胰腺外伤单中心136例诊治报告

目的 总结单中心10年胰腺外伤治疗经验。方法 回顾性分析2008年1月至2017年12月中国人民解放军南京总医院普通外科收治的136例胰腺外伤病人的临床资料,根据美国创伤外科协会（AAST）标准进行胰腺外伤分级,随访观察并发症发生情况及预后。结果 闭合伤131例,开放伤5例。腹部CT检查（64.0%）是胰腺外伤最主要的诊断方式。37例（27.2%）非手术治疗中,13例Ⅲ级或Ⅳ级胰腺外伤病人经保守治疗获得成功;99例（72.8%）病人行手术治疗。整体并发症发生率为49.3%,主要并发症包括腹腔内并发症［腹腔脓肿（27.9%）、胰瘘（25.0%）、肠瘘（14.7%）、腹腔出血（12.5%）、胰腺假性囊肿（5.9%）、创伤性胰腺炎（5.88%）］和全身并发症［肺部感染（11.8%）、休克（7.4%）、急性呼吸窘迫综合征（5.9%）、肾功能不全（5.2%）、多器官功能障碍综合征（6.6%）］。病死率为8.1%（11/136）,胰腺坏死、胰瘘及感染所致的多器官功能衰竭是最主要的死亡原因。结论 大部分轻度胰腺外伤可行保守治疗,内镜下主胰管支架植入可应用于血流动力学稳定的Ⅲ、Ⅳ级胰腺外伤病人,手术引流适用于合并腹部其他器官损伤的低级别胰腺外伤。高级别胰腺外伤应遵循损伤控制外科理念,选择合理的手术方式。根据胰腺外伤的严重程度和全身情况,个体化选择治疗方案,加入多学科综合治疗协作组模式有助于降低病死率。     

闭合性胰腺损伤的诊治体会

目的探讨闭合性胰腺损伤的诊断及治疗经验。方法回顾性分析收治的38例闭合性胰腺损伤的临床资料。结果本组38例中,治愈33例(86.8%),术后死亡5例(13.2%),死亡原因主要是合并颅脑损伤、失血性休克、多脏器衰竭(MODS)。保守治疗3例,2例治愈,1例行二期手术治愈;其余35例均行手术治疗。18例(47.4%)出现并发症,其中胰瘘7例,胰腺假性囊肿3例,十二指肠瘘2例,腹腔感染3例,胸腔积液2例,切口裂开及脂肪液化3例。结论本病早期诊断困难,伴发伤多,并发症发生率及病死率高。剖腹探查术是闭合性胰腺损伤早期诊断最简单和最可靠的方法。根据胰腺损伤程度、部位及病人合并伤情况选择不同的手术方式,积极的围手术期处理是提高胰腺损伤救治成功的关键。     

胰腺外伤40例临床分析

目的: 提高胰腺外伤的疗效. 方法: 回顾分析40例胰腺外伤病例资料,对Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级胰腺损伤的病人只清创止血,单纯行胰周外引流;对Ⅲ级损伤行包括损伤部位在内的远侧胰腺切除、近端缝扎、胰床置外引流术;对Ⅳ级损伤者,以受伤前病人是否患有糖尿病及是否是中老年人为手术切除指征来决定是否行切除损伤的远侧胰腺,及是否行近侧缝扎胰腺;或行远侧与空肠行Roux-Y吻合,或行Roux-Y空肠袢术,即近侧缝扎胰腺,远侧与空肠行Roux-Y吻合,或行Roux-Y空肠袢覆盖损伤区域等手术;V级损伤须行胰十二指肠切除,对严重损伤者行两次手术. 结果: 治愈35例(治愈率达87.5%),死亡5例(病死率达12.5%);胰漏发生8例(发生率达20%),胰腺假性囊肿11例,胰周脓肿14例,应激性溃疡9例,出血坏死胰腺炎5例,MOF15例. 结论: 胰腺外伤的诊断是否及时、治疗恰当与否,对预后有很大影响.     

胰腺损伤的诊断及治疗(附29例报道)

目的 探讨胰腺外伤的诊断及并发症的防治方法。方法 回顾性分析29例胰腺损伤病例的临床资料。结果 CT诊断准确率达76.2%。非手术治疗5例,其中I级3例,II级2例,并发胰腺假性囊肿2例,3个月后行囊肿内引流术治愈。手术患者24例,术后死亡2 例,死于多脏器功能衰竭;其余22例病人治愈出院,术后并发胰瘘及不同程度腹腔感染9例,腹腔出血2例,经治疗止血,3例并发假性胰腺囊肿2例经非手术治疗后消失,1例6个月后行囊肿空肠内引流术治愈。无腹腔脓肿。结论 早期诊断,及时剖腹探查,选择合理的手术方式,有效充分腹腔引流及综合处理合并伤可提高胰腺损伤的治愈率、降低并发症和病死率。     

胰腺损伤148例诊治分析

目的 探讨胰腺损伤的早期诊断、手术方式和并发症防治.方法 回顾分析20年间收治的胰腺损伤病历资料,包括性别、年龄、伤因、AAST分级、术式和疗效、并发症和死因等,并作统计学处理.结果 全组148例,手术132例,包括修补或仅引流、远端胰切除、远端胰(或囊肿)空肠Roux-n-Y吻合或其他内引流、憩室化、Whipple手术和损伤控制外科方法等术式.术后并发症发生率27.83%.Ⅲ～Ⅴ级与Ⅰ～Ⅱ级伤的胰瘘发生率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).病死率11.49%,死因主要为合并伤大出血(76.47%);而胰腺损伤级别间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 首先控制合并伤大出血是提高胰腺损伤生存率的关键;术式取决于主胰管是否损伤,清除失活组织、充分外、内引流是胰腺损伤治疗的核心;早期诊断和正确的术式将明显减少并发症.     

胰腺损伤与胰腺复合伤的诊断与治疗

目的探讨胰腺损伤的诊断与治疗原则。方法回顾性分析我院2002-2009年间来收治的35例胰腺损伤与胰腺复合伤患者的临床资料,总结其诊断和处理方法。结果单纯胰腺损伤6例(占17.1%),合并其他脏器损伤29例(占82.9%),均行手术治疗,治愈30例,死亡5例。对Ⅳ级严重损伤中的3例患者先行控制性手术,后行确定性手术,获得成功。结论对于Ⅰ级胰腺损伤行局部引流;Ⅱ级胰腺损伤行局部缝合及引流;Ⅲ级胰腺损伤行胰肠吻合等手术;对于Ⅳ级严重胰腺损伤患者先行控制性手术,后行确定性手术。     

胰腺损伤的诊断与外科治疗探讨

目的:探讨胰腺损伤的诊断与外科治疗原则。方法:回顾性分析我院2002年2月至2012年10月收治的39例胰腺损伤病人的临床资料,总结胰腺损伤的诊断与外科治疗方法。本研究胰腺损伤程度分级标准采用Lucas4型分级标准。结果:本研究病人均行手术治疗并确诊,单纯胰腺损伤11例(28.2%),合并其他脏器损伤28例(71.8%)。治愈31例,术后早期死亡3例,死于多器官合并伤;后期死亡5例,死于严重的胰腺坏死、胰漏和感染所致的多器官功能衰竭,病死率为20.5%。对Ⅳ级严重胰腺损伤的4例病人先行控制性手术,后行确定性手术,获得成功。结论:MRCP适合于胰管损伤的诊断,主胰管断裂的识别和定位也是治疗成功的关键,对Ⅳ级严重胰腺损伤病人先行控制性手术,后行确定性手术,以提高治愈率。     

38例胰腺外伤手术治疗

目的探讨胰腺外伤手术治疗的临床经验。方法对我科1999-2006年收治的38例胰腺外伤患者按损伤的不同程度给予相应的手术治疗,并对治疗效果进行初步分析。结果本组死亡2例。有并发症者17例(20例次),发生率45%。其中ARDS4例,损伤性胰腺炎3例,腹腔感染7例,腹腔内出血1例,消化道出血3例,胰瘘2例。结论根据胰腺损伤不同程度,选择最佳处理方法,能降低病死率和并发症发生率。     

80岁以上胰十二指肠切除术16例分析

目的:分析80岁以上病人的胰十二指肠切除术(pancreaticoduodenectomy,PD)的可行性与结果。方法:回顾性分析16例行PD的80岁以上病人资料并与同期80岁以下病人对比。结果:80岁以上组7例病人发生术后并发症(43.8%),腹腔感染和胃排空延迟各2例(12.5%),肺部感染4例(25.0%),心功能不全、腹腔出血、切口感染和泌尿系感染各1例(6.3%)。术后胰瘘4例(25.0%),A级1例,B级2例,C级1例。术后死亡1例(6.3%),原因为胰瘘并发腹腔感染、腹腔出血、肺部感染引起的多脏器功能衰竭,对比80岁以下病人术后死亡率及术后并发症发生率无统计学差异。结论:80岁以上高龄病人不是手术禁忌,该手术安全可行。专业的手术团队,合理评估病人术前情况,围手术期正确处理是降低术后死亡率和并发症发生率的有效措施。     

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目的 探讨胰腺损伤的诊断与治疗经验.方法 分析自2002年4月至2007年2月间中国医科大学.附属第一医院普通外科收治的15例胰腺损伤的临床资料情况.按美国创伤外科学会(AAST)以及术中探查所见胰腺损伤分级:Ⅰ级2例,Ⅱ7例,Ⅲ级3例.Ⅳ级2例和V级1例.5例行非手术治疗.10例病人经过手术治疗:胰头血肿清创止血、腹腔多管引流1例;胰头颈部破裂缝合修补、胰周引流术4例;胰头侧断端胰管结扎闲镇缝合、胰体尾部切除术3例;胰头侧断端胰管结扎闭锁缝合、体部断端胰空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术2例.结果 12例治愈.其中1例发生创伤性胰腺炎,2例发生胰漏,经引流、胰酶抑制剂、抗炎等治疗治愈.2例好转,腹痛症状较前减轻,血淀粉酶降至正常范围.1例因多发创伤死亡.结论 早期诊断、准确掌握手术时机、必要时果断开腹仔细探查是治疗胰腺损伤的关键.依据胰腺损伤类型选择合理的术式与充分引流,可以有效提高治愈率并减少术后并发症.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.