原发性肝癌术后复发再切除162例体会

目的 探讨原发性肝癌术后抗复发对策,及以再切除为主的综合治疗措施的远期疗效。方法 对我院自1960年1月至1996年5月间162例原发性肝癌术后复发行再切除者的临床特点、手术方法和预后进行回顾性分析。结果 全组1、3、 5、10年总生存率分别为96.8%、66.7%、43.6%和21.8%。中位生存期3年9个月,平均生存期4年5个月;其中肝内复发组126例术后1、3、5、10年生存率分别为99.2%、71.3%、46.6%和19.1%,二次肝切除术后1、3、5年生存率分别为83.5%、38.2%和19.6%,三次肝切除术后1、3、5年生存率分别为94.7%、44.9%和25.0%;肝外转移组30例首次肝切除术后1、3、5年生存率分别为89.7% 、61.0%和32.6%,二次肝外转移灶切除术后1、3、5年生存率分别为75.4%、29.0%和15.6%;兼行肝内复发癌和肝外转移灶切除组共6例,现存活3例,手术至今分别为1年10个月,3 年9个月和9年9个月。另3例相继于术后3年11个月、5年8个月和6年11个月死亡。结论 复发的原因与门静脉癌栓及肿瘤多中心性生长有密切关系;及时切除肝内复发癌和单发的肝外转移灶可达到延长生存期甚至治愈的目的。     

31例肝内复发性肝癌的再切除治疗分析

目的：探讨肝内复发性肝癌的再切除治疗的价值。方法：对1980年至2000年31例肝内复发性肝癌的临床资料、手术方法及预后进行回顾性分析。结果：全组无手术死亡，术后1、3、5年生存率分别为93．5％，69．2％及50．1％，二次切除后的1、3、5年生存率分别为82．1％、32．8％及25．4％，最长一例已无瘤生存12年，而140例未再手术者的5年生存率仅9．3％，其中TACE组及PEI组的5年生存率相似，分别为12．2％及14．8％。结论：再手术切除是治疗肝内复发肝癌最有效的方法，对不能手术者，我们推荐使用PEI术。     

162例原发性肝癌术后复发再切除的体会

目的 探讨以再切除为主的综合治疗措施,提高肝癌术后的远期疗效.方法 对肝内复发癌、肝外转移癌和肝内复发肝外转移的不同类型的病例采用不同的切除方法.结果 原发性肝癌术后复发行再切除162例,1.3、5、10年总生存率分别为96.8%、66.7%、43.6%和21.8%,中位生存期3年9个月,平均生存期4年5个月.真中肝内复发癌切除组126例.术后1、3、5、1O年生存率分别为99.2%、71.3%.46.6%和19.1%,二次肝切除术后1、3、5年生存率分别为83.5%.38.2%和 19.6%,三次肝切除术后 1、3、5年生存率分别为94.7%、44.9%和25.0%,中位生存期3年9个月,平均生存期4年6个月.术后存活时间最长的1例已17年9个月.肝外转移癌切除组30例,转移灶包括有腹腔、肺.胸壁、肋骨、腹壁、脑.肾门和圆韧带等处,首次肝切除术后1、3、5年生存率分别为89.7%、61.0%和32.6%,二次肝外转移灶切除术后1、3、5年生存率分别为75.4%.29.0%和 15.6%,中位生存期3年9个月,平均生存期4年5个月,存活时间最长的1例14年2个月.以腹腔转移灶切除者最多,而肺转移灶切除后疗效最好.兼行肝内复发癌和肝外转移灶切除组共6例,现存活3例,分别为术后1年10个月,3年9个目和9年9个月.另3例相继于术后3年11个月、5年8个月和6年11个月死亡.结论 手术切除同时预防性应用全植入式药物输注     

原发性肝癌的外科治疗:20年7566例的临床经验

目的 总结原发性肝癌外科治疗的临床经验.方法 回顾性分析复旦大学附属中山医院肝癌研究所1988年1月至2007年12月7566例原发性肝癌外科治疗的临床资料.采用Kaplan-Meier法计算术后生存率和无复发生存率,Log-rank检验比较组间差异,多因素分析采用Cox回归模型.结果 7164例肝癌肝切除患者术后3、5、10年生存率分别为56.29%、41.76%、26.70%,无复发生存率分别为63.92%、56.12%、42.97%,围手术期死亡率为1.54%.肿瘤直径≤5 cm的小肝癌患者术后5、10年生存率分别为58.20%、38.47%.肿瘤直径5 cm的大肝癌患者术后5、10年生存率分别为31.42%、20.43%,两者比较差异有统计学意义(X2=535.568,P<0.01).110例肿瘤降期后切除患者、515例术后复发再次切除患者、168例肝癌合并门静脉主干癌栓患者的5年生存率分别为51.26%、67.28%、26.81%,5年无复发牛存率分别为77.44%、13.01%(统计始于第1次手术)、34.90%.402例肝癌肝移植患者术后3、5年生存率及无复发牛存率分别为60.81%、55.63%及64.47%、58.52%.肿瘤直径、数目、分化程度及大血管侵犯是影响肝癌肝切除患者牛存率及无复发生存率的独立预后因素(X2=200.539,27.536,96.964,216.156,P<0.01).结论 肝癌早期筛查和治疗,手术安全性的提高,综合治疗模式的开展,预防转移、复发研究的突破,显著地提高了肝癌外科治疗的效果.     

射频毁损术与再手术切除治疗复发性小肝癌对照研究

目的 研究射频毁损术治疗肝癌切除术后疗效以及其与再手术切除效果的比较.方法 病例为2000年1月至2005年12月间在复旦大学肝癌研究所治疗的213例复发性小肝癌(肿瘤结节直径≤3 cm,结节数≤3个),包括射频毁损术68例,再手术切除145例.Kaplan-Meier方法估计生存期,Log-rank分析生存曲线之间的差别,COX比例风险模型多因素分析影响预后的因素.总体生存率和无瘤生存率从接受射频毁损术或再手术切除治疗时计算.结果 射频毁损术治疗的患者和再手术切除治疗的患者的1、3、5年总生存率分别为94.7%、65.1%、37.3%和88.1%、62.6%、41.0%,其生存曲线无明显差别(P=0.693).但射频毁损术的1、3、5年无瘤生存率低于再手术切除组,分别为58.0%、27.8%、12.4%和79.4%、48.1%、34.4%(P=0.001).首次肝癌切除术后复发问期超过2年的患者的预后较好.结论 虽然射频毁损治疗的无瘤生存率低于再手术切除,但其远期总体生存率类似于再手术切除,可作为复发性小肝癌再切除术的替代性治疗.     

再切除在肝癌复发治疗中的作用和地位

目的 探讨再切除在肝癌术后复发治疗中的价值。方法 回顾性分析1988～1999年30例肝癌复发再手术切除的随访资料。结果 对30例肝癌术后复发病人共行33例次手术，首次手术后1，2，3，5年总生存率分别为93．3，73．3，56．7，36．7％。第一次再手术后1，3，5年生存率分别为63．3，23．3，13．3％。肺转移切除后1，3，5年生存率分别为71．4，42．9，28．6％。结论 肝癌术后复发行再切除能显著提高病人远期生存率，是目前肝癌术后复发的首选治疗方案。     

肝癌复发转移再切除治疗的疗效分析(附30例报告)

目的：评价再手术在肝癌复发治疗中的地位。方法：回顾分析1988年－1999年30例肝癌复发再手术切除的随访资料。结果：首次手术后1，2，3年和5年总生存率分别为93.3%,73.3%,56.7%和36.7%。第一次再手术后1，3和5年生存率分别为63.3%,23.3%和13.3%，肺叶切除后1，3和5年生存率分别为71．4％，42．9％和28．6％。结论：肝癌复发病人再手术后的预后与复发时肿瘤大小，数目，类型相关，再切除是肝癌复发的首选治疗方法。     

切缘冷冻对原发性肝癌切除术后局部复发的预防作用

目的 探讨降低原发性肝癌切除术后局部复发的方法,改善肝癌患者的长期生存率.方法 自1998年4月至2002年4月,我院行肝癌切除术切缘距肿瘤不足1 cm的患者共45例,分为冷冻组和单纯切除组两组.冷冻组23例,常规肿瘤切除后以扁平探头对肝切缘进行接触冷冻,冷冻深度控制在1.0～1.5 cm;单纯切除组22例,单纯行常规肝癌切除手术,不予冷冻治疗.全部患者术后均定期随访复发及生存时间.结果 冷冻组术后1年、3年和5年复发率分别为8.7%、26.1%和34.8%,术后1年、3年和5年生存率分别为82.6%、56.5%和30.4%,与单纯切除组比较,其中3年（χ^2=5.021,P=0.025）、5年复发率差异有统计学意义（χ^2=12.465,P=0）;冷冻组的3年、5年生存率较单纯切除组呈现明显升高的趋势.结论 肝癌切除后切缘冷冻能有效地降低术后局部复发率,提高治疗效果,且有可能延长肝癌患者的长期生存时间.     

293例原发性肝癌术后复发的综合治疗效果分析

目的评估以手术切除、局部消融(ablation)和经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞术(transcatheter arterial chemoembolization,TACE)为主的综合治疗对原发性肝癌手术后复发的有效性和安全性。方法回顾性分析华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院2010年1月至2012年12月确诊原发性肝癌复发病人293例的临床资料,其中手术再切除33例,TACE联合消融治疗89例,TACE118例,保守治疗53例。结果肝切除术后无严重并发症,均顺利出院;2例病人TACE术后发生肝功能不全,予以护肝治疗后肝功能恢复正常;1例病人经皮微波固化术后发生食管穿孔,经开胸食管修补术后治疗后痊愈。1、3、5年生存率手术组分别为72.72%、45.45%和32.14%,中位生存期为30个月;TACE联合局部消融组:62.92%、31.46%和17.14%,中位生存期为21个月;单纯行TACE组:47.46%、29.66%和8.42%,中位生存期为11.5个月;保守治疗组的1、3、5年生存率分别为20.75%、3.77%和0%,中位生存期为7.75个月。结论根据病人病情制定以手术切除联合TACE、局部消融的个体化综合治疗方案是复发性肝癌治疗的理想模式;能行手术切除的病人预后较好;肝癌术后定期复查是早发现、早治疗、提高复发性肝癌手术率的关键措施。     

原发性肝癌的外科治疗5524例报告

目的探讨原发性肝癌的外科治疗效果。 方法1960年1月～1998年12月共施行原发性肝癌肝切除术5?524例。比较1960年～1977年(181例)、1978年～1989年(921例)、1990年～1998年(4?422例)3个阶段肝癌治疗的效果。结果3个阶段术后1个月内住院病死率分别为8.48%、0.43%和0.31%,而5年生存率分别为16.0%、30.6%和48.6%。结果表明,以常温下间歇肝门阻断,指捏加钳夹法切肝,大血管损伤的妥善处理和局部根治性肝切除为标志的肝脏外科技术,在肝癌外科技术中具有普遍的实用价值。结论早期肿瘤切除、部分具有适应证患者的术前肝动脉插管化疗栓塞、术中无瘤技术、术后综合治疗、以及肿瘤复发再切除可显著延长患者无瘤生存期,降低肝癌复发的危害性。二期切除可使中晚期肝癌患者重获手术切除机会,但并非适用于所有大肝癌,对肝癌的可切除性要有一个准确的判断。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.