组织工程骨对羊节段性骨缺损的修复

目的探讨自体骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)复合生物活性陶瓷材料β磷酸三钙(TCP)修复羊跖骨节段性缺损的能力。方法将24只成年中国美利奴绵羊随机分成3组，制备单侧跖骨21mm长节段性缺损，缺损分别采用相应方法修复：材料 细胞组，缺损区植入β-TCP MSCs复合体(n=10)；单纯材料组，缺损区植入单纯β—TCP(n=10)；空白组，缺损区不作处理(n=4)。术后1、3和6月处死动物并取材，做大体形态学、组织学、X线检查。结果术后6月检查结果显示，在材料 细胞组，骨生成能力明显强于单纯材料组；而空白组仅在骨折断面处生成少量松质骨，骨缺损不能修复。结论生物活性陶瓷β—TCP与MSCs结合能明显提高骨生成速度，在修复长骨干节段性缺损方面具有潜在的临床应用价值。     

Sternal repair with bone grafts engineered from amniotic mesenchymal stem cells

Purpose

We aimed at determining whether osseous grafts engineered from amniotic mesenchymal stem cells (aMSCs) could be used in postnatal sternal repair.

Methods

Leporine aMSCs were isolated, identified, transfected with green fluorescent protein (GFP), expanded, and seeded onto biodegradable electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds (n = 6). Constructs were dynamically maintained in an osteogenic medium and equally divided into 2 groups with respect to time in vitro as follows: 14.6 or 33.9 weeks. They were then used to repair full-thickness sternal defects spanning 2 to 3 intercostal spaces in allogeneic kits (n = 6). Grafts were submitted to multiple analyses 2 months thereafter.

Results

Chest roentgenograms showed defect closure in all animals, confirmed at necropsy. Graft density as assessed by microcomputed tomographic scans increased significantly in vivo, yet there were no differences in mineralization by extracellular calcium measurements preimplantation and postimplantation. There was a borderline increase in alkaline phosphatase activity in vivo, suggesting ongoing graft remodeling. Histologically, implants contained GFP-positive cells and few mononuclear infiltrates. There were no differences between the 2 construct groups in any comparison.

Conclusions

Engineered osseous grafts derived from amniotic mesenchymal stem cells may become a viable alternative for sternal repair. The amniotic fluid can be a practical cell source for engineered chest wall reconstruction.     

Establishment of a bilateral femoral large segmental bone defect mouse model potentially applicable to basic research in bone tissue engineering

Background

To understand the cellular mechanism underlying bone defect healing in the context of tissue engineering, a reliable, reproducible, and standardized load-bearing large segmental bone defect model in small animals is indispensable. The aim of this study was to establish and evaluate a bilateral femoral defect model in mice.

Materials and methods

Donor mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (mBMSCs) were obtained from six mice (FVB/N) and incorporated into partially demineralized bone matrix scaffolds to construct tissue-engineered bones. In total, 36 GFP⁺ mice were used for modeling. Titanium fixation plates with locking steel wires were attached to the femurs for stabilization, and 2-mm–long segmental bone defects were created in the bilateral femoral midshafts. The defects in the left and right femurs were transplanted with tissue-engineered bones and control scaffolds, respectively. The healing process was monitored by x-ray radiography, microcomputed tomography, and histology. The capacity of the transplanted mBMSCs to recruit host CD31⁺ cells was investigated by immunofluorescence and real-time polymerase chain reaction.

Results

Postoperatively, no complication was observed, except that two mice died of unknown causes. Stable fixation of femurs and implants with full load bearing was achieved in all animals. The process of bone defect repair was significantly accelerated due to the introduction of mBMSCs. Moreover, the transplanted mBMSCs attracted more host CD31⁺ endothelial progenitors into the grafts.

Conclusions

The present study established a feasible, reproducible, and clinically relevant bilateral femoral large segmental bone defect mouse model. This model is potentially suitable for basic research in the field of bone tissue engineering.     

组织工程骨修复节段性骨缺损的实验研究

目的 探讨用多孔β-磷酸三钙生物陶瓷（β-tricalcium phosphate,β-TCP）与自体骨髓问充质干细胞（autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,MSC）构建组织工程骨修复节段性骨缺损的效果。方法 在羊左跖骨中段形成21mm长的骨缺损,实验组植入组织工程骨;对照组单纯植入β-TCP;空白组骨缺损不作处理。术后1、3、6个月分批处死动物,缺损区行放射学、组织学、生物力学和扫描电镜等检测。空白对照组6个月取材。结果 实验组,骨缺损部位新生类骨样组织、编织骨和板状骨出现的时间都较对照组早,并且不经软骨介导即能直接成骨,而对照组以“爬行替代”方式修复骨缺损。放射学和生物力学检测显示术后6个月实验组骨缺损几乎完全修复,对照组部分修复,而空白组未愈合。结论 组织工程骨能加速骨缺损愈合的速度,其修复过程可超越“爬行替代”阶段;组织工程骨是治疗节段性骨缺损的一种较好选择方式。     

组织工程骨联合外固定修复大鼠股骨节段性骨缺损

目的 观察以外固定器固定,骨髓间充质干细胞 (BMSCs) 联合双相磷酸钙(BCP)修复大鼠股骨节段性骨缺损的效果.方法 A组:BMSCs与BCP复合植入缺损区;B组:BCP植入缺损区;C组:空白组.定期摄X线片,术后12周取材.结果 A组随时间延长X线评分递增,12周时平均为4.17分,B组为1.18分,C组为1.08分,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).组织学检查见A组缺损区有大量的新生骨生成,而B、C组无新生骨生成.A组的抗压刚度和扭转刚度分别为(8.09±2.42)N/mm、(1.89±0.72)Nmm/deg;B组为(1.75±0.90)N/mm、(0.40±0.21)Nmm/deg,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 组织工程骨联合外固定可以修复节段性骨缺损.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) combined with biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) repair of segmental bone defect, which was stabilized with an adaptable external fixation system.Methods In group A, the femoral defect was filled with BCP combined with BMSCs; In group B, the femoral defect was filled with BCP, and in group C, defects were left empty. Animals were sacrificed 12 weeks post-operation.Results In group A, radiographic scores were average 4.17, significantly (P<0.05) greater than in group B (1.18) and group C (1.08). Histological evaluations displayed the bridging of the defect in group A, with remarkable new bone formation. In contrast, group B and group C showed no formation of new bone. The mechanical testing revealed that axial stiffness was (8.09±2.42) N/mm and torsional stiffness was (1.89±0.72) Nmm/deg in group A, and those in group B were (1.75±0.90) N/mm and (0.40±0.21) Nmm/deg respectively. There was significant difference in biomechanical tests between group A and group B (P<0.05).Conclusion External fixator combined with tissue engineered bone can repair segmental bone defect.     

Amniotic stem cells repair ureteric defect: a study to evaluate the feasibility of amniotic membrane as a graft in surgical reconstruction

Background  

Amniotic membrane is considered a promising procedure as a graft in the field of ophthalmology and skin reconstruction. It has been shown to decrease inflammation, fibrosis, elicit no host immune reaction and also has antibiotic actions.     

3D打印组织工程支架联合骨髓间充质干细胞移植修复脊髓损伤

目的:通过组织学分析、免疫荧光染色、电生理检测和感觉运动功能评价等实验方法,探讨3D打印水凝胶支架联合骨髓间充质干细胞（bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,BMSCs）促进脊髓损伤功能恢复的有效性。方法:将10%的GelMA水凝胶和10 6 U的BMSCs悬液配置成的生物墨...     

软骨细胞和骨髓间质干细胞混合培养构建组织工程软骨的实验研究

目的 探讨软骨细胞和骨髓间质干细胞(bone mesenchymal stem cells,BMSCs)混合培养对构建组织工程软骨的影响,并确定两者的最佳比例.方法 体外分离培养兔(1月龄)关节软骨细胞和BMSCs,按不同比例(软骨细胞和BMSCs的浓度比为:4:1、2:1、1:1、1:2、1:4及单纯软骨细胞)混合培养一代.以4×107/ml的细胞终浓度接种40μl于聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物[poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid),PLGA:4mm×4mm×2mm),静态培养2 d,然后移至周期性压力场(压力0～200 kPa,频率:0.1 Hz,时间:8 h/d)培养3周.收获组织工程软骨行大体观察,组织切片,定量检测糖胺聚糖(glyeosaminoglycans,GAGs)含量、DNA含量及Ⅱ型胶原染色面积.结果 软骨细胞和BMSCs混合培养组与单纯软骨细胞组相比,体积较大,表面光滑,有弹性,有光泽.组织学检查显示混合培养组结构致密,细胞外基质分布更均匀,其中软骨细胞和BMSCs的浓度比为2:1组可见软骨陷窝.混合培养组的Ⅱ型胶原染色面积、GAGs含量、DNA含量高于单纯软骨细胞组,其中软骨细胞和BMSCs的浓度比为2:1组含量最高,与其他比例混合组比较,差异有统计学意义.结论 软骨细胞和BMSCs混合培养能提高组织工程软骨的质量,其中以软骨细胞和BMSCs的浓度比为2:1最佳.     

Repair of large segmental bone defects using bone marrow stromal cells with demineralized bone matrix

Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of tissue‐engineered constructs on repair of large segmental bone defects in goats. Methods: Allogenic demineralized bone matrix (aDBM) was seeded with autologous marrow stromal cells (aMSC) for seven days to construct DBM–MSC grafts prior to implantation. 24 goats were randomly divided into three groups (eight in each). In each group, 3 cm diaphyseal femoral defects were created unilaterally, and subsequently filled with the DBM‐MSC grafts, DBM alone and an untreated control, respectively. Radiological analysis and biomechanical evaluation were performed at 12 and 24 weeks after operation. Results: Obvious increases in radiological scoring and biomechanical strength were found in the DBM‐MSC group when compared to the DBM group. X‐ray examination showed excellent bone healing in the DBM‐MSC group, whereas only partial bone repair was seen in the DBM group, and no healing in untreated controls. Histologically, a tendency to bone regeneration and remodeling was far more obvious for the DBM‐MSC group than the DBM only and untreated controls. Conclusion: Our results strongly suggest that transplantation of bone MSC within a DBM could have advantages for the bone repair of large segmental defects.     

藻酸钙凝胶-成骨细胞-骨粉构建工程化骨修复兔颅骨缺损的实验研究

目的探讨藻酸钙凝胶、成骨细胞、骨粉复合构建的可塑形组织工程骨修补兔颅骨缺损后的形态学变化和成骨效果.方法28只日本大耳白兔,随机分为A(n=20)、B(n=8)两组,手术在兔颅顶骨矢状缝两侧分别各建立一个直径1cm的圆形全层缺损,用两种方法藻酸钙凝胶、成骨细胞、骨粉和藻酸钙凝胶、骨粉分别构建组成可塑形的组织工程骨复合材料,分别填补修复A组兔颅骨左右两侧的缺损,B组为空白对照组,通过大体、组织学、X线观察材料的形态变化、成骨情况,并对X线片和组织学切片进行评分.结果材料植入后,局部未见红肿、积液、渗出等异常反应.①藻酸钙凝胶-成骨细胞-骨粉组修补后12周颅骨缺损基本被硬性组织所修复,镜下见修复材料大多被骨组织替代,骨粉基本被吸收,有块状凝胶残留其中,组织学评分为(5.50±1.00).X线片见兔颅骨缺损处有高密度骨痂影存在,布满整个缺损区,X线片评分为(3.25±0.95).②藻酸钙凝胶-骨粉组修补后12周部分颅骨缺损被硬性组织所修复,镜下见修复材料部分转变成骨组织,骨粉基本被吸收,有凝胶残留其中,组织学评分为(3.25±1.50).X线片见兔颅骨缺损处有高密度骨痂影存在,主要分布在缺损区的边缘部位,X线片评分(2.25±0.25).③空白对照组骨缺损主要被膜样纤维组织修复,在紧邻骨缺损边缘处有硬性组织形成,镜下见修复组织边缘有骨组织存在,中央大部为膜状致密纤维组织,组织学评分为(1.50±0.50),X线片仅见靠近骨缺损边缘的部位存在致密骨痂影,X线片评分为(1.00±0.57).结论藻酸钙凝胶、成骨细胞、骨粉构建的可塑形组织工程骨可根据颅骨缺损的形态进行塑形填补,在体内有良好的成骨能力,可达到对兔颅骨缺损的骨性修复,但部分藻酸盐凝胶吸收缓慢,手术后12周仍不能满意吸收.     

基因强化组织工程骨联合显微外科方法修复长段骨缺损的实验研究

目的评价骨形态发生蛋白2（BMP-2）基因强化的组织工程骨联合显微外科方法修复长段骨缺损的效果。方法分离培养兔骨髓基质干细胞，经BMP-2基因转染后复合异种骨支架体外构建基因强化的组织工程骨（GEB）。建立兔双侧桡骨缺损（2．5cm长）模型，采用5种方法修复。A：GEB加带血管蒂骨膜移植；B：GEB加血管束植入；C：GEB加游离骨膜移植；D：GEB；E：单纯支架。术后4、8、12周行X线、组织学、生物力学测定和微血管墨汁灌注等观察血管形成及成骨情况。结果A组血运建立最快，B组血管束早期即发出分支向移植骨内长入，C组4周时游离骨膜成活并发出微小血管，D组在BMP-2基因诱导下成骨速度和质量优于E组，12周时骨缺损部分修复，但中央区成骨不良，而E组12周时形成骨不连，缺损区内被纤维组织填充。在细胞成活率、生物力学性能、VEGF表达水平等方面，均表现为A〉B〉C〉D〉E，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论BMP-2基因强化的组织工程骨联合显微外科方法修复长段骨缺损，既提供了血运，又提供了有效的成骨诱导因子，是治疗长段骨缺损较为理想的方法。其中，带血管蒂骨膜联合移植修复效果最佳；血管束植入法血供重建较快，方便临床应用。     

新西兰大白兔骨膜下组织工程骨异位成骨的实验研究

目的：利用新西兰大白兔骨髓基质干细胞构建组织工程骨,研究其在股骨骨膜下异位成骨的可行性。方法：选取3月龄的清洁级雌性新西兰大白兔,体重3kg,取其骨髓基质干细胞诱导为成骨干细胞,扩增后接种到β-磷酸三钙生物陶瓷颗粒中,构建的组织工程骨种植到股骨骨膜下,3个月后实验动物血管内灌注凝胶墨汁,通过光学显微镜直接检测组织工程骨的血供和成骨结果。结果：16个标本中的12个植入的组织工程骨颗粒均良好固定在骨膜下并被骨膜包围,组织工程骨中有大量血管和新生骨形成,骨组织结构相对紊乱,不同于正常骨组织结构排列规则,血管分布均匀。4例取材时发现植入物游离于骨膜外,大部分材料被吸收,残留植入物体积明显小于骨膜下成骨,未见明显的骨组织形成,血供情况欠佳。股骨骨膜下组织工程骨颗粒80%贴附牢固,成骨良好,新骨内有大量血管长入。结论：组织工程骨可以在骨膜下获得良好的异位成骨。     

组织工程化人工骨移植修复长骨干缺损的成骨研究

目的 研究仿生制备的组织工程化人工骨移植修复长骨干缺损的成骨性能、修复效果及可能的修复机制。方法 采用人工合成双相羟基磷灰石(HA／β-TCP)为支架材料，与聚-DL-乳酸(PDLLA)复合后再复合Ⅰ型胶原及重组合人类骨形态发生蛋白-2(rhBMP-2)，与兔骨膜成骨细胞及肾脏血管内皮细胞复合培养。将仿生制备的组织工程化人工骨移植到日本大耳白兔桡骨完全骨膜-骨缺损区，分别于术后第4、8、12周进行大体解剖观察、X线观察、HE染色及Masson三色法染色组织学观察、图像分析、扫描电镜、X线能谱分析，研究骨缺损的修复情况。结果 术后第4周可见新生板层骨；第8周植入物与自体骨呈皮质骨融合，有新骨髓长入；第12周植入物外周被新生皮质骨完全替代，组织学新生骨呈数个连续过渡的条带样分布区。新生骨定量4周组与8周组及12周组比较差异有显著性，8周组与12周组差异无显著性。随植入时间延长，植入体中钙／磷比值趋向于自体皮质骨。结论 仿生构建的组织工程化人工骨植入体内修复长骨干缺损，修复效果好，其骨再生机制为软骨内化骨。     

纤维蛋白用做骨组织工程载体并修复骨缺损

[目的]研究将纤维蛋白用做骨组织工程的载体材料。[方法]将兔骨髓基质干细胞（BMSCs）在体外大量培养扩增后，与同种兔纤维蛋白制成凝胶复合物，对复合物进行成骨性诱导培养，观察细胞增殖与分化情况。进而将含自体BMSCs的复合物填充于兔桡骨节段性缺损区，观察其对骨缺损的修复效果。[结果]BMSCs与纤维蛋白复合物在体外培养条件下可保持完整形状、细胞大量增殖，并发生成骨性分化和分泌钙盐。植入复合物的骨缺损区修复效果显著优于植入单纯纤维蛋白。[结论]纤维蛋白可为BMSCs提供良好的增殖与分化环境，二者复合物可用于组织工程法修复骨缺损。     

小口径组织工程血管体外构建的研究

目的 探讨间充质干细胞体外构建组织工程血管的可行性.方法 将体外培养扩增的犬骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)定向分化为平滑肌样细胞和内皮样细胞,接种于ε-己内酯/L-丙交酯(PCLA)支架上,将其置于生物反应器内,在搏动性力学(100±20/55±20)mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)刺激条件下培养.3 d后行血管组织学检测.结果 血管支架拉伸强度6.1 MPa;骨髓间充质干细胞成功定向分化为平滑肌样细胞和内皮样细胞;血管腔内表面完全为细胞覆盖,表面的细胞沿液体流动的方向分布;种植的部分细胞已经渗透入血管壁内.结论 骨髓间充质干细胞可作为种子细胞,与PCLA支架在生物反应器内构建组织工程血管.     

组织工程骨修复兔颅骨缺损的实验研究

目的　探讨组织工程化骨修复骨缺损实用价值。方法　将自体成骨样细胞即刻种植在胶原包埋的聚羟基乙酸（PGA）基质材料上,然后将该复合体或单纯基质材料移植到兔颅骨的一侧全层骨缺损区,作为实验侧Ⅰ或实验侧Ⅱ。对侧设对照,不作任何植入。将40只新西兰兔分别于术后2、6、8、12w处死,标本行大体组织学检查,X线摄片及灰量测定检查。结果　术后2w实验侧I缺损区可见骨小梁形成,且各期成骨面积明显优于实验侧Ⅱ及对照侧,另外,植入材料内的灰量测定结果及X线摄片结果也表明实验侧I成骨量明显大于实验侧Ⅱ（p<0.01）,而对照侧为纤维组织修复。结论　应用胶原包埋PGA加成骨样细胞复合体移植可修复自体的兔颅骨缺损,为组织工程化骨在颅面外科及整形外科领域的临床应用奠定了基础。     

负载不同浓度骨形态发生蛋白的组织工程骨体内成骨的量效关系

目的以聚乳酸-羟基乙酸[poly-(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide),PLGA]为支架,负载不同浓度的骨形态发生蛋白(bonemorphogeneticprotein,BMP),与骨髓基质干细胞(bonemarrowstemcells,BMSCs)构建成新型的组织工程骨,并观察其体内成骨的量效关系。方法制作新西兰大白兔桡骨中段15mm骨缺损实验模型,植入不同含量BMP的组织工程骨。24只兔随机分为三组:第一组:植入同时负载5.0mgBMP及1×106个已向成骨细胞诱导的BMSCs的组织工程骨(10只);第二组:植入同时负载2.5mgBMP及1×106个已向成骨细胞诱导的BMSCs的组织工程骨(7只);第三组:植入同时负载1.0mgBMP及1×106个已向成骨细胞诱导的BMSCs的组织工程骨(7只)。术后对动物进行大体观察,摄X线片观察各组术后4、8、12周骨缺损修复情况,比较不同时相的骨缺损区X线阻射密度。于术后第4、8、12周取出骨缺损区标本进行大体观察和组织学切片观察,图像分析骨缺损区域骨小梁的生成数量;取第12周标本行生物力学检测。结果X线片显示术后4周三组动物的桡骨缺损区域均有明显骨痂生成;12周时三组的骨缺损完全愈合率分别为7/8、3/5、3/5;各时相局部X线阻射密度值与新生骨小梁百分比计量显示第一组的新生骨痂及骨小梁最多,并可见髓腔再通现象。生物力学检测结果显示第一组的压缩刚度、扭转刚度、三点弯曲断裂载荷均大于其他两组。结论含5.0mgBMP的PLGA支架与BMSCs复合构建的组织工程骨修复兔桡骨15mm骨缺损的效果最佳。     

牙槽突裂组织工程骨修复的脂肪间充质干细胞体外三维培养促成骨的研究

目的:探讨脂肪间充质干细胞在Matrigel凝胶中三维培养条件下成骨效果,为牙槽突裂组织工程骨修复提供理论依据。方法:2019年6月于广州市妇女儿童医疗中心实验室,取第4代脂肪间充质干细胞(adipose derived stem cells, ADSC),调整细胞密度为1×10 5/ml,分别用二维普通培...     

组织工程化人工骨血管化研究

目的 比较三种促进组织工程化人工骨体内血管化方法的效果及研究血管化与成骨的相关关系。方法 将HA/β-TCP与PDLLA形成复合支架材料，再复合Ⅰ型胶原、rhBMP-2，与成骨细胞联合培养，仿生制备成组织工程化人工骨，采用包裹带血管蒂筋膜，复合血管内皮细胞或两者联合的促血管化手段。将人工骨修复兔桡骨干骨膜-骨完全缺损，手术后4、8、12周，观察移植物组织学，体视学方法观察血管化，成骨作用及其两者的关系。结果 3种方法均有促血管作用。其优劣依次为；材料包裹带血管蒂筋膜及复合血管内皮细胞大于材料单纯复合血管内皮细胞，后者又大于材料单纯包裹带血管蒂筋膜，术后4周为快速血管化阶段。4-8周间血管化有平缓发展，12周完全血管化，血管化与新骨生成数量成正相关。结论 促血管化手术对组织工程化人工骨移植修复骨缺损的效果起重要促进作用。     

The epitope characterisation and the osteogenic differentiation potential of human fat pad-derived stem cells is maintained with ageing in later life

Some clinical settings are deficient in osteogenic progenitors, e.g. atrophic nonunited fractures, large bone defects, and regions of scarring and osteonecrosis. These benefit from the additional use of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, but these cells exhibit an age-related decline in lifespan, proliferation and osteogenic potential. Therapeutic approaches for the repair of bone could be optimised by the identification of a stem cell source that does not show age-related changes. Fat pad-derived stem cells are capable of osteogenesis, but a detailed study of the effect of ageing on their epitope profile and osteogenic potential has so far not been performed.Fat pad-derived cells were isolated from 2 groups of 5 patients with a mean age of 57 years (S.D. 3 years) and 86 years (S.D. 3 years). The proliferation, epitope profile and osteogenic differentiation potential of cells from the 2 groups were compared. Cells isolated from the fat pad of both groups showed similar proliferation rates and exhibited a cell surface epitope profile similar but not identical to that of bone marrow-derived stem cells. The cells from both groups cultured in osteogenic medium exhibited osteogenesis as shown by a significant upregulation of alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin genes, and significantly greater alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity compared to cells cultured in the control medium. The cells cultured in the osteogenic medium also showed greater calcium phosphate deposition on alizarin red staining. There was no significant difference between the osteogenic potential of the two age groups for any of the parameters studied.The fat pad is a consistent and homogenous source of stem cells that exhibits osteogenic differentiation potential with no evidence of any decline with ageing in later life. This has many potential therapeutic tissue engineering applications for the repair of bone defects in an increasingly ageing population.