生物反馈治疗中低位直肠癌保肛术后排粪失禁

目的 探讨生物反馈治疗对于中低位直肠癌术后排粪功能障碍的疗效.方法 对24例中低位直肠癌术后排粪功能障碍的患者予以生物反馈治疗（治疗组）,进行治疗前后直肠肛管压力检测及肛管功能评分（Vaizey评分和Wexner评分）,并与同期住院的18例无排粪功能障碍患者（对照组）进行比较.结果 治疗组患者术后肛管静息压（27.8＋9.0）mm Hg,最大收缩压（118.3±42.9）mm Hg,直肠初始感觉容量（19.0±6.1）ml,直肠最大耐受容量（97.5±52.8）ml;显著低于对照组的（55.7±8.5）mm Hg、（233.2±31.7）mm Hg、（25.8±4.4）ml和（229.3±39.7）ml（均P〈0.01 ）.经生物反馈训练后,肛管静息压、最大收缩压和直肠最大耐受容量显著性提高,分别为（47.9±9.3）mm Hg、（193.2±38.2）mm Hg和（189.1±39.0）ml（P〈0.01）,而直肠初始感觉容量未见明显增加[（21.5±4.8）ml,P=0.101].治疗组患者生物反馈治疗前的Vaizey评分和Wexner评分为12.9±2.8和10.1±2.6;治疗后显著降低,分别为10.5±2.3和7.5±2.5（P〈0.01）.结论 生物反馈治疗方法可以改善直肠癌保肛手术后肛门功能障碍.     

生物反馈对低位直肠癌术后排便动力学的影响

目的:探讨生物反馈对低位直肠癌经肛内外括约肌间切除术后排便动力学的影响。方法:选择行低位直肠癌经肛内外括约肌间切除术后的患者100例,随机分为2组,对照组给以常规治疗,试验组在对照组基础上进行生物反馈治疗,观察记录两组患者术后排便动力学的变化。结果:治疗后,试验组肛管静息压[(50.66±5.61)mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 k Pa)]、肛管收缩压[(110.80±6.14)mm Hg],明显高于对照组的(43.98±4.36)mm Hg、(102.14±3.48)mm Hg试验组肛管最大收缩时间[(39.46±7.15)s]比对照组[(35.14±3.28)s]长;试验组结肠末端静息压[(3.74±1.52)mm Hg]高于对照组的(3.32±1.26)mm Hg,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),试验组初始感觉容量阈值、初始排便容量阈值、最大耐受容量等均明显高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);试验组结肠末端肛管收缩反射阳性、结肠末端肛管收缩抑制反射阳性明显高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),试验组球囊排出试验时间比对照组长,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);试验组每天排便次数少于对照组,控便时间比对照组长,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:生物反馈治疗能明显改善低位直肠癌经肛内外括约肌间切除术后各项排便动力学指标。     

腹腔镜辅助保肛手术对低位直肠癌的治疗效果

目的探究腹腔镜辅助保肛手术对低位直肠癌的治疗效果。方法将本院收治的120例低位直肠癌患者随机分为观察组(n=60)和对照组(n=60)。观察组行腹腔镜辅导保肛手术,对照组行传统开腹保肛手术。记录两组手术时长、术后总出血量、住院时长和术后并发症情况,以及两组术后禁食时长、术后首次排便时长、术后至肠音正常时长和肠功能恢复时长;分别检测两组术前和术后3个月后肛管直肠压力[肛管静息压(ARP)、最大耐受容量(MTV)和肛管最大收缩压(MSP)],并在术后第3个月采用Kirwan评分法评估肛门功能。结果观察组手术时长高于对照组,总出血量、住院时长和术后并发症例数低于对照组(P0.05);观察组禁食时长、术后至首次排便时长、术后至肠音正常时长和肠功能恢复时长低于对照组(P0.05);术后3个月,两组ARP、MSP和MTV水平均降低,观察组高于对照组(P0.05);观察组术后肛门功能良好率78.33%明显高于对照组的48.33%(P0.05)。结论腹腔镜辅助保肛手术效果良好,值得应用。     

腹腔镜心形吻合术治疗先天性巨结肠与开腹手术比较

目的比较腹腔镜辅助下背侧纵切心形吻合术(LHSC)与开腹手术治疗先天性巨结肠的术后并发症和排便功能.方法1999年8月～2003年11月,57例患儿进行了LHSC,54例获随访,平均随访时间是2.8年(6个月～4.8年),主要观察手术时间、并发症、排便功能及费用并与1999年8月之前的48例开腹手术进行对比.结果手术时间腹腔镜组为(168±59)min,明显长于开腹手术组(138±43)min,(f=2.903,P=0.005);腹腔镜组住院总费用为(12 030±1 050)元,明显高于开腹手术组(10 500±1 500)元(t=6.019,P=0.000);2种手术方式的术后并发症统计学上差异无明显性(χ2=2.86,P=0.091);伤口感染和肠粘连肠梗阻的发生率腹腔镜组较少,而尿潴留的发生率比开腹组高.腹腔镜组直肠肛管反射恢复率55.6%,直肠肛管角为83.4°±10.4°,排便功能异常发生率为11.1%,便秘和污粪各占50%,与开腹组相近.肛管直肠压差与肛管高压区长度两组无明显差异性(t=-0.979,P=0.334;t=-0.234,P=0.816).结论LHSC是治疗先天性巨结肠安全、有效的手术方法,术后恢复快,并发症少,排便功能与开腹手术相同.     

直肠癌保肛术前肛门功能评估的初步调查研究

目的探讨肛门直肠测压在中低位直肠癌保肛术前评估肛门功能的临床应用。方法采用肛肠动力检测系统（ARM）记录107例中低位直肠癌患者手术前的直肠肛管压力指标,采用向量测压软件分析系统临床数据。结果中低位直肠癌患者的肛管静息压比健康者轻度升高,直肠最小感觉阈值、初始排便阈值比健康者明显升高;不同性别患者的肛管长度、肛管最大收缩压差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,中位及低位直肠癌患者的肛管最大收缩压差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,〈60岁组和≥60岁组的直肠癌患者的肛管静息压、肛管最大收缩压差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论性别、年龄、肿瘤位置都是直肠癌患者肛门功能的影响因素。肛门直肠测压可以了解中低位直肠癌患者肛门内外括约肌的情况和评估患者的持便控便能力。     

低位直肠癌根治结肠J形储袋肛管吻合759例术后排便功能的Meta分析

目的评估低位直肠癌根治切除结肠J形储袋肛管吻合(JP组)相对于直接结肠肛管吻合(SA组)的术后排便功能变化。方法在Pubmed,Cochrane library等数据库中检索2010年至1990年间发表的有关低位直肠癌根治结肠储袋肛管吻合手术的文献,由2位独立的研究人员进行文献筛选和数据提取,采用RevMan4.2软件进行Meta分析。结果 14项随机对照研究759例患者符合入选标准。共考查12项指标,其中每日排便次数JP组和SA组在半年以内[WMD=-3.43(-4.15,-2.36)]和1年[WMD=-1.28(-1.66,-0.91)]均存在显著差异(P0.01);急迫感、不能区分气便、需用止泻药和直肠顺应性存在部分差异;而需用垫片、肛门失禁、需用缓泻剂、需要灌肠和直肠静息压、最大收缩压和最大耐受容积在两个时间点均无差异(P0.05)。结论低位直肠癌根治结肠J形储袋肛管吻合在术后1年之内具有一定的排便功能优势。     

低位直肠癌经肛内外括约肌间切除术后肛肠动力学研究

目的 检测3种不同治疗方法下低位直肠癌经肛内外括约肌间切除术(ISR)患者术后肛肠动力学指标,观察不同治疗方法对排便功能的影响.方法将113例低位直肠癌ISR患者分为3组,分别为新辅助化疗联合腹腔镜直肠前切除ISR组(A组,n=32):腹腔镜直肠前切除ISR组(B组,n=43):开腹直肠前切除ISR组(C组,n=38),采用肛肠压力监测仪分别检测3组术前、术后3、6、9、12个月肛管动力学、结肠末端动力学、肛管结肠末端动力学相关指标,观察并对比其变化趋势.结果 肛管静息压A、B、C组术后3个月[(33.53±6.58)、(24.69 ±5.62)、(14.86±5.54) mm Hg(1 mm Hg =0.133 kPa)]均分别低于术前[(49.37±14.32)、(47.32±7.87)、(46.50±10.02) mm Hg] (P ＜0.05),且A组[(33.53±6.58) mm Hg]比同期B、C组[(24.69±5.62)、(14.86±5.54) mm Hg]降低幅度小(P＜0.05).3组直肠肛管抑制反射阳性率于术后3个月均降低(P＜0.05),且A组比同期B、C组高(P＜0.05).球囊排出试验时间、初始排便容量阈值及最大耐受容量A组均较B组提前3个月恢复至术前水平(P＜0.05),较C组提前6个月恢复至术前水平(P＜0.05).结论新辅助化疗联合腹腔镜直肠前切除对排便动力学影响小.     

经肛门结肠直肠套入式吻合对腹腔镜低位直肠癌保肛术患者肠道功能的影响分析

目的探讨腹腔镜低位直肠癌保肛术中经肛门结肠直肠套入式吻合对患者肠道功能的影响。方法回顾性分析2016年1月至2017年12月于江油市人民医院接受腹腔镜低位直肠癌保肛术的76例患者资料,以其中39例采用经肛门结肠肛管吻合术(改良Parks手术)为对照组、37例采用经肛门结肠直肠套入式吻合方案治疗者为观察组。对比两组手术效果、术后并发症情况、术前及术后6个月时肠道功能指标。结果两组患者手术情况、术中出血量、淋巴结清扫数目、盆腔引流管拔除时间、术后住院时间、术后并发症发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P 0.05)。两组患者术前美国纽约纪念斯隆-凯特林癌症中心(MSKCC)肠道功能问卷得分、肛管静息压、肛管最大收缩压、肛管最大收缩时间、肛管直肠抑制反射阳性率比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P 0.05)。术后6个月,观察组MSKCC肠道问卷总分、便频、便急及排便感觉异常得分、肛管静息压、肛管最大收缩压均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P 0.05)。结论腹腔镜低位直肠癌保肛术中经肛门结肠直肠套入式吻合能够有效保护患者肠道功能,具有良好的临床应用价值。     

多部位生物反馈疗法治疗耻骨直肠肌失弛缓型便秘的临床疗效观察

为探讨对肛管高压区、耻骨直肠肌及直肠下段三个部位进行生物反馈电刺激治疗耻骨直肠肌失弛缓型便秘的临床疗效,我们对42例耻骨直肠肌失弛缓型便秘患者采用此生物反馈疗法治疗,电刺激模式：20min／次,3次／d,15次／周,均治疗2周。结果显示,随访3个月,患者排便症状改善情况：显效9例,有效27例,无效6例,总有效率85．71％（36／42）。患者的排便频率、排便时间、排便用力程度、肛门及骶后疼痛在治疗结束时、3个月随访时与治疗前相比改善均非常显著（P〈0．01）;粪便性状在治疗结束时、3个月随访时与治疗前相比改善显著（P〈0．05）。患者治疗结束时肛管静息压、括约肌功能长度、直肠阈感觉容量较治疗前均明显改善,差异有显著性意义（P〈0.01）;肛管最大收缩压、直肠最大耐受量较治疗前改善显著（P〈0．05）。结果表明,精确肛管高压区、耻骨直肠肌及直肠下段三个部位进行生物反馈电刺激治疗能有效地治疗耻骨直肠肌失弛缓型便秘。     

生物反馈疗法治疗出口梗阻型便秘的临床观察

为观察生物反馈疗法治疗出口梗阻型便秘的疗效,对36例出口梗阻型便秘患者采用生物反馈疗法治疗,比较治疗前后便秘症状及肛门直肠压力的变化。结果显示,经生物反馈疗法治疗后：（1）治疗患者便秘临床症状的有效率为77．8％,治疗后大便性状、排便次数、伴随症状等有所改善;（2）肛管静息压、直肠感觉阈值、直肠最大耐受量、肛管直肠反射阈值降低（P〈0．05）。结果表明,生物反馈疗法治疗出口梗阻型便秘效果满意,是一种无创、简单有效的治疗手段。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.