脏超声等相关指标及既往CVD病史的关系。 结果 CKD非透析患者的血浆ADMA水平较健康对照组显著升高[(41.56±12.76) 比 (17.12±7.09) mg/L, P < 0.01]。逐步多元回归分析显示ADMA是颈总动脉内-中膜厚度（β = 0.544, P < 0.01）和左室心肌重量指数（β = 2.521, P < 0.01）的独立危险因素。既往有CVD史者其血浆ADMA水平较既往无CVD史者显著升高[(47.60±15.14)比 (36.93±8.10) mg/L，P < 0.01]。Logistic回归分析显示血浆ADMA（β = 1.117，95%CI：1.013~1.232, P < 0.05）是CKD非透析患者CVD的独立危险因素。 结论 CKD患者普遍存在CVD，ADMA可能参与了CKD非透析患者CVD的发生发展。     

成纤维细胞生长因子23与慢性肾脏病中晚期患者冠状动脉钙化的关系

目的 探讨慢性肾脏病（CKD）中晚期患者血成纤维细胞生长因子23（FGF23）水平与冠状动脉钙化的关系。 方法 2010年4月至12月我院肾脏科病房、腹透中心、血透中心的CKD非透析（CKD 3~5期）、腹膜透析和血液透析患者共150例为对象;年龄、性别匹配的25例健康体检者为对照。收集患者临床和相关生化指标资料。采用酶联免疫法测定血清全段FGF23水平。对入选患者进行冠脉多层螺旋CT（MSCT）检查。分析FGF23水平与CKD中晚期患者冠脉钙化的关系。 结果 CKD中晚期患者血清FGF23水平显著高于健康对照组[196.46（83.09,355.02） ng/L比27.17（21.63,51.20） ng/L,P < 0.01];透析患者的FGF23水平显著高于非透析患者（P < 0.01）;血透患者的FGF23水平显著高于腹透患者[6048.29 （1129.08,34807.45） ng/L比1625.80（602.83,7521.78） ng/L,P < 0.01]。CKD中晚期患者冠脉钙化发生率较高（74/130,56.9%）,血清FGF23水平与冠脉钙化分数（CaS）呈正相关（r = 0.177,P < 0.05）。Logistic回归分析显示年龄（β = 0.091,OR = 1.095,P < 0.01）、透析龄（β = 2.013,OR = 7.483,P < 0.05）和FGF23水平（β = 0.838,OR = 2.311,P < 0.05）是CKD中晚期患者发生冠脉钙化的独立危险因素。冠状动脉钙化的ROC曲线显示,FGF23曲线下面积为0.705（P < 0.01）,当检测的截点为786.73 ng/L时,其敏感度和特异性分别为62.5%和75.9%;碱性磷酸酶（AKP）的曲线下面积为0.626（P = 0.017）,当检测的截点为79.75 U/L时,其敏感度和特异性分别为84.5%和41.5%。血磷在诊断冠脉钙化时没有统计学意义。 结论 血清FGF23水平与CKD中晚期患者冠脉钙化发生相关。FGF23作为诊断冠脉钙化的参考指标,其敏感度低于AKP,特异性优于AKP。     

慢性肾脏病患者血清游离脂肪酸与心脏结构和功能的关系

目的：研究慢性肾脏病（CKD）患者不同时期血清游离脂肪酸（FFA）和高敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）水平的变化及与心脏结构和功能的关系。方法：对188例CKD患者（非透析治疗130例,血液透析58例）的临床及实验室资料作回顾性研究,应用酶比色法检测血清FFA、免疫比浊法检测hs-CRP,并应用心脏超声心动图测定患者的心脏结构和功能,分析FFA水平的变化与心脏结构和功能的关系。结果：CKD患者无论透析与否,FFA水平较健康对照组显著升高[（492.63±143.59）vs（302.65±142.18）μmol/L,P〈0.01],hs-CRP水平较健康对照组显著升高[（8.11±3.85）vs（4.63±1.34）mg/L,P〈0.01],在非透析CKD患者中,随着肾功能的逐渐减退,血FFA和hs-CRP水平也逐渐升高,各组间比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）,且HD组FFA和hs-CRP水平较非透析CKD各组更高（P〈0.05）;直线相关分析显示,血FFA水平与hs-CRP、左心室心肌重量指数（LVMI）、心脏功能综合指数（Tei指数）、TG呈正相关（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）,与LVEF、GFR呈负相关（P〈0.05）;多因素逐步回归分析显示,FFA、hs-CRP和年龄是CKD患者心脏结构和功能异常的危险因素。结论：大约50%CKD患者FFA水平明显升高,且与hs-CRP及心脏结构和功能异常相关,提示高游离脂肪酸血症是CKD患者并发心血管疾病的危险因素之一。     

慢性肾脏病患者血栓调节蛋白与动脉粥样硬化的相关性

目的 探讨慢性肾脏病(CKD)患者血栓调节蛋白（Tm）水平与动脉粥样硬化（AS）的相关性。 方法 以北京朝阳医院肾内科住院的96例CKD患者为对象,其中血液透析32例,非透析64例;30例健康志愿者为对照。参试者均于清晨空腹采静脉血,分别测定Scr、胆固醇、三酰甘油、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白、C反应蛋白、血红蛋白及血栓调节蛋白。应用彩色多普勒超声检测颈动脉内膜中层厚度（IMT）。对血栓调节蛋白与IMT及相关参数进行相关分析。 结果 CKD患者血栓调节蛋白为（12.15±3.04） mg/L,显著高于健康对照组的（3.12±0.23） mg/L（P < 0.01）。血液透析组血栓调节蛋白为（16.89±3.35） mg/L,显著高于非透析组的（9.78±2.49） mg/L（P < 0.01）。血液透析组IMT值为（1.13±0.31） mm,斑块检出率为48.5%,均显著高于非透析治疗组的（0.95±0.33） mm和28.7%（均P < 0.05）。96例CRF患者的Tm水平与IMT呈正相关（r = 0.335,P < 0．01）。动脉病变程度越重者,血浆Tm水平越高。多元逐步回归分析结果显示,Tm（OR=1.13,95%CI 1.010~1.121）、SBP（OR=1.09,95%CI 1.009~1.114）、CRP（OR=1.22,95%CI 1.216~2.007）分别与CKD患者IMT独立相关。 结论 CKD患者Tm水平与IMT独立相关。血管内皮细胞损伤与CKD患者动脉粥样硬化并发症密切相关。Tm有可能成为血管内皮细胞损伤或功能紊乱的标志物。     

Pulmonary hypertension in dialysis patients

Cardiovascular complications are encountered frequently in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. The study was designed as a prospective cohort study and a total of 105 dialysis patients, 77 hemodialysis and 28 peritoneal dialysis patients, were investigated. All patients had undergone M-Mode Doppler echocardiography every 6 months by which their systolic pulmonary arterial pressures (sPAPs) and left ventricular mass indices (LVMIs) were recorded. Thirty-nine (37.1%) patients had pulmonary hypertension (PHT), that is, a mean sPAP of more than 35 mmHg. The frequency of PHT was higher in peritoneal dialysis patients but the difference was insignificant (p = 0.08). However, the frequency of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) was found to be significantly higher in peritoneal dialysis patients than in hemodialysis patients (p = 0.001). When patients with and without PHT were compared, the duration of dialysis (p = 0.02), hemoglobin (p = 0.01), HbA1c (p = 0.03), and serum albumin levels (p = 0.003) were found to be significantly higher in patients with PHT than those without PHT. In conclusion, although nonsignificant, we found a higher prevalence of PHT in peritoneal dialysis patients when compared with hemodialysis patients. This might be due to the significantly higher prevalence of LVH, hence hypervolemia, in peritoneal dialysis patients. The prevention and treatment of PHT in dialysis patients is very important for the improvement of survival in these patients. Hence, the increased prevalence of PHT in ESRD patients necessitates understanding the multiple and interacting factors, such as LVH, serum albumin and hemoglobin levels, and control of diabetes, that might contribute to this pathology in these patients.     

Hypertension in the hemodialysis population: A survey of 649 patients

Accurate information on prevalence and status of blood pressure control among US hemodialysis patients is lacking. We have surveyed the status of blood pressure control in 649 hemodialysis patients (89.8% black) from 10 dialysis units in Mississippi. Our results show a hypertension prevalence of 72% (hypertension defined as mean arterial pressure prior to dialysis session ≥114 mm Hg). This mean arterial pressure did not differ among black patients compared with white patients (P = 0.51). The majority of hypertensive patients (80%) had elevation of both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Isolated systolic hypertension was present in only 20% of hypertensive patients and was not different between black and white patients (P = 0.10). Three hundred eighty-one patients (58.7% of the total population and 81.5% of the hypertensive patients) were receiving antihypertensives. Age was the only significant factor that correlated with blood pressure: older patients (>65 years) had lower blood pressure (P < 0.0001). Race, time on dialysis, etiology of end-stage renal disease, adequacy of dialysis, and several excess volume parameters had no influence on the blood pressure level. Treated hypertensive patients had a predialysis mean blood pressure only 3 mm Hg less than the untreated hypertensive patients. No differences were found among four classes of antihypertensives with regard to the degree of blood pressure control. Patients with hypertension requiring more than one antihypertensive did not achieve a lower blood pressure than the untreated patients. There was no correlation between use of antihypertensives and the magnitude of decrease in blood pressure after dialysis. Our results document the high prevalence and resistant nature of hypertension in the hemodialysis population. It also casts doubt on the effectiveness of our current methods of treatment. Excess volume may not be as important in these patients as once thought.     

Hemodialysis Versus Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis: Effects on the Heart

Abstract: In this study we compared the influence of 2 different modalities of treatment, CAPD and hemodialysis, on the prevalence and severity of left ventricular hypertrophy and cardiac arrhythmias of chronic renal failure patients. We compared 27 patients on the CAPD program with 27 patients on to chronic hemodialysis matched for sex, age, and duration of dialysis treatment. The prevalence of hypertension was significantly lower in CAPD than in hemodialysis patients (41% vs. 81%, p = 0.0023). Blood pressure levels were also lower in CAPD than in hemodialysis patients (systolic pressure 124.9 ± 4.7 vs. 154.8 ± 4.6 mm Hg, p < 0.0001; diastolic pressure 77.5 ± 2.9 vs. 93.3 ± 2.8 mm Hg, p =0.0001). Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) was present in 52% of CAPD and in 93% of hemodialysis patients(p =0.0008).Severe cardiac arrhythmias (Lown 3–4) occurred in only 4% of CAPD and in 33% of the hemodialysis group(p =0.0149).The lower frequency of LVH in CAPD might explain the lower incidence of severe arrhythmias.     

Sleep disorders in pediatric chronic kidney disease patients

The prevalence of sleep disorders during childhood has been estimated to range from 25 to 43 %. The aim of this review is to determine the prevalence of sleep disorders and possible associations with chronic kidney disease (CKD)-related factors and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in children with CKD. An electronic systematic literature search for sleep disorders in children with CKD in Pubmed, Embase and the Cochrane Library Databases identified seven relevant articles for review, all of which reported an increased prevalence of sleep disorders in children with CKD. Five studies included children with CKD undergoing dialysis, and two studies included only non-dialysis patients. In all studies the presence of sleep disturbances was assessed by questionnaires; only one study compared the results of a validated questionnaire with laboratory-based polysomnography. The prevalence of any sleep disorder ranged from 77 to 85 % in dialysis patients, to 32–50 % in transplanted patients and 40–50 % in non-dialysis patients. The most commonly studied disorder was restless legs syndrome, which presented at a prevalence of 10–35 %. Three studies showed significant associations between presence of sleep disorders and HRQOL. We found consistent evidence of an increased prevalence of sleep disturbances in children with CKD, and these seemed to play a critical role in HRQOL.     

Association between prehypertension and chronic kidney disease in the Japanese general population

The increased prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a consequence of the accumulation of risk factors, one of which is hypertension. Here we assessed the prevalence of CKD according to blood pressure among 232,025 patients in a Japanese nationwide database with a focus on the prevalence and risk factors of CKD in prehypertension. Patients were stratified by blood pressure and included 75,474 with optimal blood pressure (less than 120/80 mm Hg); 59,194 with prehypertension and a normal blood pressure (120-129/80-84 mm Hg) or 46,547 patients with high-normal blood pressure (130-139/85-89 mm Hg); and 50,810 with hypertension (over 140/90 mm Hg without anti-hypertensive drugs). CKD was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate of stage 3 or lower or having proteinuria greater than 1+ by a dipstick method. The prevalence of CKD among patients with optimal blood pressure, prehypertension having normal or high-normal blood pressure, and hypertension was 13.9, 15.6, 18.1, and 20.7% in men, and 10.9, 11.6, 12.9, and 15.0% in women, with a significant difference between genders at each strata of blood pressure. In men, but not in women, whose blood pressure was high-normal, the CKD risk was significantly greater (odds ratio 1.11) than those with optimal blood pressure. Obesity (body mass index over 25) was significantly associated with an increased risk of CKD in both men and women (odds ratio 1.43 and 1.26, respectively), and there was an additive effect of obesity and pre-hypertension on CKD risk in men compared with men with optimal blood pressure. Thus, the prevalence of CKD increased with the severity of blood pressure. Prehypertension with high-normal blood pressure, particularly in conjunction with obesity, was found to be an independent risk factor of CKD in men.     

腹膜透析与血液透析患者血清钙磷及甲状旁腺激素水平控制及其影响因素的对比研究

目的 对比血液透析及腹膜透析患者钙磷及甲状旁腺激素水平控制情况并分析相关影响因素.方法 单中心横断面观察研究纳入2013年3月至2015年3月在我院接受规律维持性透析治疗3个月以上、临床状况稳定的患者.收集患者临床资料,分析比较不同透析方式的患者血钙、血磷、全段甲状旁腺激素(intact parathyroid hor...