缝扎法腹腔镜胆囊切除术的探讨

随着LC手术的普及，钛夹移位和游走所导致的并发症逐渐增加。因此，我们2000年4月至2002年5月采用缝扎法对112例病人施行LC，经过顺利，报告如下。     

胆囊管结扎夹闭法在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中处理粗大胆囊管的应用体会(附104例报告)

目的探讨胆囊管结扎夹闭技术在腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)中处理粗大胆囊管的应用价值。方法 2007年6月～2010年12月,104例LC术中发现粗大胆囊管(直径>0.8 cm),先用丝线结扎使之变细,再用钛夹完全夹闭处理。结果 104例术中胆囊管直径0.8～1.2 cm,手术均获成功,无中转开腹。手术时间40～150 min,平均95 min。无出血、胆漏和腹腔感染等并发症。84例随访3个月～3年,平均1.7年,无腹痛、黄疸及发热等症状。结论对粗大胆囊管先结扎后夹闭的处理方法安全,可靠,成本低廉,特别适合于经济条件相对较差的基层医院应用。     

困难腹腔镜胆囊切除术的应用体会(附300例报告)

目的:总结困难腹腔镜胆囊切除术的操作技巧.方法:回顾分析为255例急性胆囊炎、胆囊三角粘连、胆囊颈部结石嵌顿、腹腔内粘连等胆囊病变患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecyslectomy,LC)的临床资料.结果:中转开腹15例,胆总管损伤1例,术后胆漏3例,胆总管残石1例,胆囊窝积液18例,胰腺...     

缝扎胆囊三角系膜技术在小切口胆囊切除术的应用

小切口胆囊切除术（Ｍｉｎｉｃｈｏｌｅｃｙｓｔｅｃｔｏｍｙ，ＭＣ），由于受到切口的限制，因而安全处理胆囊Ｃａｌｏｔ三角，避免出血和副损伤的技术问题特别突出。我院自１９９２年１月以来在ＭＣ的实践中采用了缝扎处理胆囊三角系膜的方法，获良好效果，介绍如下。临床资料１．一般资料：本组采用缝扎处理胆囊三角系膜的患者３０００例，男性７０８例，女性２２９２例，年龄１３～８９岁。急诊手术３８５例（１２．８％），择期手术２６１５例（８７．２％）。诊断：慢性结石性胆囊炎２３２８例，急性结石性胆囊炎３８５例，胆囊息肉１…     

150例腹腔镜困难胆囊切除术的体会

目的：探讨腹腔镜在困难胆囊切除术中的操作方法。方法：对150例由于胆囊急性炎症、三角粘连等的胆囊病变患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC）的资料进行回顾性分析。结果：中转开腹1例,并发症包括胆囊管残端漏1例,胰腺炎2例,胆囊窝积液8例,无胆管损伤,所有病例均痊愈出院。结论：随着腹腔镜手术经验的积累及技术提高,腹腔镜应用于困难胆囊切除术是安全可行的。     

胆囊管丝线结扎法在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用

目的研究丝线结扎胆囊管法在短胆囊管患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术中是否安全适用。方法在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中发现因胆囊颈部结石嵌顿导致短胆囊管时使用丝线结扎胆囊管。结果共完成因胆囊颈部结石嵌顿致短胆囊管患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术36例,无中转开腹,术后无胆漏、胆道狭窄和胆道结石残留等并发症。结论丝线结扎胆囊管法在短胆囊管患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术中应用安全可行。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊管次全切除术的临床研究(附104例报告)

目的:探讨腹腔镜下分离并次全切除胆囊管的安全性及可行性。方法:回顾分析104例腹腔镜胆囊切除术(lap-aroscopic cholecystectomy,LC)的临床资料,术中分离胆囊管至肝总管汇合部,用可吸收夹夹闭并次全切除胆囊管。结果:104例手术均获成功,无一例中转开腹;其中97例(93.3%)成功行胆囊管次全切除术。术后随访5～6个月,无腹痛、黄疸等并发症发生。结论:LC术中分离并次全切除胆囊管是安全、可行的,同时可减少因残留胆囊管引发的胆囊切除术后综合征。     

标准四孔法腹腔镜胆囊切除术在基层医院的应用(附358例报告)

目的:探讨初学者行四孔法腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)的可行性与安全性。方法:回顾分析2004年8月至2008年8月我院为358例患者行LC的临床资料。结果:完成四孔法LC342例,成功率95.5%,平均手术时间95min,平均出血60ml,平均住院7.6d,中转开腹16例。结论:四孔法LC手术区域暴露好、视野清晰、手术时间短、患者损伤小、康复快,适合初学者开展,是一种安全有效的手术方法。     

困难腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床分析 (附105例报告)

目的:探讨困难腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)的处理方法与技巧,进一步提高LC的安全性。方法:回顾分析2016年7月至2018年6月行105例困难LC的临床资料,结合手术记录、手术视频及影像检查,记录胆囊解剖情况、失血量、并发症、中转开腹率等。结果:100例成功施行LC,3例行腹腔镜胆囊大部切除术,2例(1.9%)中转开腹,105例患者术中均行腹腔粘连松解术。手术时间平均(90±26)min,术中失血量平均(48±25)mL,术中胆囊动脉出血19例,胆囊床肝中静脉属支损伤出血3例,未发生胆管损伤及门静脉损伤,术后无出血、腹腔感染等并发症发生。患者均痊愈出院。结论:胆囊三角结构识别与分离解剖困难是困难LC的主要特点,术中分离解剖方法与技巧的运用应遵循个体化原则;灵活寻找并准确识别胆囊三角的相关解剖标志,综合运用多种分离解剖方法,遵循正确的游离层次与平面,均利于安全施行困难LC。腹腔镜下处理困难时,应及时中转开腹。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中腔内"线扎法"处理胆囊管及胆囊动脉的临床探索

腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystistomy，LC)中运用腔内“线扎法”处理胆囊管、胆囊动脉，让LC手术病人体内无夹化，可有效防范金属夹结扎方式的弊端及放置不当时所致的并发症。现报告如下。     

Absorbable clips for cystic duct ligation in laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Background The efficacy and applicability of an absorbable polydioxanone (PDS) clip for cystic duct ligation were evaluated in 297 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods The indications for cholecystectomy were symptomatic gallstones (179 patients), acute cholecystitis (67), biliary pancreatitis (23), acute cholangitis (24), and gallbladder polyp (4). Results Twenty-five patients required conversion to open surgery (8.4%). The conversion rate was 2.7% for uncomplicated and 17.5% for complicated gallbladder diseases. Of the 272 patients with laparoscopic cholecystectomy, the cystic ducts were successfully ligated with PDS clips in 227 patients (83.5%). The success rate was higher in uncomplicated (163/178) than in complicated (64/94) gallbladder diseases (chi square = 24.6,P < 0.001). There was no clip-related complication on follow-up (range 0.4–39.2, median 17.5 months). In 45 patients, PDS clip failed. They were treated with endoloop (14 patients), Roeder slip knot (13), metallic clips and endoloop (8), metallic clips alone (6), and intracorporeal tie (4). Conclusions The PDS clip is effective and applicable to the majority of patients. It should be attempted first because of the ease of application. This study is not supported by any grant.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中粗大胆囊管处理体会

目的　探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术中粗大胆囊管的处理方法。　方法　回顾分析 1995年 5月～ 2 0 0 1年 12月我院 10 5 2例LC中 2 4例粗大胆囊管的临床资料 ,其中胆囊管 (0 4～ 0 6 )cm 12例 ,(0 6～0 8)cm 8例 ,(0 8～ 1 0 )cm 2例 ,>1cm 2例。分别采用二夹法 (10例 ) ,三夹法 (5例 ) ,梯形钳夹法 (6例 ) ,旋转钳夹法 (3例 )处理。　结果　 2 1例顺利完成LC ,3例因术中出血中转开腹。全组无胆漏、膈下积液发生。　结论　腹腔镜胆囊切除术中粗大胆囊管采取不同方法处理可顺利完成LC。     

Techniques for difficult cases of laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Our basic techniques for the management of difficult cases of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) are presented in this article. If access to Calot's triangle cannot be gained safely, dissection should be started at the fundus or body of the gallbladder (GB), rather than the neck (fundus-first method). In cases with a short and wide cystic duct, a transfixing suture should be applied for ligation instead of clipping. EndoGIA is useful for ligating and transecting this case to avoid a subsequent stricture caused by normal method of ligation. Intraoperative cholangiography should be performed near the neck of the GB in cases in which orientation is lost during dissection. More dissection should be performed in the direction of the junction of the bile ducts after orientation is regained. In cases with GB filled with stones accompanied by severe fibrosis, part of the GB is incised to remove the stones and expose the lumen of the GB. Confluence stones can be removed by placing an incision on the GB side of the junction of the duct. The incised part is closed with suture. A cystic tube (C-tube) is placed in the common bile duct through the cystic duct for decompression. In more difficult cases in which dissection cannot be started safely at any location, the body and the fundus of the GB are excised, and a drain is placed at the neck of the GB. Dissection can be carried out from the main surgeon's or the assistant's side depending on the situation, and cooperation between the two surgeons is mandatory to achieve safe LC in difficult cases. When performing the LC, one must have a low threshold for converting to open surgery if injuries cannot be managed safely.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中特殊类型胆囊管的处理

目的介绍腹腔镜胆囊切除(LC)术中对某些特殊类型胆囊管的处理方法。方法本组12000例LC中约5％的胆囊管具有特殊解剖或病变解剖形状，对其腹腔镜下的处理技术及结果进行了回顾性分析。结果2例因直径过细而漏夹闭或直径过粗而夹闭不全的胆囊管术后出现胆汁漏，1例因胆囊管电热损伤，于术后第9天发生胆汁性腹膜炎。其余病人均获得一期恢复。结论LC术中宜根据这类特殊胆囊管的具体病变和解剖，针对性地采用不同的处理措施来避免常规方法可能带来的诸如胆囊管残端漏、肝外胆管损伤、胆囊管残留结石等并发症。     

Bile duct complications after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Summary A retrospective review and analysis of patients referred to the Division of Gastroenterology and the Section of Gastrointestinal Surgery with common bile duct complications after laparoscopic cholecystectomy was undertaken in order to identify injury patterns, management, and outcome. Sixteen patients were identified over a 20-month period. Twelve patients had major common bile duct injuries and four had minor injuries (cystic duct leaks). Seventy-one percent of injuries occurred with surgeons who had done more than 13 laparoscopic cholecystectomies. Eighty-three percent of patients who had major ductal injury did not have a cholangiogram prior to the injury. Sixteen percent of patients with major common bile duct injuries had findings of acute cholecystitis and 58% of these major injuries were easy gallbladders. One-third of major injuries were recognized at operation. Two-thirds of immediate repairs failed. All cystic duct leaks were managed nonoperatively.It appears that bile duct complications after laparoscopic cholecystectomy are more common in the community than is reported. Bile duct complications occur with surgeons who are experienced and inexperienced with laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Common bile duct injuries, unrecognized at laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the majority of cases, usually occur with easy gallbladders. Operative cholangiography is not utilized in the majority of common bile duct injuries. When immediate repair of common bile duct injuries is undertaken, the majority are unsuccessful. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is invaluable in the diagnosis and management of bile duct complications. Cystic duct leaks may be managed successfully with endoscopic stents.Presented at the annual SAGES meeting, April 10–12, 1992, Washington, D.C.     

The significance of cystic duct stones encountered during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Background: Cystic duct stones (CDS) are occasionally encountered during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). They may be noticed during the dissection of the cystic pedicle or seen to extrude from the cystic duct (CD) when it is divided or opened to perform the intraoperative cholangiogram (IOC). The procedures for dealing with CDS range from the simple removal of stones that fall out when the duct is opened to incising the duct over an impacted stone to facilitate its removal or converting to open surgery due to a large stone in a CD adherent to the bile duct (e.g., Mirizzi syndrome). Therefore, we set out to establish criteria that might be predictive of CDS, to examine the technical problems caused by them, to look for the most effective ways of avoiding adverse consequences, especially the risk of missing bile duct stones. Methods: We performed a review and analysis of a database that included preoperative, operative, and postoperative data for all patients treated at our hospital who were found to have CDS. Results: In a series of 520 LC performed over a period of 5 years, 64 cases of CDS were documented (12.3%). The preoperative risk factors in 45 of these cases (70.3%) were recent sever acute pain with or without liver function test (LFT) derangement (34.3%), jaundice (14%), pancreatitis (14%), and previous acute cholecystitis (7.8%). At operation, a single stone was found in the CD in 64% of the cases; multiple stones were found in 36%. Dissection of the pedicle was difficult in 21 cases and had to be carried out fundus-first in four cases. The CD was reported to be wide in 18 cases; five of them eventually needed to be closed with endoloops. Operative difficulty was reported in three of 19 cases where there were no preoperative risk factors. Simple removal of the stones was possible in most cases. CDS needed be crushed, the CD incised, or the procedure converted to open in only five cases (7.8%). IOC was attempted in all cases; it was normal in 39 (61%) and failed in two cases (3%). Eighteen patients (28%) were found to have bile duct stones; another five (7.8%) had CBD dilation or debris indicating possible recent passage of stones. Fourteen transcystic and nine direct bile duct explorations were performed. Conclusion: Some CDS may slip from the gallbladder into the CD or the CBD during dissection. Careful retraction and manipulation should therefore be done to minimize this risk. Most CDS are easy to deal with, but some of them can result in increased operative difficulty. If IOC is not carried out on a routine basis, it becomes mandatory if CDS are encountered because \leq35% of them may be associated with bile duct stones. apd: 13 March 2001     

腹腔镜胆囊切除并胆总管探查术胆囊管入路法347例临床总结

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除并胆总管探查术中行胆囊管入路一期缝合预防胆道损伤及胆管狭窄的临床意义。方法 2009年1月至2014年4月北京军区总医院肝胆外科应用腹腔镜胆囊管入路法行胆囊切除及胆总管探查一期缝合术347例,对其临床资料进行分析。结果以胆囊管为解剖学标志,顺利显露胆囊壶腹部、胆囊管及胆总管,以胆囊管与胆总管移行区为胆总管探查入路,均成功进行了腹腔镜胆囊切除及胆总管探查术,并行胆总管一期缝合,术中未发生血管、胆管损伤,术后随访8~24月,未发现胆管狭窄。结论在腹腔镜胆囊切除及胆总管探查术中,采用胆囊管入路法,通过胆囊管与胆总管移行区行胆总管探查一期缝合术是一种安全、可行的方法,可有效避免胆道损伤及胆管狭窄的发生。     

胆囊管逆行分离法在1460例腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用

目的探讨腹腔镜下安全、有效的解剖胆囊管的方法。方法2002年12月～2005年12月，我院采用胆囊管逆行分离法解剖胆囊管行1460例腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy，LC）。结果顺利完成LC 1442例，手术时间15～100min，平均42min。中转开腹18例（1．23％），胆管损伤5例（0．34％），腹腔出血3例（0．21％），胆漏3例（0．21％）。随访2～24个月，平均11．8月，胆总管残余结石2例。结论胆囊管逆行分离法解剖胆囊管行LC是一种安全、容易掌握的手术方法。     

腹腔镜胆囊次全切除术的临床应用

目的：探讨腹腔镜胆囊次全切除术的可行性,总结困难型腹腔镜胆囊切除术的经验,尤其是腹腔镜胆囊次全切除理念在困难型腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的体现及应用。方法回顾分析我院2008年1月至2013年10月所行腹腔镜胆囊次全切除病例,并以2011年5月为时间节点分为 A 组（节点前时段）、B 组（节点后时段）,分别比较前后两组的（胆囊切除实行专病专治）,手术时间、术后住院时间、术中出血量。结果 B 组手术时间（78.1±6.6）min 少于 A 组（97.5±7.3）min,B 组术后住院时间（3.5±0.4）d 少于 A 组（5.6±0.5）d,出血量 B 组（68.9±7.2）ml 多于 A 组（56.7±7.7）ml。差异均有统计学意义。结论腹腔镜胆囊次全切除应成为腹腔镜术者的常规理念;熟练掌握腹腔镜技术、积累一定经验后,腹腔镜胆囊次全切除可作为常规手术操作应用于临床。