腹腔镜和内窥镜联合治疗复发性胆总管结石

目的 :探讨腹腔镜和内窥镜联合治疗复发性胆总管结石的方法。方法 :回顾总结经内窥镜鼻胆管引流术 (ENBD)配合实施腹腔镜胆总管探查 (LCBDE)、Ⅰ期缝合术 (内衬ENBD导管 )治疗胆道术后复发性胆管结石 2 2例的临床资料。结果 :2 1例手术成功 ,1例中转开腹 ,全部Ⅰ期缝合胆总管探查切口。术后无残石及胆瘘等并发症。手术时间 1 5 7± 31 4min ,术后住院 9 6± 1 2d。随诊 1 7例未见复发。结论 :应用腹腔镜和内窥镜联合治疗胆总管复发结石安全、可行 ,体现了微创治疗的优点 ,但分离粘连及解剖、缝合胆总管较困难 ,治疗初期应适当放宽中转开腹手术的指征     

腹腔镜胆总管探查胆管Ⅰ期缝合的经验(附57例报告)

【摘要】目的 总结腹腔镜下胆总管探查(LCBDE)术后胆总管I期缝合的经验。方法 回顾性分析我们连续57例腹腔镜下胆总管I期缝合的临床资料。结果 所有57例患者手术均获成功,平均手术时间62±27 min,平均术后住院时间6±3 d,术后均无胆漏,随访期间无胆管狭窄及结石残留等并发症。结论 掌握好适应症,腹腔镜下胆总管I期缝合安全,可靠。     

腹腔镜胆总管切开取石一期缝合术64例报告

目的探讨腹腔镜胆总管切开取石一期缝合的可行性与适应证。方法回顾性分析行腹腔镜胆总管切开取石一期缝合治疗胆总管结石64例临床资料,其中慢性胆囊炎、胆囊结石伴胆总管结石54例,急性结石性胆囊炎伴胆总管结石4例,单纯性胆总管结石6例,合并胰腺炎6例。结果64例全部获得成功,无一例中转开腹。全组腹腔镜手术时间50~120 min,平均(68.5±15.6)min,取石时间10~65 min,平均(28.5±10.6)min,术中出血20~120 ml,平均(25.4±16.7)ml,肛门排气恢复时间6~52 h,平均(12.5±9.3)h。手术并发症发生率为7.8%(5/64):胆漏2例,腹腔引流管引出胆汁量20~80 ml/d,经充分引流后痊愈;切口感染2例,脐部切口疝1例,无腹腔内脏器损伤及大出血等严重并发症。住院时间6~18 d,平均(7.2±2.1)d。均获随访,时间3~12个月,平均(7.3±1.9)个月,经B超或MRCP检查均未见结石残留及胆管狭窄。结论只要掌握好适应证,腹腔镜胆总管切开取石一期缝合术治疗胆总管结石是一种安全可行的手术方法。     

腹腔镜胆总管探查术治疗胆总管结石55例报告

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆总管探查术(laparoscopic common bile duct exploration,LCBDE)治疗胆总管结石的手术技巧与临床疗效。方法:回顾分析2007年8月至2012年11月为55例胆总管结石患者行LCBDE的临床资料。结果:54例顺利完成LCBDE,1例中转开腹。术中出血量平均(35±15)ml,手术时间平均(115±26)min;术后住院6～12 d。术后1例发生胆漏,经引流后治愈;术后3例发生残余结石,经T管窦道胆道镜取石或液电碎石取石治愈。术后随访2～46个月,无胆管狭窄、胆管炎、复发及胰腺炎等并发症发生。结论:LCBDE治疗胆总管结石安全、可行,手术微创,适应证广泛,利于术后残余结石的处理。     

腹腔镜胆总管探查一期缝合43例临床分析

目的总结腹腔镜胆总管探查(laparoscopic common bile duct exploration,LCBDE)一期缝合胆总管治疗胆总管结石的经验。方法 2004年1月～2009年6月,施行LCBDE一期缝合胆总管治疗胆总管结石43例,利用腔镜取石钳、胆道镜、取石网篮等取出结石后,用可吸收缝线一期缝合胆总管。结果平均手术时间100min(80～150min),术中出血量平均60ml(10～120ml),平均住院时间6d(5～12d)。胆漏3例,保守治疗,术后6、7、10天拔除腹腔引流管。41例平均随访18个月(6～24个月),胆总管结石复发2例,经EST治愈。结论掌握严格的适应证下,LCBDE一期缝合胆总管治疗胆总管结石创伤小、并发症少,是一种安全有效的方法 。     

腹腔镜胆道探查胆总管一期缝合术治疗胆管结石的疗效分析

目的探讨腹腔镜下胆道探查术、胆总管一期缝合术的临床疗效与可行性。方法2014年2月至2017年2月收集贵州医科大学附属医院106例胆总管结石病人,男性44例、女性62例,年龄18~75岁,平均(46.5±15.7)岁。106例胆总管结石病人,伴或不伴胆囊结石与肝内胆管结石,其中腹腔镜下胆道探查胆总管一期缝合术67例,腹腔镜下胆道探查T管引流术39例,对两组病例手术适应证、手术时间、术后恢复情况、并发症等进行比较。结果胆总管一期缝合组的手术时间、术后住院天数、腹腔引流管放置时间分别为(72.8±21.0)min、(2.8±1.9)d和(5.5±2.3)d,优于T管引流术组的(95.5±26.5)min、(5.7±1.4)d和(8.1±2.6)d(均P0.05),术后肛门排气时间两组分别为(1.9±0.8)d和(2.1±0.5)d、差异无统计学意义;两组均无肝衰竭、腹腔感染、胆管残余结石、胆道出血及穿孔,胆漏发生率T管引流术组(3例)高于胆总管一期缝合组(0例)(P0.05)。结论腹腔镜胆道探查胆总管一期缝合术治疗胆管结石是安全、可行的,病人明显受益,值得临床推广应用。     

腹腔镜胆总管探查术48例临床分析

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆总管探查术的优点、手术方法、适应证及Ⅰ期缝合的条件。方法:回顾分析2010年12月至2013年6月为48例胆总管结石患者行腹腔镜胆总管探查术的临床资料,总结手术经验,探讨进一步改良方法。结果:45例顺利完成腹腔镜胆总管探查术,3例因腹腔内形成复杂粘连或/和合并门脉高压症而中转开腹。28例行胆总管Ⅰ期缝合,其余患者放置T管引流。2例因结石嵌顿于胆管下端且胆管较细,术后行内镜十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术取石成功,余患者均于术中取尽结石。手术时间平均(102.0±19.8)min,术中出血量平均(41.0±6.5)ml,平均住院(8.2±2.7)d。术后发生轻微胆漏5例,均于术后7 d内自行停止;余者术后均无严重并发症发生。结论:腹腔镜胆总管探查术具有患者创伤小、康复快等优点,在严格掌握适应证的情况下,可行Ⅰ期缝合,是临床治疗胆总管结石值得推广的术式。     

经腹腔镜球囊导管扩张治疗复发性胆总管结石和胆总管狭窄

目的 探讨腹腔镜下球囊导管扩张内涵管引流术治疗复发性胆总管结石和胆管狭窄的适应证及临床效果.方法 对我院1999年8月至2009年8月采用腹腔镜胆总管探查术(LCBDE)、腹腔镜球囊导管扩张内涵管引流(LPBD LPBDC)治疗的61例胆道术后胆总管复发结石临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 61例手术均获成功.其中20例球囊导管扩张后Ⅰ期缝合胆总管探查切口,36例借助内涵管支撑引流后Ⅰ期缝合胆总管探查切口,5例胆总管内放置T管引流.术后无胆漏及残石等并发症,无死亡病例.术后随访1～9.5年,平均5.5年,结石无一复发.结论 腹腔镜下球囊导管扩张内涵管引流术治疗复发性胆总管结石和胆总管狭窄可以有效预防结石复发,安全、可行,体现了微创治疗的优点.     

胆道镜联合腹腔镜胆总管探查取石胆总管一期缝合术的疗效分析

目的探讨胆道镜联合腹腔镜胆总管探查取石(LCBDE)胆总管一期缝合术的疗效。方法回顾性分析2018-03—2020-03间在汝州市第一人民医院普外科行胆道镜联合LCBDE胆总管一期缝合术的48例患者的临床资料。分析手术方法、术中情况、术后临床指标。统计随访6~12个月期间的胆管狭窄及结石复发情况。结果本组48例患者均成功完成手术。男26例,女22例;年龄(41.23±15.12)岁。手术时间(114.24±7.47)min,术中出血量(40.16±11.35)mL。术后肛门恢复排气时间(24.34±4.25)h。术后发生胆漏2例(4.17%),分别经术中放置的腹腔引流管充分引流后第4天、7天痊愈。住院时间(6.32±1.23)d。出院时复查超声,未见结石残留。随访6~12个月,经超声及MRCP检查,均未发现胆管狭窄及结石复发。结论在严格掌握手术指征、规范进行手术操作的前提下,胆道镜联合LCBDE胆总管一期缝合术的疗效显著,有利于患者术后恢复。是安全、可行的治疗肝外胆管结石的术式。     

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目的 探讨腹腔镜治疗复发性胆总管结石的方法与疗效。方法 回顾分析1999年10月至2003年10月经腹腔镜胆总管探查术(LCBDE)治疗的29例胆道术后胆总管复发结石的临床资料,结果 28例手术成功，1例中转开腹。23例借助内镜鼻胆管引流(ENBD)导管Ⅰ期缝合胆总管探查切口，6例胆总管内放置T管引流。术后无胆漏及残石等并发症。手术时间平均151min，术后平均住院10．3d。结论 腹腔镜手术治疗胆道术后胆总管复发结石安全、可行，体现了微创治疗的优点。但腹腔镜下分离粘连及解剖、缝合胆总管较困难，应掌握中转开腹手术的指征。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.