韩国发现对癌症治疗的酶基因

“谈癌色变”几平是一般民众在面对癌症这个话题的直接反应据了解．多数人对癌症的认识仅在于雾里看花的阶段．长久以来．“癌症是不是绝症？”困扰了许多人．在医学日益进步的今天．我们可以肯定地说，癌症当然不是绝症！只要早期发现．绝大多数癌症比其他慢性重症的治愈率还要高。     

试论对癌症患者进行意义治疗的必要性和意义

医学事业的进步使人们的平均寿命普遍得到延长，要求改进癌症患者心理生活和情感生活质量的呼声也越来越高。要改善癌症患者心理生活和情感生活的质量，就不能只把焦点集中在对病症的一般性医学治疗上，而更应从心理治疗的层面上给他们以足够的人文关怀和精神关切。虽然在医学领域存在着将意义治疗与患者相结合的倾向，但这项工作目前还没有扩展到癌症患者身上，我们拟在理论上进行一些探索。     

癌症生物标志物的研究进展

0 引言 基因组学技术给癌症带来了希望.目前,从分子水平上认识癌症已经取得了重大进展,同时也推进了癌症的靶向治疗.然而,用于临床的靶向治疗工具发展缓慢.本文从肿瘤的分子特征方面总结了最新进展,并就这些进展存在的巨大挑战进行了概述.     

破解癌症的10个认识误区

食用超级食物真的能预防癌症吗？癌症有没有特效的治愈方法？吃糖会使癌症更糟糕吗？很少有疾病能像癌症这么可怕，有不少人在一生中的某个阶段会患上危及生命的癌症。更为糟糕的是，媒体中对于癌症病因、预防和治疗方面的一些误导信息铺天盖地；英国《每日快报》4月5日刊载的一篇文章将为你破解癌症认识方面的十大误区。     

基因可变剪接在癌症发生和治疗中的研究进展

［摘要］ 可变剪接指从单个基因产生多种mRNA同种型，是转录后调控的重要方式之一。可变剪接不仅影响人体正常生长发育过程，而且在包括癌症在内的多种疾病发生发展中扮演重要角色。癌组织的剪接变化通常是全局的而不是基因特异性的，异常的剪接模式控制癌症的主要特征。遗传、表观遗传、剪接因子网络差异表达及选择性转录起始或终止等多种途径巩固了特定促癌或抑癌同种型的优势表达，进而影响癌症进程。此外，近年来研究，证明呈组织或阶段特异性表达的剪接同种型有作为癌症生物标志物及治疗靶标的潜能。本文通过全局剪接变化影响肿瘤进展、可变剪接影响癌症进展的途径及可变剪接提示癌症监控和治疗新策略3 个方面进行综述。     

靶向于癌症治疗的信号通路

癌细胞以存在多种遗传上的改变为特征,这些变异的累积驱动正常细胞向侵袭性癌症进展。在癌变过程中,正常细胞转变为肿瘤细胞至少必须四到六种基因突变[1]。近年来,大量遗传学研究以及基于新一代测序技术的全基因组测序研究丰富了我们     

看看你会得癌症吗？

癌症，21世纪的致命杀手，严重威胁着人民的健康。我在行医过程中，总有人问我：“现在为什么癌症这么多？另外，我自己会得癌症吗？”首先我们应该了解癌症和哪些因素有关，有些因素我们是改变不了的，但是，许多因素是我们可以通过自身的约束减少对我们的伤害。     

癌症恶病质研究进展

癌症恶病质（cancercachedaCC）是指癌症患者有食欲不振、体重下降、贫血、乏力和衰竭等表现的综合征，同时也包括与癌的进行性生长相关的能量和代谢方面的异常。大约有切叽的晚期癌症患者主要死于恶痛质。尽管临床上对癌症恶病质认识较早，并对此进行研究，但至今尚无一种满意的理论能解释癌症恶病质的发生机理，更无有效手段控制恶痛质的发展。近年来随着姑息医学的发展，晚期癌症病人的姑息治疗日益受到重视，癌症恶痛质研究将成为下一世纪癌症防治研究的一个热点。一、癌症恶病质的机理三．机体营养摄取不足早年人们认为癌症恶病质是继…     

癌症疼痛的规范化治疗

根据国际疼痛研究会(IASP)对疼痛的定义：疼痛是一种不愉快的感觉和实际的或潜在的组织损伤，所引起的情感经历；或是就这一损伤所作的描述。疼痛属于一种不愉快的生理体验，它广泛出现于各种疾病的病程中。而癌症疼痛是一个普遍存在的世界性问题。据WHO统计，目前全世界癌症患者中，有30～50％伴有不同程度的疼痛，WHO首先把癌症疼痛提到重要和优先解决的地位，有效的止痛治疗，对于晚期癌症病人尤其重要。     

200例癌症患者自身因素对癌痛治疗影响的调查分析

目的:了解癌症患者对疼痛本身及疼痛治疗的认识,探讨癌症患者自身相关因素对癌痛治疗的影响。方法:应用疼痛量表对患者疼痛程度进行分类,采用自行设计的癌症患者疼痛情况认识调查问卷进行问卷调查。结果:共完成200例癌症患者的调查,重度疼痛者49例,中度疼痛者38例,轻度疼痛者12例,无疼痛者101例,疼痛患者中有94例患者正在进行止痛药物治疗。对疼痛的错误认识,没有如实汇报疼痛,对阿片类药物的成瘾顾虑,担心阿片类药物的不良反应,不正确的服药方法,以及经济压力是影响癌症患者疼痛治疗的障碍因素。结论:癌症患者自身的障碍因素影响癌性疼痛的治疗的依从性。     

Present and future state of cancer screening for esophageal cancer and gastric cancer

Recently, endoscopic examinations have played a major role in the diagnosis and treatment in the field of gastroenterology. It is considered that endoscopy would be an important examination for cancer screening of the esophagus and the stomach. However, endoscopic services for cancer screening are in short supply. Furthermore, we have to take the complications and poor economic benefits of endoscopy in to consideration when we apply it as a practical cancer screening system. Thus, an effective primary screening system must be provided for the endoscopic screening of cancer of the esophagus and the stomach. People with a defect in aldehyde dehydrogenase-2(ALDH2)should be distinguished by their facial flushing in drinking and for their high risks of esophageal cancer. In cases with gastric cancer screening by endoscopy, an x-ray study is expected to be a primary screening because of its efficacy. It already has been recommended for population-based screening in Japanese guidelines for gastric cancer screening. In cases with opportunistic screening of gastric cancer, patients should be allowed to choose from several studies such as the x-ray study, direct endoscopy, and the so-called high risk screening of gastric cancer for estimating risks and planning of screening for gastric cancer.     

Breast cancer chemoprevention

According to the National Cancer Institute Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results Cancer Statistics Review, the incidence of invasive breast cancer in the USA is 124 women per 100,000 population. Women at increased risk for breast cancer have three major options to reduce their risk, specifically screening, chemoprevention and prophylactic surgery. In this article, we focus on chemoprevention. There are three chemoprevention agents available to reduce breast cancer risk: tamoxifen, raloxifene and exemestane. In this article, we summarize the major randomized clinical trials investigating the use of these agents in the chemoprevention setting. Randomized controlled trials have shown that these agents can reduce breast cancer incidence, but the potential risks of these agents and their impact on quality of life should also be carefully considered. Indeed, it is always important to keep in mind that chemoprevention targets asymptomatic women, and therefore the decision to embark on this strategy should never be taken lightly.     

Target molecules in specific immunotherapy against prostate cancer

Recent advances in molecular biology and tumor immunology have allowed us to identify genes encoding human cancer-related antigens and their peptides that are recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Although these advances have been preceded by studies on melanoma antigens, prostate cancer is another target candidate for specific immunotherapy. Several prostate tissue-specific antigens can be target molecules in specific immunotherapy for prostate cancer. The distribution of prostate tissue-specific antigens is more localized than that of melanoma-related antigens. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is available as an evaluation indicator of clinical course. In addition, epithelial cancer-related antigens are also applicable for prostate cancer patients. These lines of evidence suggest that prostate cancer is the best candidate for specific immunotherapy among the various types of epithelial cancers. A number of epitope peptides which have the potential to generate prostate cancer-reactive CTLs have been identified to date, and clinical trials targeting these molecules have been conducted. In this article, we review prostate cancer-related antigens and their epitope peptides, which have potential for use in the immunotherapy of prostate cancer patients, and we introduce the current status of clinical trials of specific immunotherapy targeting these molecules.     

Translational research in lung cancer

Recent research advances in cancer and molecular biology have furthered our understanding of the etiology and natural history of lung cancer. Through translational research, a growing understanding of the molecular changes that underlie cancer progression has contributed to the development of novel molecular approaches for early detection, further defining prognosis, refining treatment schedules, identifying new therapeutic targets, and identifying patients at risk for treatment-related toxicity from aggressive therapy, such as pneumonitis and esophagitis. In this article, we review progress in molecular/gene screening and prognosis, and we present a clinical study, based on preclinical research, in which we apply low-dose radiosensitizing paclitaxel for locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC); this resulted in superior local tumor control while keeping treatment toxicity low. We also review progress made in identifying cytokines: interleukin [IL]-1alpha, IL-6, and transforming growth factor [TGF] beta as markers for lung cancer treatment-related radiation pneumonitis. Finally, we summarize different targeted therapy approaches and discuss their application to clinical trials. Irrespective of the slow progress toward clinical improvements, we have gained much knowledge through translational research using new molecular and biologic technology. We believe that knowledge of lung cancer biology will continue to provide the foundation for future improvements in lung cancer treatment.     

纳米材料在肿瘤诊疗中的应用研究进展

恶性肿瘤是目前影响人类健康的头号元凶。尽管肿瘤诊断与治疗的手段不断发展，但是由于肿瘤的异质性、隐匿性等原因，现有的肿瘤诊疗手段难以有效地克服肿瘤的复发、转移。近年来，随着纳米技术的不断发展，纳米材料因其良好的理化性质，如具有肿瘤靶向性、较好的生物相容性、易于功能化等，在肿瘤诊疗方面受到广泛关注，已有多项产品进入临床试验阶段或投入应用。对纳米材料在肿瘤诊断、化疗、放疗、光疗及免疫治疗等相关方面的应用研究进行了综述，并对其发展趋势予以了展望。     

Potential of casein kinase I in digestive cancer screening

Casein kinase I is a group of ubiquitous Serine/Threonine kinases that have been implicated in both normal cellular functions and several pathological conditions including Alzheimer's disease and cancer. Recent findings in colon and pancreatic cancer have brought tremendous attention to these molecules as potential therapeutic targets in treatment of digestive cancers. In this review, we summarize up to date what is known about this family of kinases and their involvement in carcinogenesis and other pathological conditions. Our emphasis is on their implications in digestive cancers and their potential for cancer screening and therapy.     

Genetically engineered mouse models for hereditary cancer syndromes

Advances in molecular diagnostics have led to improved diagnosis and molecular understanding of hereditary cancers in the clinic. Improving the management, treatment, and potential prevention of cancers in carriers of predisposing mutations requires preclinical experimental models that reflect the key pathogenic features of the specific syndrome associated with the mutations. Numerous genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models of hereditary cancer have been developed. In this review, we describe the models of Lynch syndrome and hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome, the two most common hereditary cancer predisposition syndromes. We focus on Lynch syndrome models as illustrative of the potential for using mouse models to devise improved approaches to prevention of cancer in a high-risk population. GEM models are an invaluable tool for hereditary cancer models. Here, we review GEM models for some hereditary cancers and their potential use in cancer prevention studies.     

Health literacy and cancer communication

Health literacy is increasingly recognized as a critical factor affecting communication across the continuum of cancer care. We reviewed research on health literacy and examined its impact on cancer outcomes and communication. According to the National Adult Literacy Survey (NALS), considered the most accurate portrait of literacy in our society, about one in five American adults may lack the necessary literacy skills to function adequately in our society. As patients, such individuals are at a disadvantage in their capacity to obtain, process, and understand cancer information and services needed to make appropriate health care decisions. Patients with poor health literacy have a complex array of difficulties with written and oral communication that may limit their understanding of cancer screening and of symptoms of cancer, adversely affecting their stage at diagnosis. In addition, these barriers impair communication and discussion about risks and benefits of treatment options, and patient understanding of informed consent for routine procedures and clinical trials. More research is needed to identify successful methods for educating and communicating with patients who have limited health literacy. Based on our own experience, we offer practical communication aids that can help bridge the cancer communication gap.     

双侧乳腺癌研究进展

Women diagnosed with breast cancer have a significantly higher risk of developing contralateral breast carcinoma. When the dignosis of “bilateral breast cancer (BBC)” is established, the challenges for the doctors are to determine contralateral breast carcinoma is metastasis or primary lesions. The pathological type, receptor status, biological behavior and the prognosis of bilateral breast cancer are the issues have to be considered. On the other hand, we discuss which type of breast cancer trend to be bilateral breast cancer, thus more effective follow-up and preventive procedures would be applied on the patients with bilateral breast cancer to improve their quality of life and the curative rate.